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Qulmian: Difference between revisions
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|VerbTense = 100 | |VerbTense = 100 | ||
|VerbMood = 100 | |VerbMood = 100 | ||
|VerbVoice = | |VerbVoice = 100 | ||
|AdjCase = 0 | |AdjCase = 0 | ||
|AdjNumber = 0 | |AdjNumber = 0 | ||
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|Infinitive = 0 | |Infinitive = 0 | ||
|Modality = 0 | |Modality = 0 | ||
|Words = | |Words = 132 | ||
|}} | |}} | ||
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/ʃ ʒ/ were originally velar stops /k g/ respectively. They were lenited to /x ɣ/ early on and shifted forward to their current values at a later stage. Modern Qulmian has no velar consonant phonemes, | /ʃ ʒ/ were originally velar stops /k g/ respectively. They were lenited to /x ɣ/ early on and shifted forward to their current values at a later stage. | ||
Modern Qulmian has no velar consonant phonemes, but some dialects may occasionally shift /q/ forward to a post-velar or velar position, and it is often pronounced [k] before an unstressed /i/: ''sitiqiti'' [sɪˈtɪkɪˌtɪ] | |||
When following a vowel and preceding another consonant, /q/ may be lenited to [χ] or [qχ]. | |||
Unlike most other languages of Taercnim, Qulmian has no rhotic phonemes. Loanwords containing rhotic sounds have them transcribed as either /ʒ/ or /l/. | Unlike most other languages of Taercnim, Qulmian has no rhotic phonemes. Loanwords containing rhotic sounds have them transcribed as either /ʒ/ or /l/. | ||
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Word-final /ɪt/ is often realized as [ɪə̯t̚], with an unreleased [t]. | Word-final /ɪt/ is often realized as [ɪə̯t̚], with an unreleased [t]. | ||
=== Vowels === | === Vowels === | ||
Qulmian has five vowel phonemes. Vowel articulation is always quite lax, even in long vowels. | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | ||
! | ! | ||
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The phoneme /æ/ is usually realized as [æ] or [a]. In the diphthong ''ai'', it is realized as [ä]. | The phoneme /æ/ is usually realized as [æ] or [a]. In the diphthong ''ai'', it is sometimes realized as [ä]. | ||
/ɯ/ may be realized as [i] in the diphthong ''oy''. | The pronunciation of /ɯ/ varies between dialects. Some dialects have retained a lax [ɯ], whereas others have reduced it to [ə], and others still have shifted it forward to [e]. In all dialects, /ɯ/ may be realized as [i] in the diphthong ''oy''. | ||
Vowel length is phonemic. Long vowels are marked in the script with an additional vowel symbol, and in romanization with an acute accent. | Vowel length is phonemic. Long vowels are marked in the script with an additional vowel symbol, and in romanization with an acute accent. | ||
=== Stress === | === Stress === | ||
By default, stress in Qulmian is placed on the | By default, stress in Qulmian is placed on the vowel between the first and second radicals. If a mutant T (see T-mutation below) is present and has vowels on both sides, the vowel following it receives the stress. | ||
If a long vowel is present in the word, it receives the stress. If there are two or more long vowels in the word, the last one of them receives the stress. | |||
== Script == | == Script == | ||
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'''Definiteness:''' Light masculine nouns only receive the prefix if they are definite. If not, the prefix is dropped entirely: compare ''umísipa'' 'the day', ''mispa'' 'a day'. | '''Definiteness:''' Light masculine nouns only receive the prefix if they are definite. If not, the prefix is dropped entirely: compare ''umísipa'' 'the day', ''mispa'' 'a day'. | ||
In everyday speech, the indefinite forms are always used, and no distinction is made between definite and indefinite nouns. The definite forms are reserved for more formal situations and are also used in some (mostly older) written literature. | |||
2. '''Verb root''' placed into a nominalization pattern. Each verb form has its own set of patterns. Some patterns may only form light nouns, some only form heavy nouns, and some change their meaning depending on the weight of the noun. | 2. '''Verb root''' placed into a nominalization pattern. Each verb form has its own set of patterns. Some patterns may only form light nouns, some only form heavy nouns, and some change their meaning depending on the weight of the noun. | ||
The patterns change slightly depending on the definiteness of the noun. One vowel is always lengthened, causing some | The patterns change slightly depending on the definiteness of the noun. One vowel is always lengthened, causing some monophthongization. Epenthetic vowels are added in some cases to avoid two consecutive consonants after a long vowel. | ||
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Qulmian does not directly mark the genitive case. Instead, possession is implied through syntax: the possessor is placed directly after the possessed object, without any linking morphemes that explicitly indicate a connection. | Qulmian does not directly mark the genitive case. Instead, possession is implied through syntax: the possessor is placed directly after the possessed object, without any linking morphemes that explicitly indicate a connection. | ||
The object of possession | The object of possession can be definite when the speaker and the receiver both have a certain object in mind. | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | ||
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When the receiver does not know what object is being referred to, the indefinite form is used. (Compare “a friend of mine” vs. “my friend”.) | When the receiver does not know what object is being referred to, the indefinite form is always used. (Compare “a friend of mine” vs. “my friend”.) As with all nouns, the indefinite form is used in both cases in less formal speech. | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | ||
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==== Aspect and mood ==== | ==== Aspect and mood ==== | ||
==== Sentential nouns ==== | ==== Sentential nouns ==== <!-- TODO: EXAMPLES --> | ||
Most Qulmian nouns are derived from verbs placed into a pattern, but nouns can be derived from entire sentences as well. These kinds of nouns are not as common as ones derived directly from verbs. | |||
In an ordinary sentence, there are very few hard rules regarding word order. The verb can be placed anywhere in the sentence and the order of arguments changes only the emphasis within it, not its grammatical correctness. However, when deriving nouns from sentences, a few restrictions are imposed: | |||
* The verb must come at the end, after all the necessary arguments are introduced. | |||
* The verb must always be in the second-person singular present form. | |||
* In Conjugation I verbs, the initial a- is dropped. | |||
Thus, a sentential noun has the following structure: | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | |||
|Marking for gender, weight and definiteness<br />''a, o, i, u, Ø'' | |||
|Arguments in free order, always keeping case marking | |||
|Verb in one of four forms:<br />''XXoX, XiXoX, XtuXoX, XitiXoX'' | |||
|Case and number markings<br />''a, o, i, y, u, it<br />am, om, im, ym, um, imp<br />aq, oq, iq, yq, uq, iqs'' | |||
|} | |||
[[Category:Languages]] [[Category:A_priori]][[Category: | [[Category:Languages]] [[Category:A_priori]][[Category:Root-and-pattern languages]] | ||