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Quame languages (view source)

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{{Infobox language family
{{Infobox language family
| setting    = [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]]
| setting    = [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]]
| region      = Txapoalli, Bjeheond, Etalocin; today worldwide
| creator    = User:IlL
| region      = Txapoalli, Talma, Etalocin; today worldwide
| name        = Quame
| name        = Quame
| altname    = Naquo-Bjeheondo-Talman, Northwestern
| familycolor = Quame
| familycolor = Quame
| family      = One of Tricin's primary language families
| family      = One of Tricin's primary language families
| protoname  = [[Proto-Quame]]
| protoname  = [[Proto-Quame]]
| child1 = [[Talmic languages|Talmic]]
| child2 = [[Naquic languages|Naquic]]
| child3 = [[Sjowaazhic languages|Sjowaazhic]]?
}}
}}


The '''Quame languages''' ([[Eevo]]: ''brits Cłem'', from ''*kʷēm-'', the reconstructed word for 1), also known as '''Naquo-Talmic''', are a language family in [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]]. It is well-established that that [[Naquic languages|Naquic]] and [[Talmic languages|Talmic]] form a Naquo-Talmic family; the relationship of [[Sowaár]] to Naquo-Talmic is conjectured by some but not well-established.
The '''Quame languages''' ([[Eevo]]: ''brits Cłem'', from ''*kʷēm'', the reconstructed word for 1), also known as '''Naquo-Bjeheondo-Talman''', are a major language family in [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]]. It is well-established that that [[Naquic languages|Naquic]] and [[Talmic languages|Talmic]] form a Naquo-Talmic family; the relationship of other languages to Naquo-Talmic is conjectured by some but not well-established.
 
The Quame urheimat is surmised to be somewhere in Etalocin (the union of Clofabolocin and [[Verse:Tricin/Dodellia|Dodellia]]). Proto-Quame was spoken 3000 years ago.
 
Proto-Quame phonology is inspired by classical IE languages (esp. Greek and Proto-Celtic) and Tsez.


==Family tree==
==Family tree==
{{clade
* Quame
  |label1=Proto-Quame
** [[Talmic languages]]
  |1={{clade
** [[Roshterian]]
      |label1=Roshtero-[[Talmic]]
** [[Nurian]]
      |1={{clade
** [[Naquian]]
            |label1=Talmic:
** [[Wiobian]]
[[Thensarian]]
** [[Aevehāne]]
            |1={{clade
                |label1=[[Tigol]]
                |1={{clade
                      |label1=West Tigolic
                      |1={{clade
                          |1=[[Ciètian]] (pseudo-Mandarin)
                          |2=[[Anbirese]] (pseudo-Sino-Korean)
                          |3=[[Páuluòbeng]]
                        }}
                      |label2=East Tigolic
                      |2={{clade
                          |1=[[Skellan]] (Hmooby Icelando-Welsh)
                          |2=[[Loðagese]]
                          |3=[[Vornian]]  
                        }}
                    }}
                |label2=
                |2={{clade
                      |1=[[Nurian]]
                    }}
                |3=[[Qazhrian]]
              }}
            |label2=[[Old Roshterian]]
            |2={{clade
                |1=[[Roshterian]]
              }}
          }}
      |label2=[[Naquian]]
      |2={{clade
            |1=[[Tizian]]
            |2=[[Atzopic]]
            |3=[[Whetmer]]
          }}
      |label3=
      |3=[[Aewedanoan]]
    }}
}}
 
==Overview==
Urheimat: Txapoalli


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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! rowspan="2" |Labial
! rowspan="2" |Labial
! rowspan="2" |Dental
! rowspan="2" |Dental
! rowspan="2" |Retroflex
! rowspan="2" |Alveolar
! rowspan="2" |Palatal
! rowspan="2" |Palatal
! colspan="2" |Velar
! colspan="2" |Velar
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|  
|  
|  
|  
|
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" |Plosive
! rowspan="3" |Plosive
! |<small>plain</small>
! |<small>plain (asp.)</small>
| '''*p'''
|  
| '''*t'''
| '''*t'''
| '''*ṭ'''
| '''*T'''
|  
|  
| '''*k'''
| '''*k'''
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| '''*q'''
| '''*q'''
| '''*qʷ'''
| '''*qʷ'''
| '''*ʔ'''
| '''*{{aleph}}'''
|-
|-
! |<small>ejective</small>
! |<small>ejective</small>
| '''*pʼ'''
|  
| '''*tʼ'''
| '''*tʼ'''
| '''*ṭʼ'''
| '''*Tʼ'''
|  
|  
| '''*kʼ'''
| '''*kʼ'''
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| '''*b'''
| '''*b'''
| '''*d'''
| '''*d'''
| '''*ḍ'''
| '''*D'''
|  
|  
| '''*g'''
| '''*g'''
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|-
|-
! colspan="2" style="" |Fricative
! colspan="2" style="" |Fricative
| '''*φ'''
| '''*s'''
|  
|  
| '''*s'''
|  
|  
|  
|  
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|  
|  
|  
|  
| '''*h'''
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Resonant
! colspan="2" |Resonant
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===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
all open syllables like polynesian?
Rules:
Rules:
*Grassmann's Law operates in many descendants.
*Grassmann's Law operates in many descendants.
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==Grammar==
==Grammar==
===Typology===
===Typology===
The basic word order was V2, modifier-modified.
No case, number + classifier marking articles, clusivity (very un-IE)
 
Proto-Quame roots were monosyllabic and obeyed the sonority hierarchy.
===Pronouns===
====Nom/Acc====
X = some laryngeal
 
V = some vowel
*nā = I (Tal./Nqu. ''nā'')
*wey(-r) = thou (Thn. ''veir'', Nqu. ''uī'')
*kā(-mi) = we (exc) (Thn. ''cām'', Nqu. ''txā'')
*gwon(-mi-ti) = we (inc) (Thn. ''gonti'', Nqu. ''quon'')
*sen(-kwi) = blotp (Thn. ''senci'', Nqu. ''sen'')
 
====Genitive====
*χ, nχ = my (Thn. ''-na'', ''-a''; Nqu. ''a''; Sjo. ''kha'')
*something with ''r'' = thy; (Thn. ''-r''; Nqu. ''ir'')
*smo = our (exc) (Thn.''-smo'', Nqu. ''zmo'')
*sgwiX = our (inc) (Thn. ''-swē'', Nqu. ''zquī'')
*dkoX (?) = blotp's (Thn. ''-scō'', Nqu. ''tłō''? using dk > tł)
 
====Demonstratives====
*m- = proximal, this, here
*kw- = distal, that, there
*ta- = what, who
**t(a)Xs = what (Thn. ''tās'')
 
===Ablaut===
Much like in PIE, PQ had an ablaut system where roots (usually of 2 or 3 consonants) were inflected in different ablaut grades.
 
Functions of ablaut
*Noun inflections
*Verb inflections
*Verb voices
*Deriving nouns and verbs
 
Ablaut grades
*''o''-grade: present tense
*''a''-grade: derived nouns
*''e''-grade: preterite tense
*''∅''-grade: derivations
*lengthened grades: various verb aspects/voices
 
===Nominals===
Nouns and adjectives had:
* two genders: animate, inanimate.
** There were also honorific forms which worked like a gender somewhat. The honorific turns into a feminine in [[Talmic languages|Talmic]], meanwhile animate and inanimate become masculine and neuter.
* two states: absolute and construct.
* three cases: nominative, accusative, and genitive.
* two numbers: singular and plural. There was also a third number, the collective, formed by reduplication of the first syllable.
 
Some nouns had plurals in a different ablaut grade.
 
Possible declensions:
*a-stems
*x̌-stems
*i-stems
*u-stems
*consonant stems
*heteroclitic stems: r/s
====Animate nouns====
=====a-stems=====
{{Thensarian-n-decl|means=bird|δoerom||δoeroes|δoerot||δoerōni|''-''|''-''|''-''|δoerobim|-|δoerōs|}}
 
=====Consonant stems=====
{{Thensarian-n-decl|means=tree|māram||mārīs|mārae||mārini|māria|''-''|māribos|mārebim|''-''|māroes|}}
 
=====i-stems=====
=====u-stems=====
=====x̌-stems (honorific stems)=====
=====r/s-stems=====
 
====Inanimate nouns====
=====Heteroclitic stems=====
=====a-stems=====
{{Thensarian-n-decl|means=bird|δoerom|δeδoerom|δoeroes|δoerot|δeδoerot|δoerōni|''-''|''-''|''-''|δoerobim|''-''|''-''|}}
 
=====Consonant stems=====
jénaqws 'water'
 
=====i-stems=====
''welís'' 'name'
 
=====u-stems=====
=====r/s-stems=====
 
===Verbs===
Verbs were conjugated for subject, object, aspect, and mood (but not for voice).
 
*Subject agreement: For each pronoun, and gender in 3rd person
*Aspects: present, preterite, stative
*Moods: indicative, subjunctive, jussive, imperative
*Austronesian alignment, realized with various trigger verb prefixes.
====Stative conjugation====
-dei, -woi, -φm, -φi, -φs, -mer, -nter, -kʷer, -ber
 
====Active conjugation====
-ni, -ri, -mi, -si, -ø, -mek, -nti, -kʷe, -ti


==References==
OVS; focus prominent; Wackernagel clitics
{{reflist}}
=== Classifiers ===
*qon, pl. stē = animates (humans, more "animate" animals like pets)
*ṭēn, pl. yes = honorific form of ne
*kwon, pl. φrī = organisms not viewed as sentient: plants, fungi, "lower" animals, pests
*φās, pl. nē = generic inanimates
*smār, pl. smin = tiny, point-like objects; mass nouns
*oyr, pl. φal = long, thin objects
*φū, pl. zoy = flat sheets
*gī, pl. krūh = food items
*rāw, pl. sya = abstractions; intellectual works such as art, books, ...
*kmāh, pl. lū = manmade structures: houses, buildings, cities; tools
** Units of measurement do not take classifiers with numerals.


==Derivational morphology==
* ''-sa'': "Caland" suffix
* Compounding (head-final)
[[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Quame languages|*]][[Category:Proto-languages]]
[[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Quame languages|*]][[Category:Proto-languages]]




[[Category:Language families|Q]]
[[Category:Language families|Q]]
IlL
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