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[[Quihum languages/Lexicon]] | |||
[[Quihum languages/Swadesh list]] | |||
{{Infobox language family | {{Infobox language family | ||
| setting = [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]] | | setting = [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]] | ||
| region = Txapoalli, Bjeheond, Etalocin; today worldwide | | region = Txapoalli, Bjeheond, Etalocin; today worldwide | ||
| name = Quihum | | name = Quihum | ||
| familycolor = | | familycolor = quihum | ||
| family = One of Tricin's primary language families | | family = One of Tricin's primary language families | ||
| protoname = [[Proto-Quihum]] | | protoname = [[Proto-Quihum]] | ||
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}} | }} | ||
The '''Quihum languages''' ([[Eevo]]: ''britsa Cvillym'', from ''*kʷíx̌əm'', the reconstructed Proto-Quihum word for 'one') are a major language family in [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]], descended from [[Proto-Quihum]]. | The '''Quihum languages''' ([[Eevo]]: ''britsa Cvillym'', from ''*kʷíx̌əm'', the reconstructed Proto-Quihum word for 'one') are a major language family in [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]], descended from [[Proto-Quihum]] (PQ), which is thought to have been spoken 6000 years before present. The main source languages for the reconstruction of PQ are [[Thensarian]], [[Naquian]], and [[Sjowaazhéñ]]. | ||
==Todo== | |||
Should I keep an ejective series or not? | |||
If no ejective series: how to get ejectives in Naquic and a 3-way distinction in Sjowaazhic? | |||
*Cr > C'? | |||
*Sjowaazhic would have less distinction for coda consonants, like Navajo (just -d and -t') | |||
==Overview== | |||
Urheimat: Txapoalli or Talma? | |||
==Phonology== | |||
===Consonants=== | |||
The following inventory of consonants is reconstructed for PQ and is now accepted by the majority of Trician scholars. | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;" | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | | |||
! rowspan="2" |Labial | |||
! rowspan="2" |Coronal | |||
! rowspan="2" |Palatal | |||
! colspan="2" |Velar | |||
! colspan="2" |Uvular | |||
! rowspan="2" |Glottal | |||
|- | |||
! |<small>plain</small> | |||
! |<small>labialized</small> | |||
! |<small>plain</small> | |||
! |<small>labialized</small> | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal | |||
| '''*m''' | |||
| '''*n''' | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" |Plosive | |||
! |<small>plain</small> | |||
| '''*p''' | |||
| '''*t, *c''' | |||
| | |||
| '''*k''' | |||
| '''*kʷ''' | |||
| '''*q''' | |||
| '''*qʷ''' | |||
| '''*ʔ''' | |||
|- | |||
! |<small>voiced</small> | |||
| '''*b''' | |||
| '''*d, *z''' | |||
| | |||
| '''*g''' | |||
| '''*gʷ''' | |||
| '''*ɢ''' | |||
| '''*ɢʷ''' | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" style="" |Fricative | |||
| '''*f''' | |||
| '''*þ''', '''*s''' | |||
| | |||
| '''*x''' | |||
| '''*xʷ''' | |||
| '''*χ''' | |||
| '''*χʷ''' | |||
| '''*h''' | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" |Resonant | |||
| | |||
| '''*ł, *l, *r''' | |||
| '''*y''' /j/ | |||
| | |||
| '''*w''' | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
===Vowels=== | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;" | |||
! style="width: 90px; "| | |||
! style="width: 90px; " |Front | |||
! style="width: 90px; " |Central | |||
! style="width: 90px; " |Back | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Close | |||
| '''*i ī''' | |||
| | |||
| '''*u ū''' | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Mid | |||
| '''*e *ē''' | |||
| '''*ə''' | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Open | |||
| | |||
| '''*a *ā''' | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
===Suprasegmentals=== | |||
Stress was phonemic. | |||
===Phonotactics=== | |||
Rules: | |||
*Grassmann's Law operates in many descendants. | |||
==Grammar== | |||
===Typology=== | |||
The basic word order was V2, modifier-modified (like German). | |||
===Ablaut=== | |||
Much like in PIE, PQ had an ablaut system where roots (usually of 2 or 3 consonants) were inflected in different ablaut grades. | |||
Functions of ablaut | |||
*Noun inflections | |||
*Verb inflections | |||
*Verb "binyanim" | |||
*Deriving nouns and verbs | |||
Ablaut grades | |||
*''a''-grade: present tense | |||
*''e''-grade: ? | |||
*''i''-grade: preterite tense | |||
*''ə''-grade: bare verbal noun | |||
*''u''-grade: passive for verbs? | |||
*''∅''-grade: derivations | |||
*lengthened grades: various verb aspects/voices | |||
===Nominals=== | |||
Nouns had: | |||
* two genders: animate, inanimate. | |||
** There were also honorific forms which worked like a gender somewhat. The honorific turns into a feminine in [[Talmic languages|Talmic]], meanwhile animate and inanimate become masculine and neuter. | |||
* two states: absolute and construct. | |||
* two cases: nominative and genitive. | |||
* two numbers: singular and plural. There was also a third number, the collective, formed by reduplication of the first syllable. | |||
Possible declensions: | |||
*a-stems | |||
*x̌-stems | |||
*i-stems | |||
*u-stems | |||
*consonant stems | |||
*heteroclitic stems: r/s | |||
====Animate nouns==== | |||
=====a-stems===== | |||
{{Thensarian-n-decl|means=bird|δoerom||δoeroes|δoerot||δoerōni|''-''|''-''|''-''|δoerobim|-|δoerōs|}} | |||
=====Consonant stems===== | |||
{{Thensarian-n-decl|means=tree|māram||mārīs|mārae||mārini|māria|''-''|māribos|mārebim|''-''|māroes|}} | |||
=====i-stems===== | |||
=====u-stems===== | |||
=====x̌-stems (honorific stems)===== | |||
=====r/s-stems===== | |||
====Inanimate nouns==== | |||
=====Heteroclitic stems===== | |||
=====a-stems===== | |||
{{Thensarian-n-decl|means=bird|δoerom|δeδoerom|δoeroes|δoerot|δeδoerot|δoerōni|''-''|''-''|''-''|δoerobim|''-''|''-''|}} | |||
=====Consonant stems===== | |||
jénəqws 'water' | |||
=====i-stems===== | |||
''welís'' 'name' | |||
=====u-stems===== | |||
=====r/s-stems===== | |||
===Verbs=== | |||
Verbs were conjugated for subject, object, aspect, and mood (but not for voice). | |||
Should be Native American-ish | |||
*Subject agreement: For each pronoun, and gender in 3rd person | |||
*Aspects: present, preterite, stative | |||
*Moods: indicative, subjunctive, jussive, imperative | |||
*Voice in finite verb forms cannot be reconstructed; only voice in participles can. | |||
====Personal affixes==== | |||
====Object affixes==== | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 350px; text-align: center;" | |||
|+ Object affixes | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 50px; "| | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Singular | |||
!style="width: 100px; "|Plural | |||
|- | |||
!|1 | |||
|''n-'' | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!|1 + 2 | |||
|''-'' | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!|2 | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!|3 | |||
|''bi-'' | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
==References== | |||
{{reflist}} | |||
[[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Quihum languages|*]][[Category:Proto-languages]] | |||
[[Category:Language families|Q]] | [[Category:Language families|Q]] |
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