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{{Construction}}
{{Construction}}
Qulmian (native name: '''Qulm sihpa''' or '''Qulm usíhpa''') is a language constructed by [[User:Yuv yuv|Yuv yuv]] for the constructed world of Taercnim.
Qulmian (native name: '''Qulm usíhipa''') is a language constructed by [[User:Yuv yuv|Yuv yuv]] for the constructed world of Taercnim.


'''Please note:''' a large part of this language has already been completed but is currently undergoing heavy revision and rewriting before being published.
'''Please note:''' a large part of this language has already been completed but is currently undergoing heavy revision and rewriting before being published.
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{{ClassMeter
{{ClassMeter
|Name = Qulmian
|Name = Qulmian
|NativeName = '''Qulm sihpa''' / '''Qulm usíhpa'''
|NativeName = '''Qulm usíhipa'''
|Type = Fusional
|Type = Fusional
|Alignment = Nominative-accusative
|Alignment = Nominative-accusative
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|Phonology = 100
|Phonology = 100
|NounCases = 0
|NounCases = 100
|NounDef = 100
|NounDef = 100
|NounNumbers = 100
|NounNumbers = 100
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|
|
|}
|}
/ʃ ʒ/ were originally velar stops /k g/ respectively. They were lenited to /x ɣ/ early on and shifted forward to their current values at a later stage. Modern Qulmian has no velar consonant phonemes, though some dialects may occasionally shift /q/ forward to a post-velar or velar position.
/ʃ ʒ/ were originally velar stops /k g/ respectively. They were lenited to /x ɣ/ early on and shifted forward to their current values at a later stage. Modern Qulmian has no velar consonant phonemes, though some dialects may occasionally shift /q/ forward to a post-velar or velar position. When following a vowel and preceding another consonant, /q/ may be lenited to [χ] or [qχ].


Unlike most other languages of Taercnim, Qulmian has no rhotic phonemes. Loanwords containing rhotic sounds have them transcribed as either /ʒ/ or /l/.
Unlike most other languages of Taercnim, Qulmian has no rhotic phonemes. Loanwords containing rhotic sounds have them transcribed as either /ʒ/ or /l/.
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|}
|}


'''Definiteness:''' Light masculine nouns only receive the prefix if they are definite. If not, the prefix is dropped entirely: compare ''umíspa'' 'the day', ''mispa'' 'a day'.
'''Definiteness:''' Light masculine nouns only receive the prefix if they are definite. If not, the prefix is dropped entirely: compare ''umísipa'' 'the day', ''mispa'' 'a day'.


2. '''Verb root''' placed into a nominalization pattern. Each verb form has its own set of patterns. Some patterns may only form light nouns, some only form heavy nouns, and some change their meaning depending on the weight of the noun.
2. '''Verb root''' placed into a nominalization pattern. Each verb form has its own set of patterns. Some patterns may only form light nouns, some only form heavy nouns, and some change their meaning depending on the weight of the noun.
The patterns change slightly depending on the definiteness of the noun. One vowel is always lengthened, causing some diphthongs to mutate into monophthongs. Epenthetic vowels are added in some cases to avoid two consecutive consonants after a long vowel.


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan=4|Indefinite
!colspan=4|Definite
!colspan=2|Meaning
|-
!Form 1
!Form 1
!Form 2
!Form 2
!Form 3
!Form 3
!Form 4
!Form 4
!Light meaning
!Form 1
!Heavy meaning
!Form 2
!Form 3
!Form 4
!Light
!Heavy
|-
|-
|XoXX
|XoXX
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|XtoXX
|XtoXX
|XtaXoX
|XtaXoX
|XóXyX
|XáXoX
|XtóXyX
|XtáXoX
|The act of <verb>ing
|The act of <verb>ing
|–
|–
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|XtaXX
|XtaXX
|XtoXaX
|XtoXaX
|XáXiX
|XóXaX
|XtáXiX
|XtóXaX
|Something that <verb>s
|Something that <verb>s
|A person who <verb>s
|A person who <verb>s
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|XtuXX
|XtuXX
|XtuXoX
|XtuXoX
|XúXyX
|XúXoX
|XtúXyX
|XtúXoX
|The act of being <verb>ed
|The act of being <verb>ed
|–
|–
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|XtiXX
|XtiXX
|XtoXaX
|XtoXaX
|XíXiX
|XóXoX
|XtíXiX
|XtóXaX
|Something that is <verb>ed
|Something that is <verb>ed
|A person who is <verb>ed
|A person who is <verb>ed
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|naXtaXX, naXtiXX
|naXtaXX, naXtiXX
|XatoXnaX, XatiXnaX
|XatoXnaX, XatiXnaX
|nXáXiX, nXíXiX
|XóXynaX, XúXynoX
|naXtáXiX, naXtíXiX
|XatóXynaX, XatíXinaX
|–
|–
|A place where the act of <verb>ing is done
|A place where the act of <verb>ing is done
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|–
|–
|XatoXnaX, XatiXnaX
|XatoXnaX, XatiXnaX
|–
|XóXynaX, XúXynoX
|–
|XatóXynaX, XatíXinaX
|A place where the act of <verb>ing is done (forms 2, 4 only)
|A place where the act of <verb>ing is done (forms 2, 4 only)
|–
|–
|}
|}


3. '''Case suffix''', usually consisting of a single short vowel. See ''Cases'' below.
3. '''Case ending''', usually consisting of a single short vowel. See ''Cases'' below.


4. '''Plural suffix''': ''–m'' for masculine nouns, ''–q'' for feminine nouns.
4. '''Plural suffix''': ''–m'' for masculine nouns, ''–q'' for feminine nouns.
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
!Case
!Case
!Suffix
!Ending
|-
|-
|1
|1
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|}
|}


* Note: in plural nouns in case T, the suffix ''–it'' fuses with the plural marker: ''–imp'' for masculine nouns, ''–iqs'' for feminine.
* Note: in plural nouns in case T, the ending ''–it'' fuses with the plural suffix: ''–imp'' for masculine nouns, ''–iqs'' for feminine.


In most verbs with only two parameters, case 1 is the nominative case and case 2 is the accusative case:
In most verbs with only two parameters, case 1 is the nominative case and case 2 is the accusative case:
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| colspan="4"| “I will give you a pen.”
| colspan="4"| “I will give you a pen.”
|}
|}
The citation form of a noun is its case 1 form.


==== Adjectives ====
==== Adjectives ====
Under construction ...
Qulmian adjectives are derived from nouns by removing their case ending. They precede nouns and do not agree with them in either number or gender. (An exception to this is in vocatives, where adjectives may either precede or follow nouns.)
 
==== Adverbs ====
Adverbs can be derived in different ways, varying in degrees of formality.
 
'''Formal:''' The formal way of deriving an adverb is placing the word ''anhastit'' after an adjective. The word literally means “in a ___ way/manner”. Example: ''mosaq anhastit'' “badly”, literally “in a bad way”.
 
'''Neutral:''' In less formal situations, adverbs are usually derived from the nominalization of the corresponding stative verb. Example: the stative verb ''maisoqa'', referring to the state of being bad, has the adverb form ''maisoqit'', meaning “badly” (or literally “in badness”).
 
'''Informal:''' The least formal way to derive an adverb is similar to the most formal one, but instead of the additional word ''anhastit'', the adjective receives the suffix ''–has''. Example: ''mosaqhas'' “badly”.
 
==== ''T‘ín imilna'' ====
The consonant-based nature of Qulmian morphology occasionally leads to problems when the second and third radicals of a root are the same. As a result, words tend to mutate according to the following rule: '''merging of two consonants requires lengthening of an adjacent vowel'''. This grammatical feature is known as the double-radical rule, or ''t‘ín imilna''.
 
If an adjective ends with the second and third radical next to each other with no vowel separating them, and the two radicals are the same, they merge into a single consonant, and the preceding vowel is lengthened. The feature’s name itself demonstrates this: the noun ''t‘inna'' refers to “something that is doubled”. When acting as an adjective, the case vowel is removed, which would give *''t‘inn''. Applying the rule gives the correct form ''t‘ín''.
 
In nouns containing double radicals, such as ''icotta'' “darkness”, definiteness works differently. According to the rules of noun derivation, its definite counterpart should be ''icótyta'', where an epenthetic /ɯ/ separates the two consonants, seemingly rendering the double-radical rule irrelevant. The reason for applying it is historical: the epenthetic vowel separating the consonants is a relatively recent development in the language. Before its appearance, the definite counterpart of ''icotta'' would have been *''icótta'', which requires applying the double-radical rule.
 
Definite nouns are formed by lengthening one vowel in the word – generally the one immediately following the first radical: ''icotta'' &rarr; *''icótta''. As with adjectives, the two consonants are merged: *''icótta'' &rarr; *''icóta''. Merging of two consonants requires lengthening of an adjacent vowel. In this case, since the preceding vowel is already long, the following one becomes long instead. However, the following vowel also happens to be the case marking. A case marking does not simply become long; instead, it mutates into a secondary case ending:
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
!Case
!Indefinite noun<br />Short ending
!Definite noun<br />Long ending
|-
|1
|icott'''a'''
|icót'''á'''
|-
|2
|icott'''i'''
|icót'''ai'''
|-
|3
|icott'''o'''
|icót'''ó'''
|-
|4
|icott'''y'''
|icót'''oy'''
|-
|5
|icott'''u'''
|icót'''ú'''
|-
|T
|icott'''it''' [ɪʃɒtːɪə̯t̚]
|icót'''ait''' [ɪʃɒːtæɪə̯t̚]
|}


=== Syntax ===
=== Syntax ===
Under construction ...
==== Word order ====
As explained earlier in the Cases section, Qulmian cases do not have truly fixed meanings. Prepositions are almost nonexistent, and as a result, word order is highly flexible and can be used to emphasize certain words in a sentence. For example, the sentences
* Apahna mpuloni milni
* Apahna milni mpuloni
* Milni Apahna mpuloni
* Milni mpuloni Apahna
* Mpuloni milni Apahna
* Mpuloni Apahna milni
all have the exact same meaning: “Apahna is reading a book”, only with slightly different emphasis. Some orders are more common than others – the most common order is the one shown in the first example, used when no certain word is to be given special attention.
 
==== Negation ====
The negative form of a verb is expressed by inserting the word ''so'' “no” before it.
 
Additional words expressing negation, such as ''soqtaqt'' “never” follow the verb, and may come in addition to or instead of the word “so”. A double negative usually emphasizes the negative.
 
Example:
 
- A: '''''So''' mpolin qody milni.'' (I haven't read that book.)
 
- B: ''Da milnim '''so''' mpulon '''soqtaqt!''''' (You never read books at all!)
 
The negated word does not have to be a verb. Nouns can be negated in the same way:
* '''''So''' umísipi colib adnyqu yn icítai.'' (It is not the day that we must respect, but the night.)
 
==== Questions ====
 
==== Modality ====
 
==== Genitive constructions ====
 
==== Noun phrases ====
 
==== Subordinate clauses ====
 
===== Adjective (relative) clauses =====
 
===== Noun clauses =====
 
====== Noun clauses as parameters ======
 
==== Aspect verbs ====
 
==== Sentential nouns ====
Yuv yuv
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