Linguifex

Qino: Difference between revisions

Page Discussion

Qino (view source)

Revision as of 09:02, 19 February 2023

4,524 bytes added ,  19 February 2023
no edit summary
No edit summary
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit
 
(64 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
'''Qino''' (native: ''Qino afka'' /ɠino afka/, Western Arabic script: <big>ڧں أڢک</big>, Eastern Arabic script: <big>قن أفك</big>, Ge'ez script: ቅኖ አፍከ) is a Cushitic conlang.
'''Qino''' (native: ''Qino afka'' /ɠíno afka/, Western Arabic script: <big>ڧں أڢک</big>, Eastern Arabic script: <big>قن أفك</big>, Ge'ez script: ቅኖ አፍከ) is a Cushitic conlang.
{{Infobox language
|name = Qino
|nativename = Qino afka <br />ڧں أڢک <br />قن أفك <br />ቅኖ አፍከ
|pronunciation = ɠíno afka
|creator = [[User:Shariifka|Shariifka]]
|region = Ethiopia
<!--
|states =
|nation =
|speakers = -->
|date = 2017
|familycolor=Afro-Asiatic
|fam1 = [[w:Afro-Asiatic_languages|Afro-Asiatic]]
|fam2=[[w:Cushitic languages|Cushitic]]
|fam3=[[w:Lowland East Cushitic languages|Lowland East Cushitic]]
<!--
|ancestor = [[w:Gothic_language|Gothic]]
|ancestor2 = Old Gothedish
|ancestor3 = Middle Gothedish-->
<!--
|iso1 =
|iso2 =
|iso3 = -->
|script        = [[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Arabic alphabet|Arabic]], [[w:Geez_script|Ge'ez]]
<!--
|agency        = -->
}}
==Introduction==
==Introduction==
Qino is a Lowland East Cushitic language. It is largely based on Somali, Oromo, and Afar, with inspiration taken from various other languages.
Qino is a Lowland East Cushitic language. It is largely based on Somali, Oromo, and Afar, with inspiration taken from various other languages.
Line 15: Line 42:
| <big>ببب ب</big> || <big>ببب ب</big> || b || በ || b || May be lenited to [β ~ β̞] between vowels (optionally indicated in Western Arabic script as ۋ).  
| <big>ببب ب</big> || <big>ببب ب</big> || b || በ || b || May be lenited to [β ~ β̞] between vowels (optionally indicated in Western Arabic script as ۋ).  
|-
|-
| <big>پپپ پ</big> || <big>ڀڀڀ ڀ</big> || bh || ጰ || ɓ || May be lenited to [β̞ˀ] between vowels.
| <big>پپپ پ</big> || <big>پپپ پ</big> || p || ፐ || p || Occurs in loanwords. Nativized as /b/ or /f/.
|-
| <big>ڀڀڀ ڀ</big> || <big>ڀڀڀ ڀ</big> || bh || ጰ || ɓ || May be lenited to [β̞ˀ] between vowels.
|-
|-
| <big>تتت ت</big> || <big>تتت ت</big> || t || ተ || t ||  
| <big>تتت ت</big> || <big>تتت ت</big> || t || ተ || t ||  
Line 22: Line 51:
|-
|-
| <big>ججج ج</big> || <big>ججج ج</big> || j || ጀ || d͡ʒ || May be lenited to [ʝ ~ j] between vowels (optionally indicated in Arabic script as ی).
| <big>ججج ج</big> || <big>ججج ج</big> || j || ጀ || d͡ʒ || May be lenited to [ʝ ~ j] between vowels (optionally indicated in Arabic script as ی).
|-
| <big>ڃڃڃ ڃ</big> || <big>ݧݧݧ ݧ</big> || ny || ኘ || ɲ ||
|-
|-
| <big>چچچ چ</big> || <big>ڇڇڇ ڇ</big> || jh || ጨ || ʄ || May be lenited to [jˀ] between vowels.
| <big>چچچ چ</big> || <big>ڇڇڇ ڇ</big> || jh || ጨ || ʄ || May be lenited to [jˀ] between vowels.
Line 42: Line 69:
|-
|-
| <big>ششش ش</big> || <big>ششش ش</big> || sh || ሸ || ʃ ||  
| <big>ششش ش</big> || <big>ششش ش</big> || sh || ሸ || ʃ ||  
|-
| <big>ڜڜڜ ڜ</big> || <big>چچچ چ</big> || ch || ቸ || t͡ʃ ||
|-
|-
| <big>صصص ص</big> || <big>صصص ص</big> || s || ሰ || s || Occurs in Arabic loanwords. Educated pronunciation is /sˁ/.
| <big>صصص ص</big> || <big>صصص ص</big> || s || ሰ || s || Occurs in Arabic loanwords. Educated pronunciation is /sˁ/.
|-
|-
| <big>ضضض ض</big> || <big>ضضض ض</big> || lh || ፀ || lˀ || In Arabic loanwords, may be pronounced as in Fusha (/dˁ/ or /d͡lˁ/ or whatever) or the "hybrid" pronunciations /ɗ͡l(ˁ)/ or /lˁ/.
| <big>ضضض ض</big> || <big>ضضض ض</big> || lh || ፀ || lˀ || In Arabic loanwords, may be pronounced as /d͡lˁ/ or /d̪ˁ/, or the "hybrid" pronunciations /ɗ͡l(ˁ)/ or /lˁ/.
|-
|-
| <big>ططط ط</big> || <big>ططط ط</big> || dh || ጠ || ɗ || May be lenited to [ɾˀ] between vowels, which can be indicated orthographically as ڟ/rh. In loanwords, may be pronounced /t̪ˁ/ or the hybrid pronunciation /ɗ̪(ˁ)/.
| <big>ططط ط</big> || <big>ططط ط</big> || dh || ጠ || ɗ || May be lenited to [ɾˀ] between vowels, which can be indicated orthographically as ڟ/rh. In loanwords, may be pronounced /t̪ˁ/ or the hybrid pronunciation /ɗ̪(ˁ)/.
Line 57: Line 86:
| <big>غغغ غ</big> || <big>غغغ غ</big> || gh || ቐ || ɣ ~ ʁ || Occurs in loanwords. Nativized as /ɡ/ or /ɠ/. May be used for the intervocalic allophone of /ɡ/.
| <big>غغغ غ</big> || <big>غغغ غ</big> || gh || ቐ || ɣ ~ ʁ || Occurs in loanwords. Nativized as /ɡ/ or /ɠ/. May be used for the intervocalic allophone of /ɡ/.
|-
|-
| <big>ڢڢڡ ڡ</big> || <big>ففف ف</big> || f || ፈ || f ||  
| <big>ڢڢڡ ڡ<br /> (ففف ف)</big> || <big>ففف ف</big> || f || ፈ || f || Traditionally has the dot on the bottom in the Western Arabic script, but the variant with the dot on top is commonly used instead. The traditionally variant can optionally be written without the dot word-finally.
|-
|-
| <big>ڥڥڥ ڥ</big> || <big>پپپ پ</big> || p || ፐ || p || Occurs in loanwords. Nativized as /b/ or /f/.
| <big>ڥڥڥ ڥ</big> || <big>ڤڤڤ ڤ</big> || v || ቨ || v || Occurs in loanwords. Nativized as /f/, /b/, or /w/. May be used for intervocalic allophone of /b/.
|-
|-
| <big>ڧڧٯ ٯ</big> || <big>ققق ق</big> || q || ቀ || ɠ || May be lenited to [ɰˀ] between vowels. In loanwords, may be pronounced /q/ or the hybrid pronunciation /ʛ/.
| <big>ڧڧٯ ٯ<br /> (ققق ق)</big> || <big>ققق ق</big> || q || ቀ || ɠ || May be lenited to [ɰˀ] between vowels. In loanwords, may be pronounced /q/ or the hybrid pronunciation /ʛ/. Traditionally has a single dot in the Western Arabic script, but the variant with two dots is commonly used instead. The traditionally variant can optionally be written without the dot word-finally.
|-
| <big>ققق ق</big> || <big>ڹڹڹ ڹ</big> || ng || ጘ || ŋ ||
|-
|-
| <big>ڨڨڨ ڨ</big> || <big>ڠڠڠ ڠ</big> || g || ገ || ɡ || May be lenited to [ɣ ~ ɣ̞] between vowels (optionally indicated in Arabic script as غ).
| <big>ڨڨڨ ڨ</big> || <big>ڠڠڠ ڠ</big> || g || ገ || ɡ || May be lenited to [ɣ ~ ɣ̞] between vowels (optionally indicated in Arabic script as غ).
|-
|-
| <big>ککک ک</big> || <big>ككك ك</big> || k || ከ || k ||  
| <big>ککک ک</big> || <big>ككك ك</big> || k || ከ || k || Both Arabic scripts can use either variant of ''kāf'', but the traditional variant in each script is shown here.
|-
| <big>ݣݣݣ ݣ</big> || <big>چچچ چ</big> || ch || ቸ || t͡ʃ ||
|-
|-
| <big>للل ل</big> || <big>للل ل</big> || l || ለ || l ||  
| <big>للل ل</big> || <big>للل ل</big> || l || ለ || l ||  
Line 75: Line 100:
| <big>ممم م</big> || <big>ممم م</big> || m || መ || m ||  
| <big>ممم م</big> || <big>ممم م</big> || m || መ || m ||  
|-
|-
| <big>ننں ں</big> || <big>ننن ن</big> || n || ነ || n ||  
| <big>ننں ں</big> || <big>ننن ن</big> || n || ነ || n || Can optionally drop the dot word-finally in the Western Arabic script.
|-
| <big>ڹڹڹ ڹ</big> || <big>ڹڹڹ ڹ</big> || ng || ጘ || ŋ ||
|-
| <big>ݧݧݧ ݧ</big> || <big>ݧݧݧ ݧ</big> || ny || ኘ || ɲ || 
|-
|-
| <big>ـو و</big> || <big>ـو و</big> || w || ወ || w ||  
| <big>ـو و</big> || <big>ـو و</big> || w || ወ || w ||  
|-
| <big>ـۋ ۋ</big> || <big>ڤڤڤ ڤ</big> || v || ቨ || v || Occurs in loanwords. Nativized as /f/, /b/, or /w/. May be used for intervocalic allophone of /b/.
|-
|-
| <big>ههه ه</big> || <big>ههه ه</big> || h || ሀ || h || May be used at the end of words to show a final accented vowel in verbs.
| <big>ههه ه</big> || <big>ههه ه</big> || h || ሀ || h || May be used at the end of words to show a final accented vowel in verbs.
|-
|-
| <big>ییی\ـے ی\ے</big> || <big>ييي ي</big> || y || የ || j || In the Western Arabic script, written as ے when representing a final /i(ː)/ or vowelless /-j/. May be used for intervocalic allophone of /d͡ʒ/.
| <big>ییی\ـے ی\ے</big> || <big>ييي ي</big> || y || የ || j || In the Western Arabic script, written as ے when representing a final /i(ː)/ or vowelless /-j/. However, the distinction between ی and ے is optional. May be used for intervocalic allophone of /d͡ʒ/.
|}
|}
<!--
'''Notes:'''
<sup><small>1</small></sup> Put what happens in vicinity of nasals, etc
-->


====Vowels====
====Vowels====
Line 300: Line 322:
By default, primary accent falls on the last "long" syllable (i.e. syllable that is closed and/or contains a long vowel). If there are no long syllables, the initial syllable is accented. Words that do not conform to this rule are indicated in this article with an acute accent. Some exceptions are nouns that end in a consonant in the absolutive and words nominalized with ''-n'', which behave as if they ended in a vowel (e.g. ''Maxammad'' is pronounced ''Maxámmad'', not ''Maxammád''). A word may contain multiple accented syllables, in which case primary accent falls on the final accented syllable.
By default, primary accent falls on the last "long" syllable (i.e. syllable that is closed and/or contains a long vowel). If there are no long syllables, the initial syllable is accented. Words that do not conform to this rule are indicated in this article with an acute accent. Some exceptions are nouns that end in a consonant in the absolutive and words nominalized with ''-n'', which behave as if they ended in a vowel (e.g. ''Maxammad'' is pronounced ''Maxámmad'', not ''Maxammád''). A word may contain multiple accented syllables, in which case primary accent falls on the final accented syllable.
-->
-->
Qino has a pitch accent system. A word normally has a single accented vowel, which is pronounced with a higher pitch. In contrast to other Cushitic languages, the accent-bearing unit is the vowel and not the mora. Not all words have an accented syllable.
Qino has a pitch accent system. A word normally has a single accented vowel, which is pronounced with a higher pitch. A word may have multiple accented vowels, in which case the main accent is on the final one and the others are deaccented. In contrast to other Cushitic languages, the accent-bearing unit is the vowel and not the mora. Not all words have an accented syllable.


A final long vowel is accented by default. If the word ends in a consonant or semi-vowel, the final vowel is accented. If the word ends in a vowel, the penultimate syllable is accented. Words that differ from these rules can be indicated with an acute accent on the stressed vowel. In practice, accent is usually not indicated except word-finally in verbs, where it is represented by a final ''-h''.
A final long vowel is accented by default. If the word ends in a consonant or semi-vowel, the final vowel is accented. If the word ends in a vowel, the penultimate syllable is accented. Words that differ from these rules can be indicated with an acute accent on the stressed vowel. In practice, accent is usually not indicated except word-finally in verbs, where it is represented by a final ''-h''.
Line 311: Line 333:
::''kána bàrafa'' "this snow" (proximal article is accented, so ''bárafa'' is deaccented)
::''kána bàrafa'' "this snow" (proximal article is accented, so ''bárafa'' is deaccented)
::''dhamxále kana bàrafa'' "this cold snow" (''dhamxale'' "cold" is accented, so ''kana'' and ''bárafa'' are deaccented)
::''dhamxále kana bàrafa'' "this cold snow" (''dhamxale'' "cold" is accented, so ''kana'' and ''bárafa'' are deaccented)
::''cáde ka bàrafa'' "the white snow" (''cade'' "white" is accented, so ''bárafa'' is deaccented)
::''cádde ka bàrafa'' "the white snow" (''cadde'' "white" is accented, so ''bárafa'' is deaccented)
::''cade ka bárafa'' "the white ''snow''" (''bárafa'' is stressed for emphasis)
::''cadde ka bárafa'' "the white ''snow''" (''bárafa'' is stressed for emphasis)


===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
Line 322: Line 344:
*Word-initial vowel are pronounced with a glottal stop.
*Word-initial vowel are pronounced with a glottal stop.
====Consonant clusters====
====Consonant clusters====
As mentioned above, the stem-final consonants of some verbs metathesize upon the addition of an echo vowel between them. In many cases, the metathesized form is actually older than the base form. For example, the verb ''kusli'' "to be fat" originally had the stem ''*kuls'', which was metathesized for ease of pronunciation whenever the final consonants came into contact.
As mentioned above, the stem-final consonants of some verbs metathesize upon the addition of an echo vowel between them. In many cases, the "metathesized" form is actually the original form. For example, the verb ''kusli'' "to be fat" originally had the stem ''*kuls'', which was metathesized for ease of pronunciation whenever the -''l''- and ''-s-'' came into contact.


The general order for consonants in a cluster is as below (note that clusters can only occur word-internally and no more than two consonants can cluster at a time):
The general order for consonants in a cluster is as below (note that clusters can only occur word-internally and no more than two consonants can cluster at a time):
Line 397: Line 419:
**'''Absolutive''': Citation form, used for the direct object of a verb, the object of adpositions, and predicative nominals. Personal pronouns have a distinct accusative form that is used for direct objects. Absolutives ending in a single consonant followed by a short, unaccented vowel (especially ''-a'' or ''-i'') often drop their final vowel, especially when closely linked to the following word.
**'''Absolutive''': Citation form, used for the direct object of a verb, the object of adpositions, and predicative nominals. Personal pronouns have a distinct accusative form that is used for direct objects. Absolutives ending in a single consonant followed by a short, unaccented vowel (especially ''-a'' or ''-i'') often drop their final vowel, especially when closely linked to the following word.
**'''Nominative''': Used for the subject of a verb. Formed as follows:
**'''Nominative''': Used for the subject of a verb. Formed as follows:
***Masculine singulative: ''-u'' - e.g. ''afka'' "mouth, language" → ''afku''
<!--
***Masculine singulative: ''-u'' - e.g. ''afka'' "mouth, language" → ''afku''-->
***Plural ending in ''-a'' or ''-i'': ''-i'' - e.g. ''loowa'' "cattle" → ''loowi''; ''anaani'' "us (excl.)" → ''anaani''
***Plural ending in ''-a'' or ''-i'': ''-i'' - e.g. ''loowa'' "cattle" → ''loowi''; ''anaani'' "us (excl.)" → ''anaani''
***Masculine non-plural with absolutive ending in consonant, ''-a'': ''-ú'' - e.g. ''nama'' "person" → ''namú''
***Masculine non-plural with absolutive ending in consonant, ''-a'': ''-ú'' - e.g. ''nama'' "person" → ''namú''
Line 417: Line 440:
***Absolutive ending in vowel: ''-́k'' - e.g. ''nama'' → ''namak''
***Absolutive ending in vowel: ''-́k'' - e.g. ''nama'' → ''namak''
***Independent form: ''ak''
***Independent form: ''ak''
**'''Instrumental''': Used for instrument, means, agent, cause, time.
**'''Instrumental''': Used for instrument, means, agent, cause, time, "in (language/script)".
***Absolutive ending in consonant: ''-ás'' - e.g. ''Maxámmad'' → ''Maxammadas''
***Absolutive ending in consonant: ''-ás'' - e.g. ''Maxámmad'' → ''Maxammadas''
***Absolutive ending in vowel: ''-́s'' - e.g. ''nama'' → ''namas''
***Absolutive ending in vowel: ''-́s'' - e.g. ''nama'' → ''namas''
Line 478: Line 501:
*''-eena (m.), -eená (f.)'': agent nouns, nouns of profession - e.g. ''ardeená'' "(female) runner"; ''faraseena'' "horseman"
*''-eena (m.), -eená (f.)'': agent nouns, nouns of profession - e.g. ''ardeená'' "(female) runner"; ''faraseena'' "horseman"
<!--*''-á (f.)'': mostly concrete nouns derived from verbs - e.g. ''-->
<!--*''-á (f.)'': mostly concrete nouns derived from verbs - e.g. ''-->
*''-mo / m-o (f.)'': verb-derived nouns - e.g. ''farsimo'' "handwriting"; ''maddho'' "word; statement"
*''-mo / m-o (f.)'': verb-derived nouns - e.g. ''farsimo'' "writing"; ''maddho'' "word; statement"
*''-itaana (m.)'': verb-derived nouns - e.g. ''cabbitaana'' "drink; juice"
*''-itaana (m.)'': verb-derived nouns - e.g. ''cabbitaana'' "drink; juice"
*''-aana (m.)'': verb-derived nouns (especially from class 3) - e.g. ''macaana'' "sweetness"
*''-aana (m.)'': verb-derived nouns (especially from class 3) - e.g. ''macaana'' "sweetness"
Line 572: Line 595:


The proximal demonstrative is used to refer to something that is near to the speaker. It can be translated to "this/these (one(s))".
The proximal demonstrative is used to refer to something that is near to the speaker. It can be translated to "this/these (one(s))".
:e.g. ''<b>kana</b> nama'' "'''this''' person"; ''cascase <b>kanaani</b>'' "'''these''' red '''ones'''".
:e.g. ''<b>kana</b> namka'' "'''this''' man"; ''cascase <b>kanaani</b>'' "'''these''' red '''ones'''".


The distal demonstrative is used to refer to something at a distance from the speaker. It can be translated to "that/those (one(s))".
The distal demonstrative is used to refer to something at a distance from the speaker. It can be translated to "that/those (one(s))".
:e.g. ''<b>koona</b> nama'' "'''that''' person"; ''cascase <b>koonaani</b>'' "'''those''' red '''ones'''".
:e.g. ''<b>koona</b> namka'' "'''that''' man"; ''cascase <b>koonaani</b>'' "'''those''' red '''ones'''".


When used as an article, demonstratives always take singular forms. When used independently, however, dedicated plural forms exist.
When used as an article, demonstratives always take singular forms. When used independently, however, dedicated plural forms exist.
Line 600: Line 623:
Manner deictics indicate how an action is performed or in what state something is. They are also used to refer to abstract things (discourse deixis).
Manner deictics indicate how an action is performed or in what state something is. They are also used to refer to abstract things (discourse deixis).


Manner deictics are always grammatically feminine. The default manner deictic is ''si'' "like; the way/manner/consition of –", which must occur as the head of a nominal phrase. The instrumental ''sii'' "like –; in the way of –; –ly" is used when describing actions.
Manner deictics are always grammatically feminine. The default manner deictic is ''si'' "like; the way/manner/condition of –", which must occur as the head of a nominal phrase. The instrumental ''sis'' "like –; in the way of –; –ly" is used when describing actions.
:e.g. ''care si'' "an angry way; angrily"; ''shari si'' "like a dog; the way of a dog" (notice that ''shara'' "dog" is in the genitive)
:e.g. ''care si'' "an angry way; angrily"; ''shari si'' "like a dog; the way of a dog" (notice that ''shara'' "dog" is in the genitive)
::''Usú <b>shari si</b>.'' "He is '''like a dog'''." (lit.: "He is '''the way of a dog'''.")
::''Usú <b>shari si</b>.'' "He is '''like a dog'''." (lit.: "He is '''the way of a dog'''.")
Line 638: Line 661:
*''maxa (< ma + waxa'' "thing"): what - e.g. ''<b>Máxa</b> tarkà?'' "'''What''' do you see?"
*''maxa (< ma + waxa'' "thing"): what - e.g. ''<b>Máxa</b> tarkà?'' "'''What''' do you see?"
**Nominative is ''maxí''
**Nominative is ''maxí''
*''maxoo'' (dative of ''maxa''): why - e.g. ''<b>Maxóo</b> baxtà?'' "'''Why''' are you leaving"
**''maxoo'' (dative of ''maxa''): why - e.g. ''<b>Maxóo</b> baxtà?'' "'''Why''' are you leaving"
*''miyya'': who (singular or plural) - e.g. ''<b>Míyya</b> tarkà?'' "'''Who''' do you see?"
*''iyya, miyya (< ma + iyya)'': who (singular or plural) - e.g. ''<b>Míyya</b> tarkà?'' "'''Who''' do you see?"
**Nominative is ''miyyí''
**Nominative is ''(m)iyyí''
*''miyyi'' (genitive of ''miyya''): whose - e.g. ''Kuni <b>míyyi</b> kitaaba?'' "'''Whose''' book is this?"
*''(m)iyyi'' (genitive of ''(m)iyya''): whose - e.g. ''Kuni <b>míyyi</b> kitaaba?'' "'''Whose''' book is this?"
**Like all genitives, must take a head nominal or ''-m'' - e.g. ''Kuni <b>míyyim</b>?'' "'''Whose''' is this?"
**Like all genitives, must take a head nominal or ''-m'' - e.g. ''Kuni <b>míyyim</b>?'' "'''Whose''' is this?"
*''miyyicha (m.), miyyitti (f.)'' (singulative of ''miyya''): who (singular) - e.g. ''Kuni <b>miyyicha</b>?'' "'''Who''' is that (guy)?"
*''(m)iyyicha (m.), (m)iyyitti (f.)'' (singulative of ''(m)iyya''): who (singular) - e.g. ''Kuni <b>miyyicha</b>?'' "'''Who''' is that (guy)?"
*''mánama; mádada'': who (plural) - e.g. ''<b>Madadú</b> imaataani?'' "'''Who (''pl.'')''' are coming?"
*''mánama; mádada'': who (plural) - e.g. ''<b>Madadú</b> imaataani?'' "'''Who (''pl.'')''' are coming?"
*''meeqa'': how much; how many - e.g. ''<b>Méeqa</b> litè?'' "'''How much/many''' do you have?"
*''meeqa'': how much; how many - e.g. ''<b>Méeqa</b> litè?'' "'''How much/many''' do you have?"
**Can also be used as a modifier - e.g. ''<b>Méeqa</b> kitaaba litè?'' "'''How many''' books do you have?"  
**Can also be used as a modifier - e.g. ''<b>Méeqa</b> kitaaba litè?'' "'''How many''' books do you have?"
**Nominative is ''meeqí''. It is only used when independent - e.g. ''<b>Meeqí</b> yimaate?'' "'''How many''' came?" vs. ''<b>Meeqa</b> nama yimaate?'' "'''How many''' people came?"
*''maka (m.); mata (f.)'': which, what, who (can be used for animate or inanimate) - e.g. ''<b>Máta</b> tuni?'' "'''What/who''' is this?" (or: "'''What/who''' are these?")
*''maka (m.); mata (f.)'': which, what, who (can be used for animate or inanimate) - e.g. ''<b>Máta</b> tuni?'' "'''What/who''' is this?" (or: "'''What/who''' are these?")
**Nominative: ''makú/matú''; Genitive: ''maki/mati''
**Nominative: ''makú/matú''; Genitive: ''maki/mati''
Line 664: Line 688:
Cardinal numbers come before nouns in the unmarked form. If there is no unmarked form, the plural is used if it ends in ''-eeya'', ''-ooya'', or ''-oowa''. Otherwise, the singulative is used.
Cardinal numbers come before nouns in the unmarked form. If there is no unmarked form, the plural is used if it ends in ''-eeya'', ''-ooya'', or ''-oowa''. Otherwise, the singulative is used.
:e.g. ''lammá nama'' "two people" (NOT ''*lammá namoota''); ''shan cadeeya'' "five toothbrushes" (NOT ''*shan cadeeti''); ''afar afka'' "four mouths/languages" (NOT ''*afar afaani'')
:e.g. ''lammá nama'' "two people" (NOT ''*lammá namoota''); ''shan cadeeya'' "five toothbrushes" (NOT ''*shan cadeeti''); ''afar afka'' "four mouths/languages" (NOT ''*afar afaani'')
<!--
Numbers also have a singulative form used to refer to a group consisting of that many members, with a corresponding collective - e.g. ''lammeeti'' "pair; couple"; ''lammeeya'' "pairs; couples". To refer to a single member from a group, a double singulative can be used - e.g. ''lammeeticha/lammeetitti'' "member of a pair/couple". The table below only shows the collective forms; the singulatives are formed regularly.-->
Numbers also have a collective form used to refer to a set - e.g. ''lammeeya'' "pair; couple". A singulative can be derived to refer to a single member from a set - e.g. ''lammeesha/lammeeti'' "member of a pair/couple".
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Qino cardinal numbers
|+ Qino cardinal numbers
|-
|-
! !! Pronominal !! Attributive
! !! Pronominal !! Attributive !! Collective
|-
|-
! 0
! 0
| zeero || zeero
| zeero || zeero || zeerooya
|-
|-
! 1
! 1
| mitta (''m.''); mitti (''f.'') || mit
| mitta (''m.''); mitti (''f.'') || mit || mitteeya
|-
|-
! 2
! 2
| lamma || lammá
| lamma || lammá || lammeeya
|-
|-
! 3
! 3
| sidiixa || sidiix
| sidiixa || sidiix || sidiixeeya
|-
|-
! 4
! 4
| afara || afar
| afara || afar || afareeya
|-
|-
! 5
! 5
| shana || shan
| shana || shan || shaneeya
|-
|-
! 6
! 6
| leexa || leex
| leexa || leex || lexeeya
|-
|-
! 7
! 7
| todba || todbá
| todba || todbá || todbeeya
|-
|-
! 8
! 8
| siddeeta || siddeet
| siddeeta || siddeet || siddeeteeya
|-
|-
! 9
! 9
| sagaala || sagaal
| sagaala || sagaal || sagaaleeya
|-
|-
! 10
! 10
| tabana || taban
| tabana || taban || tabaneeya
|-
|-
! 11
! 11
| tabana shi mitta || taban shi mit
| tabana shi mitta || taban shi mit || taban shi mitteeya
|-
|-
! 20
! 20
| lammáatama || lammaatam
| lammáatama || lammaatam || lammaatameeya
|-
|-
! 30
! 30
| sóddoma || soddom
| sóddoma || soddom || soddomeeya
|-
|-
! 40
! 40
| afártama || afartam
| afártama || afartam || afartameeya
|-
|-
! 50
! 50
| kóntoma || kontom
| kóntoma || kontom || kontomeeya
|-
|-
! 60
! 60
| léxtama || lextam
| léxtama || lextam || lextameeya
|-
|-
! 70
! 70
| todbáatama || todbaatam
| todbáatama || todbaatam || todbaatameeya
|-
|-
! 80
! 80
| siddéettama || siddeettam
| siddéettama || siddeettam || siddeettameeya
|-
|-
! 90
! 90
| sagáaltama || sagaaltam
| sagáaltama || sagaaltam || sagaaltameeya
|-
|-
! 100
! 100
| baqala || baqal
| baqala || baqal || baqaleeya
|-
|-
! 1000
! 1000
| kuma || kum
| kuma || kum || kumeeya
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 745: Line 773:
Formed with the suffix ''-láaba'' "-fold" (from the noun ''laaba (f.)'' "fold") attached to the unaccented dependent form of the numeral - e.g. ''lammalaaba'' "two-fold"
Formed with the suffix ''-láaba'' "-fold" (from the noun ''laaba (f.)'' "fold") attached to the unaccented dependent form of the numeral - e.g. ''lammalaaba'' "two-fold"
====Nominalizers====
====Nominalizers====
These are clitic nominals that attach to the previous word and act as its head. In the affirmative, they do not affect the word's accent. In the negative, the accent on ''ma'' is shifted to the penultimate syllable. This only applies to the absolutive; other cases change accent regularly.
These are clitic nominals that attach to the previous word and act as its head. They do not affect the word's accent. In negative verbs, an accent is placed on the penultimate syllable. This only applies to the absolutive; other cases change accent regularly.
*''-n''<!-- (''f.''; Nom.: ''-ní''; Gen: ''-́ni'')-->: Used to nominalize verbs. The verb is placed in the subordinate - e.g. ''rubdóonan'' "that they live"; ''ku mayarkínon'' "that he did not see you"
*''-n''<!-- (''f.''; Nom.: ''-ní''; Gen: ''-́ni'')-->: Used to nominalize verbs. The verb is placed in the subordinate - e.g. ''rubdóonan'' "that they live"; ''ku màyarkínon'' "that he did not see you"
*''-m''<!-- (''m.''; Nom.: ''-mí''; Gen: ''-́mi'')-->: Used as a head for otherwise headless attributives. It can often be roughly translated to "one". Its meaning overlaps with the indefinite pronoun, but ''-m'' is more general and cannot be used without a modifier - e.g. ''kíishim'' "mine"; ''dhéerem'' "tall (one)"
*''-m''<!-- (''m.''; Nom.: ''-mí''; Gen: ''-́mi'')-->: Used as a head for otherwise headless attributives. It can often be roughly translated to "one". Its meaning overlaps with the indefinite pronoun, but ''-m'' is more general and cannot be used without a modifier - e.g. ''kíishim'' "mine"; ''dhéerem'' "tall (one)"
**When the attributive ends in a consonant, an epenthetic ''-i-'' is inserted - e.g. ''lábim'' "male (one)"
**When the attributive ends in a consonant, an epenthetic ''-i-'' is inserted - e.g. ''lábim'' "male (one)"
Line 755: Line 783:
====Definite article====
====Definite article====
The definite article is used to specify something and to indicate definiteness. It can be translated to "the".
The definite article is used to specify something and to indicate definiteness. It can be translated to "the".
:e.g. ''<b>ka</b> nama'' "'''the''' person"; ''cascase <b>ta</b>m'' "'''the''' red (ones)".
:e.g. ''<b>ka</b> namka'' "'''the''' man"; ''cascase <b>ta</b>m'' "'''the''' red (ones)".


When used as an article, it directly precedes the noun being modified. An exception is with numerals and measure words: the article precedes the modifier and agrees with it in gender - e.g. ''ta afar nama'' "the four people" (not *''afar ka nama''), ''ka kiilo muuza'' "the kilo of bananas". Articles only decline in primary cases; other cases use the absolutive forms.
When used as an article, it directly precedes the noun being modified. An exception is with numerals and measure words: the article precedes the modifier and agrees with it in gender - e.g. ''ta afar nama'' "the four people" (not *''afar ka nama''), ''ka kiilo muuza'' "the kilo of bananas". Articles only decline in primary cases; other cases use the absolutive forms.
Line 790: Line 818:


====Attributive verbs====
====Attributive verbs====
Verbs (accompanied with their arguments) can occur attributively before a nominal. These attributive verbs can be split into two usages.
Verbs (accompanied with their arguments) can occur attributively before a nominal. These attributive verbs can modify the subject of the verb or another argument.  


The first usage is to modify the subject of the verb. Verbs used in this manner always occur in the singular main clause form. Class 3 verbs may reduplicate when qualifying plural or collective nominals - e.g. ''yi <b>yarka</b> ka nama'' "the person/people who '''see(s)''' me"
When modifying the verbal subject, attributive verbs always occur in the singular main clause form. Class 3 verbs may reduplicate when qualifying plural or collective nominals - e.g. ''yi <b>yarka</b> ka nama'' (<small>1S.OBJ</small> '''see.<small>3MS</small>''' the people) "the people who '''see''' me".


The second is to modify an object or other non-subject argument. In this case, the verb occurs in the subjunctive and conjugates according to the subject - e.g. ''ka <b>yarkoono</b> ka nama'' "the person '''they see'''"
When modifying a non-subject argument, the verb occurs in the subjunctive and conjugates according to the subject - e.g. ''ka <b>yarkoono</b> ka nama'' (<small>3M.OBJ</small> '''see.<small>3P.SJV</small>''' the people) "the people '''they see'''"


====Attributive nominal====
====Attributive nominal====
Line 918: Line 946:


====Class 2: Suffix-derived verbs====
====Class 2: Suffix-derived verbs====
Suffix-derived verbs always dynamic and follow the suffix conjugation. When multiple derivational suffixes co-occur, the order is inchoative-causative-middle-passive.
Suffix-derived verbs always follow the suffix conjugation. When multiple derivational suffixes co-occur, the order is inchoative-causative-middle-passive.


=====Class 2a: ''-am-'' passive=====
=====Class 2a: ''-am-'' passive=====
Line 950: Line 978:
::''kulussi'' "to make fat" → ''kulussati'' "to make oneself fat; to become fat; to make (something) fat for one's benefit"
::''kulussi'' "to make fat" → ''kulussati'' "to make oneself fat; to become fat; to make (something) fat for one's benefit"


This suffix may be derive verbs from nouns and inchoatives from statives.
This suffix may be used to derive verbs from nouns and inchoatives from statives.


=====Class 2d: ''-oow-'' inchoative=====
=====Class 2d: ''-oow-'' inchoative=====
Line 1,001: Line 1,029:
====Tense, aspect, mood====
====Tense, aspect, mood====
'''Notes:'''  
'''Notes:'''  
*The Class 1 forms ending in an accented vowel lose the accent when non-final, unfocused, or used descriptively and lengthen the final vowel when used interrogatively (if focused) - e.g. ''Cali arká'' "I see Ali"; ''Cáli arka'' "I see ''Ali''"; ''yarka nama'' "person who sees"; ''Cali tarkaa?'' "Do you see Ali?"
*The Class 1 forms ending in an accented vowel lose the accent when non-final, unfocused, or used descriptively and lengthen the final vowel when used interrogatively (if focused) - e.g. ''Cali arká'' "I see Ali"; ''Cáli arka'' "I see ''Ali''"; ''yarka nama'' "people who see"; ''Cali tarkaa?'' "Do you see Ali?"
*The negation particle ''ma'' is accented and causes the verb's accent to be weakened or dropped (unless case endings or derivational prefixes are attached, in which case ''ma'' weakens its accent). It may be written attached to the verb. The jussive affirmative particle ''haa'' is also accented, but the imperative negative particle ''hin'' is unaccented.
*The negation particle ''ma'' is accented and causes the verb's accent to be weakened or dropped (unless case endings or derivational prefixes are attached, in which case ''ma'' weakens its accent). It may be written attached to the verb. The jussive affirmative particle ''haa'' is also accented, but the imperative negative particle ''hin'' is unaccented.
<!--
<!--
Line 1,037: Line 1,065:


=====Compound tenses/aspects=====
=====Compound tenses/aspects=====
Unless otherwise indicated, these constructions can occur in any tense (including compound within reason). For (my) convenience, the descriptions are for the present. For other tenses, make the appropriate adjustments - e.g. ''an caami allid sugé'' "I was still about to eat"
Unless otherwise indicated, these constructions can occur in any tense (including compound tenses, within reason)<!--. For simplicity, the examples given are in simple tenses. For other tenses, make the appropriate adjustments--> - e.g. ''an caami allid sugé'' "I was still about to eat"
======Progressive======
======Progressive======
*Formed with infinitive + ''le'' "to have" (fused)
*Formed with infinitive + ''le'' "to have" (fused)
Line 1,055: Line 1,083:
======Prospective======
======Prospective======
*Formed with infinitive + ''qabi'' "to do"
*Formed with infinitive + ''qabi'' "to do"
*Indicates an action that is expected to happen in the future (more distant than the anticipative). Can be translated as "going to -"
*Indicates an action that is expected to happen in the future (more distant than the anticipative). Can be translated as "will/going to -"
:e.g. ''an caami qabá'' "I will/am going to eat"; ''at baxi qabdé'' "you were going to eat"
:e.g. ''an caami qabá'' "I will/am going to eat"; ''at baxi qabdé'' "you were going to eat"


Line 1,064: Line 1,092:


======Others======
======Others======
*Infinitive + ''weeyi'' "to lack/miss" = "to lack -ing; to fail to -; to not -". Can be used instead of the negative, especially in subordinate clauses - e.g. ''an caami weeyé'' "I failed to eat/ I did not eat"
*Infinitive + ''weeyi'' "to lack/miss" = "to lack -ing; to fail to -; to not -". Can be used in place of the negative, especially in subordinate clauses - e.g. ''an caami weeyé'' "I failed to eat/ I did not eat"
*Perfect converb + ''sugi'' can be used to form anterior tenses - e.g. ''an caamee sugá'' "I have eaten", ''an caamee sugé'' "I had eaten", ''an caamee sugi qabá'' "I will have eaten"
*Perfect converb + ''sugi'' can be used to form anterior tenses - e.g. ''an caamee sugá'' "I have eaten", ''an caamee sugé'' "I had eaten", ''an caamee sugi qabá'' "I will have eaten"
*Infinitive + ''adheeyi'' "to come near" = "to almost -" (only used in perfect) - e.g. ''an muuti adheeyé'' "I nearly died"
*Infinitive + ''adheeyi'' "to come near" = "to almost -" (only used in perfect) - e.g. ''an amuuti adheeyé'' "I nearly died"


=====Converbs=====
=====Converbs=====
Line 1,126: Line 1,154:
Additional verbal nouns can be formed with a variety of suffixes depending on the verb in question. A few common patterns include:
Additional verbal nouns can be formed with a variety of suffixes depending on the verb in question. A few common patterns include:
*''-itaana (m.)'' - e.g. ''cabbitaana'' "drink; juice" (< ''cabbi'' "to drink")
*''-itaana (m.)'' - e.g. ''cabbitaana'' "drink; juice" (< ''cabbi'' "to drink")
*''-mo (f.)'' (prefix conjugation may use ''m-o'') - e.g. ''farsimo'' "handwriting" (< ''farsi'' "to write"); ''maddho'' "word; statement" (< ''addhi'' "to say")
*''-mo (f.)'' (prefix conjugation may use ''m-o'') - e.g. ''farsimo'' "writing" (< ''farsi'' "to write"); ''maddho'' "word; statement" (< ''addhi'' "to say")


=====Agent and patient nouns=====
=====Agent and patient nouns=====
Line 1,164: Line 1,192:
:e.g. ''<b>Ánaa</b> baxe'' "'''It was I''' who left"; ''<b>Sharíifaa</b> ku màyarkino'' "'''It is Shariif''' who does not see you."
:e.g. ''<b>Ánaa</b> baxe'' "'''It was I''' who left"; ''<b>Sharíifaa</b> ku màyarkino'' "'''It is Shariif''' who does not see you."
*''dha'':
*''dha'':
**Can be put after a nominal to place emphasis on it. Optionally attaches to the preceding word, causing nominals ending in a short, unstressed vowel to drop it. The main verb (if there is one) is placed in the attributive and suffixed with ''-m''. The emphasized nominal + ''dha'' can occur at the beginning or end of the sentence, but the end is more common - e.g. ''Bàxem <b>ándha</b>.'' "The one who left '''was I'''."; ''<b>Cáli dha</b> kuni.'' "This is '''''Ali'''''."
**Can be put after a nominal to place emphasis on it. Optionally attaches to the preceding word, causing nominals ending in a short, unstressed vowel to drop it (if possible). The main verb (if there is one) is placed in the attributive and suffixed with ''-m''. The emphasized nominal + ''dha'' can occur at the beginning or end of the sentence, but the end is more common - e.g. ''Bàxem <b>ándha</b>.'' "The one who left '''was I'''."; ''<b>Cáli dha</b> kuni.'' "This is '''''Ali'''''."
**Can be put at the end of a sentence (after the main verb) for extra emphasis - e.g. ''Caamte dha.'' "You did eat."  
**Can be placed at the end of a sentence (without a preceding nominal) to place extra emphasis on the predicate - e.g. ''Caamte dha.'' "You did eat." ; ''Cali dha.'' "It ''is'' Ali."
*''mee'': interrogative focus particle (used similarly to ''dha''; see [[Qino#Interrogative_particles|interrogative particles]] for more information on usage)
*''mee'': interrogative focus particle (used similarly to ''dha''; see [[Qino#Interrogative_particles|interrogative particles]] for more information on usage)


Line 1,173: Line 1,201:
**Attaches to following word. Accented unless case endings are added.
**Attaches to following word. Accented unless case endings are added.
**Can occur before unfocused nominals, meaning "what/which" - e.g. ''máshara tarke?'' "what dog did you see?"
**Can occur before unfocused nominals, meaning "what/which" - e.g. ''máshara tarke?'' "what dog did you see?"
**Can occur before affirmative verbs to make yes/no questions (negative verbs which already have the negative particle ''ma-'' do not use it, but they do have optional final vowel lengthening). This particle is not obligatory and can be ommitted (with final lengthening if applicable) - e.g. ''caamtee / mácaamte?'' "did you eat?" (optional question particle); ''mácaaminte / macaamintee?'' "did you not eat?" (no question particle due to presence of negative particle)
**Can occur before affirmative verbs to make yes/no questions (negative verbs which already have the negative particle ''ma-'' do not use it, but they do have optional final vowel lengthening). This particle is not obligatory and can be omitted (with final lengthening if applicable) - e.g. ''caamtee / mácaamte?'' "did you eat?" (optional question particle); ''mácaaminte / macaamintee?'' "did you not eat?" (no question particle due to presence of negative particle)
<!--
<!--
*''-me'' = interrogative focus particle
*''-me'' = interrogative focus particle
Line 1,199: Line 1,227:
===Dependent clauses===
===Dependent clauses===
<!-- etc. etc. -->
<!-- etc. etc. -->
==Vocabulary==
===Time - '' ''===
<!--
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Hijri Months - ''Los mesos hijrís''
! English !! Essanian
|-
| Muharram || muhárram
|-
| Safar || sáfar
|-
| Rabi' al-Awwal || rabigh primer
|-
| Rabi' ath-Thani || rabigh second
|-
| Jumada al-Ula || jumada primera
|-
| Jumada al-Akhirah || jumada seconda
|-
| Rajab || rájab
|-
| Sha'ban || xaghbán
|-
| Ramadan || ramadán
|-
| Shawwal || xawal
|-
| Dhu'l-Qa'dah || zulcaghda
|-
| Dhu'l-Hijjah || zulhaja
|-
|}-->
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Greogorian months - <!--''Ka miilaadiyya ka ''-->
! English !! Qino
|-
| January ||
|-
| February ||
|-
| March ||
|-
| April ||
|-
| May ||
|-
| June ||
|-
| July ||
|-
| August ||
|-
| September ||
|-
| October ||
|-
| November ||
|-
| December ||
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Days of the week - '' ''
! English !! Qino
|-
| Sunday || Áxada
|-
| Monday || Ithniina
|-
| Tuesday || Thalaathá
|-
| Wednesday || Arbacá
|-
| Thursday || Khamiisa
|-
| Friday || Jumcá
|-
| Saturday || Sabta
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Parts of the day - '' ''
! English !! Qino
|-
| day ||
|-
| dawn ||
|-
| morning ||
|-
| noon ||
|-
| afternoon ||
|-
| evening ||
|-
| dusk ||
|-
| night ||
|-
| midnight ||
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Units of time - '' ''
! English !! Qino
|-
| second ||
|-
| minute || daqiiqá
|-
| hour || saacá
|-
| day ||
|-
| week ||
|-
| month ||
|-
| year ||
|-
|}


==Example texts==
==Example texts==
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)===
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)===
'''Western Arabic script:''' <big> كل نمو ڢرنے شرڢک شے حفوفكں ألڨطے طلتاں. ماں شے ضمير شينميں٬ أبلنسں ألل ربدونں جره </big>
'''Western Arabic script:''' <big> كل نم ڢرنے شرڢک شے حفوفكں ألڨطے طلتاں. ماں شے ضمير شينميں، أبلنسں ألل ربدونں جره </big>


'''Eastern Arabic script:''' <big> كل نمو فرني شرفك شي حقوقكن ألڠطي طلتان. مان شي ضمير شينمين، أبلنسن ألل ربدونن جره </big>
'''Eastern Arabic script:''' <big> كل نم فرني شرفك شي حقوقكن ألڠطي طلتان. مان شي ضمير شينمين، أبلنسن ألل ربدونن جره </big>


'''Ge'ez script:''' ኩሊ ነሙ ፉረኒ ሸረፈክ ሺ ሑቁቀክኔ ኦል ግጢ ጠለታነ። ማነ ሺ ፀሚረ ሼነሜኒ፣ ኦቦሊነስኔ ኦለል ሩብዶነን ጅረህ።
'''Ge'ez script:''' ኩሊ ነሙ ፉረኒ ሸረፈክ ሺ ሑቁቀክኔ ኦል ግጢ ጠለታነ። ማነ ሺ ፀሚረ ሼነሜኒ፣ ኦቦሊነስኔ ኦለል ሩብዶነን ጅረህ።
Line 1,212: Line 1,366:
'''Latin script (more common):''' Kulli namu furanii sharafak shi xuquuqakne ol giddhii dhalataana. Maana shi lhamiira sheenameeni, obbolinnasne olal rubdoonan jirah.
'''Latin script (more common):''' Kulli namu furanii sharafak shi xuquuqakne ol giddhii dhalataana. Maana shi lhamiira sheenameeni, obbolinnasne olal rubdoonan jirah.


'''IPA:''' /kúlːi naꜜmú furaníː ʃarafák ʃi ħuɠuːɠákne ol giɗːíː ɗalatáːna máːna ʃi lˀamíːra ʃeːnaméːni obːolinːásne olal rubdóːnan d͡ʒiráʰ/
'''IPA:''' /kúlːi naꜜmú furaníː ʃarafák ʃi ħuɠuːɠákne ol giɗːíː ɗalatáːna || máːna ʃi lˀamíːra ʃeːnaméːni | obːolinːásne olal rubdóːnan d͡ʒiráʰ/


'''Gloss:''' All people.<small>NOM</small> free.<small>CVB</small> dignity.<small>ABL</small> and rights.<small>ABL</small>-and each-other equal.<small>CVB</small> born.<small>3P</small>. Reason and conscience give.<small>PASS.PST.3P</small>, brotherhood.<small>INS</small>-and each-other.<small>COM</small> live.<small>SBJV.3P</small> exist.<small>3S</small>
'''Gloss:''' All people.<small>NOM</small> free.<small>CVB</small> dignity.<small>ABL</small> and rights.<small>ABL</small>-and each-other equal.<small>CVB</small> born.<small>3P</small>. Reason and conscience give.<small>PASS.PST.3P</small>, brotherhood.<small>INS</small>-and each-other.<small>COM</small> live.<small>SBJV.3P</small> exist.<small>3S</small>
Line 1,220: Line 1,374:
'''English:''' All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
'''English:''' All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
<!--All people being free and in dignity and in rights resembling each other are born. Reason and conscience they were given, and that with brotherhood they with each other live exists.-->
<!--All people being free and in dignity and in rights resembling each other are born. Reason and conscience they were given, and that with brotherhood they with each other live exists.-->
<!---
 
<table class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible" style="text-align:center;">
===Swadesh list===
<table class=wikitable style="text-align:center;">
<tr>
<tr>
<th>'''No.'''</th>
<th>'''No.'''</th>
<th>[[wikipedia:English language|English]]</th>
<th>[[wikipedia:English language|English]]</th>
<th>[[Af Mexee]]</th>
<th>[[Qino]]</th>
</tr>
</tr>
<tr><th>1</th><th>[[wiktionary:I|I]]</th><td>ana</td></tr>
<tr><th>1</th><th>[[wiktionary:I|I]]</th><td>ana</td></tr>
<tr><th>2</th><th>[[wiktionary:you|you (singular)]]</th><td>ata (''m.''); ati (''f.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>2</th><th>[[wiktionary:you|you (singular)]]</th><td>ata (''m.''); ati (''f.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>3</th><th>[[wiktionary:he|he]]</th><td>usa</td></tr>
<tr><th>3</th><th>[[wiktionary:he|he]]</th><td>usa</td></tr>
<tr><th>4</th><th>[[wiktionary:we|we]]</th><td>una ('''incl.'''); anaani ('''excl.''')</td></tr>
<tr><th>4</th><th>[[wiktionary:we|we]]</th><td>una (''incl.''); anaani (''excl.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>5</th><th>[[wiktionary:you|you (plural)]]</th><td>ataani</td></tr>
<tr><th>5</th><th>[[wiktionary:you|you (plural)]]</th><td>ataani</td></tr>
<tr><th>6</th><th>[[wiktionary:they|they]]</th><td>isaani</td></tr>
<tr><th>6</th><th>[[wiktionary:they|they]]</th><td>isaani</td></tr>
<tr><th>7</th><th>[[wiktionary:this|this]]</th><td>kana (''m.''); tana (''f.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>7</th><th>[[wiktionary:this|this]]</th><td>kana (''m.''); tana (''f.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>8</th><th>[[wiktionary:that|that]]</th><td>koona (''m.''); toona (''f.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>8</th><th>[[wiktionary:that|that]]</th><td>koona (''m.''); toona (''f.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>9</th><th>[[wiktionary:here|here]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>9</th><th>[[wiktionary:here|here]]</th><td>addana</td></tr>
<tr><th>10</th><th>[[wiktionary:there|there]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>10</th><th>[[wiktionary:there|there]]</th><td>addoona</td></tr>
<tr><th>11</th><th>[[wiktionary:who|who]]</th><td>iyya; manama, madada</td></tr>
<tr><th>11</th><th>[[wiktionary:who|who]]</th><td>miyya; miyyicha (''m. sgt.''); miyyitti (''f. sg.''); mánama, mádada (''pl.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>12</th><th>[[wiktionary:what|what]]</th><td>maxa</td></tr>
<tr><th>12</th><th>[[wiktionary:what|what]]</th><td>maxa</td></tr>
<tr><th>13</th><th>[[wiktionary:where|where]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>13</th><th>[[wiktionary:where|where]]</th><td>madda</td></tr>
<tr><th>14</th><th>[[wiktionary:when|when]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>14</th><th>[[wiktionary:when|when]]</th><td>mábara</td></tr>
<tr><th>15</th><th>[[wiktionary:how|how]]</th><td>masi</td></tr>
<tr><th>15</th><th>[[wiktionary:how|how]]</th><td>masi</td></tr>
<tr><th>16</th><th>[[wiktionary:not|not]]</th><td>ma</td></tr>
<tr><th>16</th><th>[[wiktionary:not|not]]</th><td>ma</td></tr>
<tr><th>17</th><th>[[wiktionary:all|all]]</th><td>kulli</td></tr>
<tr><th>17</th><th>[[wiktionary:all|all]]</th><td>kulli</td></tr>
<tr><th>18</th><th>[[wiktionary:many|many]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>18</th><th>[[wiktionary:many|many]]</th><td>mooga</td></tr>
<tr><th>19</th><th>[[wiktionary:some|some]]</th><td>mara</td></tr>
<tr><th>19</th><th>[[wiktionary:some|some]]</th><td>mara</td></tr>
<tr><th>20</th><th>[[wiktionary:few|few]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>20</th><th>[[wiktionary:few|few]]</th><td>diqqo</td></tr>
<tr><th>21</th><th>[[wiktionary:other|other]]</th>kale<td></td></tr>
<tr><th>21</th><th>[[wiktionary:other|other]]</th><td>kale</td></tr>
<tr><th>22</th><th>[[wiktionary:one|one]]</th><td>mitta (''m.''); mitti (''f.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>22</th><th>[[wiktionary:one|one]]</th><td>mitta (''m.''); mitti (''f.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>23</th><th>[[wiktionary:two|two]]</th><td>lamma</td></tr>
<tr><th>23</th><th>[[wiktionary:two|two]]</th><td>lamma</td></tr>
<tr><th>24</th><th>[[wiktionary:three|three]]</th><td>sadooxa</td></tr>
<tr><th>24</th><th>[[wiktionary:three|three]]</th><td>sidiixa</td></tr>
<tr><th>25</th><th>[[wiktionary:four|four]]</th><td>afara</td></tr>
<tr><th>25</th><th>[[wiktionary:four|four]]</th><td>afara</td></tr>
<tr><th>26</th><th>[[wiktionary:five|five]]</th><td>shana</td></tr>
<tr><th>26</th><th>[[wiktionary:five|five]]</th><td>shana</td></tr>
<tr><th>27</th><th>[[wiktionary:big|big]]</th><td>weene (''3''; aweeni)</td></tr>
<tr><th>27</th><th>[[wiktionary:big|big]]</th><td>weene (''3''; weenoowi)</td></tr>
<tr><th>28</th><th>[[wiktionary:long|long]]</th><td>dheere (''3''; adheeri)</td></tr>
<tr><th>28</th><th>[[wiktionary:long|long]]</th><td>dheere (''3''; adheeri)</td></tr>
<tr><th>29</th><th>[[wiktionary:wide|wide]]</th><td>bale (''3''; balaati)</td></tr>
<tr><th>29</th><th>[[wiktionary:wide|wide]]</th><td>balce (''3''; balcoowi)</td></tr>
<tr><th>30</th><th>[[wiktionary:thick|thick]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>30</th><th>[[wiktionary:thick|thick]]</th><td>kusli (''1a'') </td></tr>
<tr><th>31</th><th>[[wiktionary:heavy|heavy]]</th><td>cusle (''3''; cusloowi)</td></tr>
<tr><th>31</th><th>[[wiktionary:heavy|heavy]]</th><td>cusle (''3''; cusloowi)</td></tr>
<tr><th>32</th><th>[[wiktionary:small|small]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>32</th><th>[[wiktionary:small|small]]</th><td>diqqe (''3''; diqqoowi)</td></tr>
<tr><th>33</th><th>[[wiktionary:short|short]]</th><td>gaabe (''3''; agaabi)</td></tr>
<tr><th>33</th><th>[[wiktionary:short|short]]</th><td>gaabe (''3''; agaabi)</td></tr>
<tr><th>34</th><th>[[wiktionary:narrow|narrow]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>34</th><th>[[wiktionary:narrow|narrow]]</th><td>dibhe (''3''; dibhoowi)</td></tr>
<tr><th>35</th><th>[[wiktionary:thin|thin]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>35</th><th>[[wiktionary:thin|thin]]</th><td>qalle (''3''; qalloowi)</td></tr>
<tr><th>36</th><th>[[wiktionary:woman|woman]]</th><td>dubarti (''f. sg.''; coll: dubara ''f.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>36</th><th>[[wiktionary:woman|woman]]</th><td>dubarti (''f. sgt.''; coll: dubara ''f.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>37</th><th>[[wiktionary:man|man (adult male)]]</th><td>labka (''m. sg.''; coll: laba ''m.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>37</th><th>[[wiktionary:man|man (adult male)]]</th><td>labga (''m. sgt.''; coll: labba ''m.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>38</th><th>[[wiktionary:man|man (human being)]]</th><td>nama (''m.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>38</th><th>[[wiktionary:man|man (human being)]]</th><td>nama (''m.''; sgt: namka ''m.'', namti ''f.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>39</th><th>[[wiktionary:child|child]]</th><td>ilma (''m.''; pl: ilmaani)</td></tr>
<tr><th>39</th><th>[[wiktionary:child|child]]</th><td>ilma (''m.''; pl: ilmaani)</td></tr>
<tr><th>40</th><th>[[wiktionary:wife|wife]]</th><td>dubarti (''f. sg.''; coll: dubara ''f.''); zoojá (''f.''; pl: zoojaati ''f.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>40</th><th>[[wiktionary:wife|wife]]</th><td>dubarti (''f. sgt.''; coll: dubara ''f.''); zoojá (''f.''; pl: zoojaati ''f.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>41</th><th>[[wiktionary:husband|husband]]</th><td>labka (''m. sg.''; coll: laba ''m.''); zooja (''m.''; pl: azwaaja ''f.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>41</th><th>[[wiktionary:husband|husband]]</th><td>labga (''m. sgt.''; coll: labba ''m.''); zooja (''m.''; pl: azwaaja ''f.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>42</th><th>[[wiktionary:mother|mother]]</th><td>ayya (''f.''; pl: ayyaani ''f.''); ina (''f.''; pl: inaani ''f.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>42</th><th>[[wiktionary:mother|mother]]</th><td>ayya (''f.''; pl: ayyaani ''f.''); ina (''f.''; pl: inaani ''f.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>43</th><th>[[wiktionary:father|father]]</th><td>awwa (''m.''; pl: awwaani ''f.''); abba (''m.''; pl: abbaani ''f.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>43</th><th>[[wiktionary:father|father]]</th><td>awwa (''m.''; pl: awwaani ''f.''); abba (''m.''; pl: abbaani ''f.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>44</th><th>[[wiktionary:animal|animal]]</th><td>nafleeya (''m. pl.''; sg: nafleesha ''m.'', nafleeti ''f.''); xayawaana (''m.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>44</th><th>[[wiktionary:animal|animal]]</th><td>nafleeya (''m. coll.''; sgt: nafleesha ''m.'', nafleeti ''f.'');<br /> xayawaana (''m.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>45</th><th>[[wiktionary:fish|fish]]</th><td>kalluumti (''f. sg.''; coll: kalluuma ''f.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>45</th><th>[[wiktionary:fish|fish]]</th><td>kulluuma (''f.''; sgt: kulluumti ''f.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>46</th><th>[[wiktionary:bird|bird]]</th><td>shimmirti (''f. sg.''; coll: shimmira ''f.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>46</th><th>[[wiktionary:bird|bird]]</th><td>shimmirti (''f. sgt.''; coll: shimmira ''f.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>47</th><th>[[wiktionary:dog|dog]]</th><td>shara (''m.''; sg: sharka ''m.''; pl: sharoori ''f.'') </td></tr>
<tr><th>47</th><th>[[wiktionary:dog|dog]]</th><td>shara (''m.''; sgt: sharka ''m.''; pl: sharoori ''f.'') </td></tr>
<tr><th>48</th><th>[[wiktionary:louse|louse]]</th><td>cinyira (''f.''; sg: cinyirti ''f.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>48</th><th>[[wiktionary:louse|louse]]</th><td>cinyira (''f.''; sgt: cinyirti ''f.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>49</th><th>[[wiktionary:snake|snake]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>49</th><th>[[wiktionary:snake|snake]]</th><td>abeesa (''m.''; sgt: abeesti ''f.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>50</th><th>[[wiktionary:worm|worm]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>50</th><th>[[wiktionary:worm|worm]]</th><td>abeesitti (''f. sgt.''; pl: abeesittoota ''f.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>51</th><th>[[wiktionary:tree|tree]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>51</th><th>[[wiktionary:tree|tree]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>52</th><th>[[wiktionary:forest|forest]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>52</th><th>[[wiktionary:forest|forest]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>53</th><th>[[wiktionary:stick|stick]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>53</th><th>[[wiktionary:stick|stick]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>54</th><th>[[wiktionary:fruit|fruit]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>54</th><th>[[wiktionary:fruit|fruit]]</th><td> miro (''m.''; sgt: mirocha ''m.''; pl: miroori ''f.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>55</th><th>[[wiktionary:seed|seed]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>55</th><th>[[wiktionary:seed|seed]]</th><td>midha (''m.''; sgt: midhqa ''m.''; pl: midhaani ''f.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>56</th><th>[[wiktionary:leaf|leaf]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>56</th><th>[[wiktionary:leaf|leaf]]</th><td>koola (''m.''; sgt: koolti ''f.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>57</th><th>[[wiktionary:root|root]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>57</th><th>[[wiktionary:root|root]]</th><td>xidda (''m.''; sgt: xidga)</td></tr>
<tr><th>58</th><th>[[wiktionary:bark|bark]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>58</th><th>[[wiktionary:bark|bark]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>59</th><th>[[wiktionary:flower|flower]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>59</th><th>[[wiktionary:flower|flower]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>60</th><th>[[wiktionary:grass|grass]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>60</th><th>[[wiktionary:grass|grass]]</th><td>ceesooya (''m. coll.''; ceesootti ''f. sgt.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>61</th><th>[[wiktionary:rope|rope]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>61</th><th>[[wiktionary:rope|rope]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>62</th><th>[[wiktionary:skin|skin]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>62</th><th>[[wiktionary:skin|skin]]</th><td>googa (''m.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>63</th><th>[[wiktionary:meat|meat]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>63</th><th>[[wiktionary:meat|meat]]</th><td>soowa (''m. pl.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>64</th><th>[[wiktionary:blood|blood]]</th><td>dhiiga (''f.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>64</th><th>[[wiktionary:blood|blood]]</th><td>dhiiga (''f.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>65</th><th>[[wiktionary:bone|bone]]</th><td>lafti (''f.''; coll: lafa ''f.''; pl: lafoofi, lafooni)</td></tr>
<tr><th>65</th><th>[[wiktionary:bone|bone]]</th><td>lafa (''f.''; sgt: lafti ''f.''; pl: lafoofi, lafooni)</td></tr>
<tr><th>66</th><th>[[wiktionary:fat|fat]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>66</th><th>[[wiktionary:fat|fat]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>67</th><th>[[wiktionary:egg|egg]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>67</th><th>[[wiktionary:egg|egg]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>68</th><th>[[wiktionary:horn|horn]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>68</th><th>[[wiktionary:horn|horn]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>69</th><th>[[wiktionary:tail|tail]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>69</th><th>[[wiktionary:tail|tail]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>70</th><th>[[wiktionary:feather|feather]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>70</th><th>[[wiktionary:feather|feather]]</th><td>baalla (''m.''; sgt: baalti ''f.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>71</th><th>[[wiktionary:hair|hair]]</th><td>dhogoora (''f.''; sing: dhogoorti ''f.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>71</th><th>[[wiktionary:hair|hair]]</th><td>dhogoora (''f.''; sgt: dhogoorti ''f.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>72</th><th>[[wiktionary:head|head]]</th><td>mataxa (''m.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>72</th><th>[[wiktionary:head|head]]</th><td>mataxa (''m.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>73</th><th>[[wiktionary:ear|ear]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>73</th><th>[[wiktionary:ear|ear]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>74</th><th>[[wiktionary:eye|eye]]</th><td>ila (''f.''; coll: indha ''m.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>74</th><th>[[wiktionary:eye|eye]]</th><td>ila (''f.''; coll: indha ''m.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>75</th><th>[[wiktionary:nose|nose]]</th><td>sana (''m.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>75</th><th>[[wiktionary:nose|nose]]</th><td>sana (''m.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>76</th><th>[[wiktionary:mouth|mouth]]</th><td>afka (''m.''; pl: afaani)</td></tr>
<tr><th>76</th><th>[[wiktionary:mouth|mouth]]</th><td>afka (''m. sgt.''; pl: afaani)</td></tr>
<tr><th>77</th><th>[[wiktionary:tooth|tooth]]</th><td>ilka (''m.''; pl: ilkaani)</td></tr>
<tr><th>77</th><th>[[wiktionary:tooth|tooth]]</th><td>ilka (''m.''; pl: ilkaani)</td></tr>
<tr><th>78</th><th>[[wiktionary:tongue|tongue]]</th><td>carraba (''m.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>78</th><th>[[wiktionary:tongue|tongue]]</th><td>cárraba (''m.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>79</th><th>[[wiktionary:fingernail|fingernail]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>79</th><th>[[wiktionary:fingernail|fingernail]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>80</th><th>[[wiktionary:foot|foot]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>80</th><th>[[wiktionary:foot|foot]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>81</th><th>[[wiktionary:leg|leg]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>81</th><th>[[wiktionary:leg|leg]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>82</th><th>[[wiktionary:knee|knee]]</th><td>gulba (''m.''; pl: gulbaani)</td></tr>
<tr><th>82</th><th>[[wiktionary:knee|knee]]</th><td>gulba/jilba (''m.''; sgt: gulubdi/jilibdi ''f.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>83</th><th>[[wiktionary:hand|hand]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>83</th><th>[[wiktionary:hand|hand]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>84</th><th>[[wiktionary:wing|wing]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>84</th><th>[[wiktionary:wing|wing]]</th><td> </td></tr>
Line 1,316: Line 1,471:
<tr><th>88</th><th>[[wiktionary:back|back]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>88</th><th>[[wiktionary:back|back]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>89</th><th>[[wiktionary:breast|breast]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>89</th><th>[[wiktionary:breast|breast]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>90</th><th>[[wiktionary:heart|heart]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>90</th><th>[[wiktionary:heart|heart]]</th><td>onne (''m.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>91</th><th>[[wiktionary:liver|liver]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>91</th><th>[[wiktionary:liver|liver]]</th><td>tiro (''m.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>92</th><th>[[wiktionary:drink|drink]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>92</th><th>[[wiktionary:drink|drink]]</th><td>cabbi (''1a'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>93</th><th>[[wiktionary:eat|eat]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>93</th><th>[[wiktionary:eat|eat]]</th><td>caami (''1a'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>94</th><th>[[wiktionary:bite|bite]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>94</th><th>[[wiktionary:bite|bite]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>95</th><th>[[wiktionary:suck|suck]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>95</th><th>[[wiktionary:suck|suck]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>96</th><th>[[wiktionary:spit|spit]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>96</th><th>[[wiktionary:spit|spit]]</th><td>tufi (''1a'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>97</th><th>[[wiktionary:vomit|vomit]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>97</th><th>[[wiktionary:vomit|vomit]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>98</th><th>[[wiktionary:blow|blow]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>98</th><th>[[wiktionary:blow|blow]]</th><td>afuufi (''1b'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>99</th><th>[[wiktionary:breathe|breathe]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>99</th><th>[[wiktionary:breathe|breathe]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>100</th><th>[[wiktionary:laugh|laugh]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>100</th><th>[[wiktionary:laugh|laugh]]</th><td>qosli (''1a'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>101</th><th>[[wiktionary:see|see]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>101</th><th>[[wiktionary:see|see]]</th><td>arki (''1b'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>102</th><th>[[wiktionary:hear|hear]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>102</th><th>[[wiktionary:hear|hear]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>103</th><th>[[wiktionary:know|know]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>103</th><th>[[wiktionary:know|know]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>104</th><th>[[wiktionary:think|think]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>104</th><th>[[wiktionary:think|think]]</th><td>fikri (''1a'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>105</th><th>[[wiktionary:smell|smell]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>105</th><th>[[wiktionary:smell|smell]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>106</th><th>[[wiktionary:fear|fear]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>106</th><th>[[wiktionary:fear|fear]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>107</th><th>[[wiktionary:sleep|sleep]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>107</th><th>[[wiktionary:sleep|sleep]]</th><td>hurdi (''1a'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>108</th><th>[[wiktionary:live|live]]</th><td>rubdi (''I'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>108</th><th>[[wiktionary:live|live]]</th><td>rubdi (''1a'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>109</th><th>[[wiktionary:die|die]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>109</th><th>[[wiktionary:die|die]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>110</th><th>[[wiktionary:kill|kill]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>110</th><th>[[wiktionary:kill|kill]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>111</th><th>[[wiktionary:fight|fight]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>111</th><th>[[wiktionary:fight|fight]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>112</th><th>[[wiktionary:hunt|hunt]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>112</th><th>[[wiktionary:hunt|hunt]]</th><td>adami (''1b'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>113</th><th>[[wiktionary:hit|hit]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>113</th><th>[[wiktionary:hit|hit]]</th><td>dhaabi (''1a'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>114</th><th>[[wiktionary:cut|cut]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>114</th><th>[[wiktionary:cut|cut]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>115</th><th>[[wiktionary:split|split]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>115</th><th>[[wiktionary:split|split]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>116</th><th>[[wiktionary:stab|stab]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>116</th><th>[[wiktionary:stab|stab]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>117</th><th>[[wiktionary:scratch|scratch]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>117</th><th>[[wiktionary:scratch|scratch]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>118</th><th>[[wiktionary:dig|dig]]</th><td>qoti (''I'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>118</th><th>[[wiktionary:dig|dig]]</th><td>qoti (''1a'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>119</th><th>[[wiktionary:swim|swim]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>119</th><th>[[wiktionary:swim|swim]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>120</th><th>[[wiktionary:fly|fly]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>120</th><th>[[wiktionary:fly|fly]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>121</th><th>[[wiktionary:walk|walk]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>121</th><th>[[wiktionary:walk|walk]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>122</th><th>[[wiktionary:come|come]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>122</th><th>[[wiktionary:come|come]]</th><td>amaati (''1b'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>123</th><th>[[wiktionary:lie|lie]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>123</th><th>[[wiktionary:lie|lie]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>124</th><th>[[wiktionary:sit|sit]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>124</th><th>[[wiktionary:sit|sit]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>125</th><th>[[wiktionary:stand|stand]]</th><td>kaci (''I'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>125</th><th>[[wiktionary:stand|stand]]</th><td>kaci (''1a'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>126</th><th>[[wiktionary:turn|turn]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>126</th><th>[[wiktionary:turn|turn]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>127</th><th>[[wiktionary:fall|fall]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>127</th><th>[[wiktionary:fall|fall]]</th><td>kufi (''1a'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>128</th><th>[[wiktionary:give|give]]</th><td>sheeni (''I'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>128</th><th>[[wiktionary:give|give]]</th><td>sheeni (''1a'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>129</th><th>[[wiktionary:hold|hold]]</th><td>qabati (''I'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>129</th><th>[[wiktionary:hold|hold]]</th><td>allati (''1b'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>130</th><th>[[wiktionary:squeeze|squeeze]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>130</th><th>[[wiktionary:squeeze|squeeze]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>131</th><th>[[wiktionary:rub|rub]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>131</th><th>[[wiktionary:rub|rub]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>132</th><th>[[wiktionary:wash|wash]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>132</th><th>[[wiktionary:wash|wash]]</th><td>[[Contionary:daqi|daqi]] (''1a''); [[Contionary:meejhi|meejhi]] (''1a'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>133</th><th>[[wiktionary:wipe|wipe]]</th><td>/td></tr>
<tr><th>133</th><th>[[wiktionary:wipe|wipe]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>134</th><th>[[wiktionary:pull|pull]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>134</th><th>[[wiktionary:pull|pull]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>135</th><th>[[wiktionary:push|push]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>135</th><th>[[wiktionary:push|push]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>136</th><th>[[wiktionary:throw|throw]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>136</th><th>[[wiktionary:throw|throw]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>137</th><th>[[wiktionary:tie|tie]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>137</th><th>[[wiktionary:tie|tie]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>138</th><th>[[wiktionary:sew|sew]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>138</th><th>[[wiktionary:sew|sew]]</th><td>toli (''1a'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>139</th><th>[[wiktionary:count|count]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>139</th><th>[[wiktionary:count|count]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>140</th><th>[[wiktionary:say|say]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>140</th><th>[[wiktionary:say|say]]</th><td>addhi (''1b'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>141</th><th>[[wiktionary:sing|sing]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>141</th><th>[[wiktionary:sing|sing]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>142</th><th>[[wiktionary:play|play]]</th><td>ciyáar (''I'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>142</th><th>[[wiktionary:play|play]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>143</th><th>[[wiktionary:float|float]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>143</th><th>[[wiktionary:float|float]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>144</th><th>[[wiktionary:flow|flow]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>144</th><th>[[wiktionary:flow|flow]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>145</th><th>[[wiktionary:freeze|freeze]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>145</th><th>[[wiktionary:freeze|freeze]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>146</th><th>[[wiktionary:swell|swell]]</th><td>bárar (''I'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>146</th><th>[[wiktionary:swell|swell]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>147</th><th>[[wiktionary:sun|sun]]</th><td>qorráx (''f.''), cadceéd (cadceeth-, ''f.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>147</th><th>[[wiktionary:sun|sun]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>148</th><th>[[wiktionary:moon|moon]]</th><td>dáyax (''m.''), bíl (''f.''), qámar (''m.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>148</th><th>[[wiktionary:moon|moon]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>149</th><th>[[wiktionary:star|star]]</th><td>xídig/xidíg (xidigh-, ''m./f.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>149</th><th>[[wiktionary:star|star]]</th><td>xitka (''m.; sgt: xitikka)</td></tr>
<tr><th>150</th><th>[[wiktionary:water|water]]</th><td>bishó (''coll.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>150</th><th>[[wiktionary:water|water]]</th><td>[[Contionary:bisheeya|bisheeya]] (''m. pl.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>151</th><th>[[wiktionary:rain|rain]]</th><td>róob (roop-, ''m.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>151</th><th>[[wiktionary:rain|rain]]</th><td>rooba (''m.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>152</th><th>[[wiktionary:river|river]]</th><td>wépi (''m.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>152</th><th>[[wiktionary:river|river]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>153</th><th>[[wiktionary:lake|lake]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>153</th><th>[[wiktionary:lake|lake]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>154</th><th>[[wiktionary:sea|sea]]</th><td>bád (bath-, ''f.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>154</th><th>[[wiktionary:sea|sea]]</th><td>bada (''m.''; pl: badoodi ''f.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>155</th><th>[[wiktionary:salt|salt]]</th><td>cusbó (''f.''); mílix (''m.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>155</th><th>[[wiktionary:salt|salt]]</th><td>casbo (''f.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>156</th><th>[[wiktionary:stone|stone]]</th><td>dhághax (''m.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>156</th><th>[[wiktionary:stone|stone]]</th><td>dhagxa (''m.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>157</th><th>[[wiktionary:sand|sand]]</th><td>carró (''f.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>157</th><th>[[wiktionary:sand|sand]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>158</th><th>[[wiktionary:dust|dust]]</th><td>carró (''f.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>158</th><th>[[wiktionary:dust|dust]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>159</th><th>[[wiktionary:earth|earth]]</th><td>dhúl (''m.''); arló (''f.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>159</th><th>[[wiktionary:earth|earth]]</th><td>arlha (''f.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>160</th><th>[[wiktionary:cloud|cloud]]</th><td>daruúr (''f.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>160</th><th>[[wiktionary:cloud|cloud]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>161</th><th>[[wiktionary:fog|fog]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>161</th><th>[[wiktionary:fog|fog]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>162</th><th>[[wiktionary:sky|sky]]</th><td>cír (''m.''); samó (''f.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>162</th><th>[[wiktionary:sky|sky]]</th><td>ceera (''m.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>163</th><th>[[wiktionary:wind|wind]]</th><td>dabeél (''f.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>163</th><th>[[wiktionary:wind|wind]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>164</th><th>[[wiktionary:snow|snow]]</th><td>báraf (''m.''); tálji (taljiy-, ''m.'')<//tr>
<tr><th>164</th><th>[[wiktionary:snow|snow]]</th><td>bárafa (''m.''); bárada (''m.'')</tr>
<tr><th>165</th><th>[[wiktionary:ice|ice]]</th><td>báraf (''m.''); tálji (taljiy-, ''m.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>165</th><th>[[wiktionary:ice|ice]]</th><td>bárafa (''m.''); bárada (''m.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>166</th><th>[[wiktionary:smoke|smoke]]</th><td>qíiq (''m.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>166</th><th>[[wiktionary:smoke|smoke]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>167</th><th>[[wiktionary:fire|fire]]</th><td>dáb (dap-, ''m.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>167</th><th>[[wiktionary:fire|fire]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>168</th><th>[[wiktionary:ash|ash]]</th><td>dambás (''m.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>168</th><th>[[wiktionary:ash|ash]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>169</th><th>[[wiktionary:burn|burn]]</th><td>gubó (gubt-, ''I'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>169</th><th>[[wiktionary:burn|burn]]</th><td>gubi (''1a'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>170</th><th>[[wiktionary:road|road]]</th><td>wadó (''f.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>170</th><th>[[wiktionary:road|road]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>171</th><th>[[wiktionary:mountain|mountain]]</th><td>búur/buúr (''m./f.''; buuró)</td></tr>
<tr><th>171</th><th>[[wiktionary:mountain|mountain]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>172</th><th>[[wiktionary:red|red]]</th><td>cás (''III''); casáan (''m.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>172</th><th>[[wiktionary:red|red]]</th><td>case (''3''; casoowi)</td></tr>
<tr><th>173</th><th>[[wiktionary:green|green]]</th><td>caghaarán (cagaarn-, ''III''); caghaár (''f.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>173</th><th>[[wiktionary:green|green]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>174</th><th>[[wiktionary:yellow|yellow]]</th><td>huruuthán (huruudn-, ''III''); huruúd (huruuth-, ''f.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>174</th><th>[[wiktionary:yellow|yellow]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>175</th><th>[[wiktionary:white|white]]</th><td>cád (cad-, ''III''); cadáan (''m.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>175</th><th>[[wiktionary:white|white]]</th><td>cadde (''3''; acaddi)</td></tr>
<tr><th>176</th><th>[[wiktionary:black|black]]</th><td>mathoów (mathoop-, ''III'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>176</th><th>[[wiktionary:black|black]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>177</th><th>[[wiktionary:night|night]]</th><td>hapéen (''m.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>177</th><th>[[wiktionary:night|night]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>178</th><th>[[wiktionary:day|day]]</th><td>maalín (maalm-, ''f.''; maalmó)</td></tr>
<tr><th>178</th><th>[[wiktionary:day|day]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>179</th><th>[[wiktionary:year|year]]</th><td>sánad/sanó (sanath-, ''f.''; sanathó)</td></tr>
<tr><th>179</th><th>[[wiktionary:year|year]]</th><td>saná (''f.''; pl: sanaati)</td></tr>
<tr><th>180</th><th>[[wiktionary:warm|warm]]</th><td>diirán (diirn-, ''III'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>180</th><th>[[wiktionary:warm|warm]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>181</th><th>[[wiktionary:cold|cold]]</th><td>qapoów (qapoop-, ''III'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>181</th><th>[[wiktionary:cold|cold]]</th><td>dhamxe (''3''; dhamxoowi); dhamxale (''3''; dhamxalli); qaboobe (''3''; aqaboobi)</td></tr>
<tr><th>182</th><th>[[wiktionary:full|full]]</th><td>búux (''I''); buuxsán (''III'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>182</th><th>[[wiktionary:full|full]]</th><td>angane (''3''; angami)</td></tr>
<tr><th>183</th><th>[[wiktionary:new|new]]</th><td>cusúb (cusb-, ''III'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>183</th><th>[[wiktionary:new|new]]</th><td>cusbe (''3''; cusboowi)</td></tr>
<tr><th>184</th><th>[[wiktionary:old|old]]</th><td>dúq (''c.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>184</th><th>[[wiktionary:old|old]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>185</th><th>[[wiktionary:good|good]]</th><td>fiicán (fiicn-,''III'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>185</th><th>[[wiktionary:good|good]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>186</th><th>[[wiktionary:bad|bad]]</th><td>xún (xum-, ''III'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>186</th><th>[[wiktionary:bad|bad]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>187</th><th>[[wiktionary:rotten|rotten]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>187</th><th>[[wiktionary:rotten|rotten]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>188</th><th>[[wiktionary:dirten|dirty]]</th><td>wasákh (''f.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>188</th><th>[[wiktionary:dirty|dirty]]</th><td>wasakhle (''III''; wasakhalli)</td></tr>
<tr><th>189</th><th>[[wiktionary:straight|straight]]</th><td>toosán (''III''); tóos (''m.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>189</th><th>[[wiktionary:straight|straight]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>190</th><th>[[wiktionary:round|round]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>190</th><th>[[wiktionary:round|round]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>191</th><th>[[wiktionary:sharp|sharp]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>191</th><th>[[wiktionary:sharp|sharp]]</th><td> </td></tr>
<tr><th>192</th><th>[[wiktionary:dull|dull]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>192</th><th>[[wiktionary:dull|dull]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>193</th><th>[[wiktionary:smooth|smooth]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>193</th><th>[[wiktionary:smooth|smooth]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>194</th><th>[[wiktionary:wet|wet]]</th><td>qooyán (qooyn-, ''III''); qooyáan (''m.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>194</th><th>[[wiktionary:wet|wet]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>195</th><th>[[wiktionary:dry|dry]]</th><td>qallalán (qallaln-, ''III''); qalléel (''m.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>195</th><th>[[wiktionary:dry|dry]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>196</th><th>[[wiktionary:correct|correct]]</th><td>sáx (''III''); sáx (''f.''); saxíix (''f.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>196</th><th>[[wiktionary:correct|correct]]</th><td>saxxa (''m.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>197</th><th>[[wiktionary:near|near]]</th><td>dhow (''III'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>197</th><th>[[wiktionary:near|near]]</th><td>dheeye (''3''; adheeyi)</td></tr>
<tr><th>198</th><th>[[wiktionary:far|far]]</th><td>fóg (fogh-, ''III'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>198</th><th>[[wiktionary:far|far]]</th><td>fage (''3''; fagoowi); dheeri (''3''; adheeri)</td></tr>
<tr><th>199</th><th>[[wiktionary:right|right]]</th><td>míthig/mithíg (''m./f.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>199</th><th>[[wiktionary:right|right]]</th><td>midga (''m.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>200</th><th>[[wiktionary:left|left]]</th><td>bíthix/bithíx (''m./f.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>200</th><th>[[wiktionary:left|left]]</th><td>bitxa (''m.''); gura (''m.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>201</th><th>[[wiktionary:at|at]]</th><td>kú; Ø</td></tr>
<tr><th>201</th><th>[[wiktionary:at|at]]</th><td>''locative''; ad</td></tr>
<tr><th>202</th><th>[[wiktionary:in|in]]</th><td>kú; dhéx</td></tr>
<tr><th>202</th><th>[[wiktionary:in|in]]</th><td>''locative''; ad; ''genitive'' + gudak</td></tr>
<tr><th>203</th><th>[[wiktionary:with|with]]</th><td>lá</td></tr>
<tr><th>203</th><th>[[wiktionary:with|with]]</th><td>''comitative''; al</td></tr>
<tr><th>204</th><th>[[wiktionary:and|and]]</th><td>ii</td></tr>
<tr><th>204</th><th>[[wiktionary:and|and]]</th><td>shi; -ne</td></tr>
<tr><th>205</th><th>[[wiktionary:if|if]]</th><td>hadíi</td></tr>
<tr><th>205</th><th>[[wiktionary:if|if]]</th><td></td></tr>
<tr><th>206</th><th>[[wiktionary:because|because]]</th><td>casháan</td></tr>
<tr><th>206</th><th>[[wiktionary:because|because]]</th><td>sababak</td></tr>
<tr><th>207</th><th>[[wiktionary:name|name]]</th><td>mághac (''m.'')</td></tr>
<tr><th>207</th><th>[[wiktionary:name|name]]</th><td>magca (''m.'')</td></tr>
</table>
</table>
--->


==Other resources==
==Other resources==
Shariifka
6,897

edits

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/109920...297070"