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| | '''Rencadian''' (เรงกาทฃวงฃ์ว ''Rêngkaatkhwong'', เรงกาทมิฬก ''Rêngkaatmilok'') or '''Raxic''' (รกข- ''Rokkha-'' from Thens. ''Raxa-'') is an a priori conlang inspired by Thai, spoken in the Tālsian country of Rokkhachhaam. It is unrelated to its main superstrate languages, [[Thensarian]] and [[Ramanujan]], which it borrows from with phonotactic restrictions similar to Indic vocabulary in Thai. These strata in the Rencadian lexicon are natively termed เฒงษรพกษภ ''Thengsornphoksop'' and งอมอณุยณพกษภ ''Ngormornuyonphoksop'' 'Thensarian/Ramanujan borrowings' respectively, or informally เฒงษรมิฬก ''Thengsornmilok'' and งอมอณุยณมิฬก ''Ngormornuyonmilok'' 'Thensarian/Ramanujan words'. |
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| | == Todo == |
| | * Thewop (Devops) the engineer |
| | * Sarotnee Phatsadorn (Sredni Vashtar), Phatsadee (Thensarian ''Vasty''/Vashti) |
| | * Konthiyarong, Konthiyarongkha- - a male name |
| | * pornsanoot 'interpretation, exegesis' |
| | * iphit 'for certain' |
| | * Nongmee (female name from Ramanujan Nungmia 'pleasantness' |
| | * Khraochômak, pseudo-Thensarian name using the Thensarian name element ''-marx'' |
| | * Phingthonthee, a Rama-Rencadian goddess from Virðandī |
| | * Ruetdinree Phrûephaphatthawithai |
| | * Queen Mornkhairee, King Yaihaireet |
| | * ''charoen'' 'time (occurrence)' |
| | * ''phon, phal-'' 'human' (<- *vala) |
| | * ''kaphetcha-'' = to complain |
| | * ''hôkutpôkut / hôkutbôkut'' 'unintelligible' |
| | * ''kwakungkwasit'' (''Thengsornmilok'') 'irrelevant' |
| | * Khatrêp ''a name'' (from Xatrēpus) |
| | * Ropbakhao ''a name'' (Rappagavus) |
| | * Rarûenraruereet ''a name'' (fake Thensarian, "Rṝrrṛrys") |
| | * Chhaphriwok 'Jabberwocky' (fake Thensarian, "Jabṛvacis") |
| | * ''saphêraa'' 'the world tree ''Sphērā'' in Thensarian myth' (sephirah, sphaira) |
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| |
|
| <!--
| | == Phonology == |
| | === Consonants === |
| | {{angbr|''k kh ng ch chh d t th n b p ph m y r l w s h''}} /k k{{h}} {{ng}} t{{ś}} t{{ś}}{{h}} d t t{{h}} m b p p{{h}} m j r l w s h/ |
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| |
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| This is a short reminder of the language format policy.
| | === Vowels === |
| | {{angbr|''a aa/ar i ee u oo ue ûe e ê ae ai o ô ao or''}} /a aː i iː u uː ɯ ɯː e eː ɛː aj o oː aw ɔː/ |
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| |
|
| I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).
| | === Intonation === |
| II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)
| | Unlike Thai, Rencadian is not tonal; however, it uses some intonational patterns inspired by Thai, like pronouncing pausal long vowels as [VːV]: |
| III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.
| | * ''Bôthadee!'' /boːtʰadiː/ [boːtʰɐdíːì] 'Listen!' |
| | * ''Rengkaatkhwong ongmaikhwongkhwamorn.'' /tʰeŋkʰakʰwoŋ oŋmajkʰwoŋkʰwamɔːn/ [tʰeŋkʰɐkʰwoŋ ʔoŋmajkʰwoŋkʰwɐmɔ́ːɔ̀n] 'Rencadian is my mother tongue.' |
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| |
|
| -->
| | == Orthography == |
| | Rencadian uses the Thai script. Native /d t t{{asp}} n l s/ use the dental series, while Thensarian and Ramanujan loanwords use the retroflex series for these sounds. |
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| |
|
| ==Introduction== | | == Morphology == |
| | === Nouns === |
| | Plural ''-orn'', from ''*-ar'': |
| | * ''milok'' 'word, speech' (from Thensarian ''milacus'') → ''milakorn'' |
| | * ''khwong'' 'language' (from Thensarian ''quhanquhus'') → ''khwongkhworn'' |
| | * ''phon'' 'human' (from older native Rencadian ''*vala'') → ''phalorn'' |
| | Pluralization is optional and is not used with numbers or quantifiers, but is near-obligatory with animates. |
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| |
|
| <!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? -->
| | The copula is suffixed ''-am-'' or postposed ''am-'': |
| | ''Yong Rokkhaphalamorn. / Yong Rokkhaphon amorn'' = 1SG Raxan_person(-)COP-PRES = 'I am a Raxan.' |
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| |
|
| <!-- Example categories/headings:
| | == Verbs == |
| | *The present tense is marked with ''-orn''. |
| | *The imperative is ''-dee'' or dialectally ''-thee''. |
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| |
|
| Goals
| | Example: ''Ongmilok bôthadee!'' 'Listen to what I say!' |
| Setting
| | == Pronouns == |
| Inspiration
| | (independent/possessive): |
| | | * 1sg ''yong, ong-'' |
| -->
| | * 1sg+2sg ''phiboon, boon-'' |
| | | * 2sg ''phee/phanee, phi-'' |
| <!-- ***Phonology*** -->
| | * 3sg ''lai, ra-'' |
| <!-- What sounds does your language use? -->
| | * Plural is marked with a(n)- affixed to the singular: anong/anong-, aphee/aphi-, alai/ara- |
| <!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:
| |
| | |
| Vowel inventory
| |
| Consonant inventory
| |
| Syllable structure
| |
| Stress
| |
| Intonation
| |
| | |
| -->
| |
| ==Phonology==
| |
| ===Orthography===
| |
| ===Consonants===
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! !! Labial !! Dental !! Alveolar !! Lateral !! Postalveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
| |
| |-
| |
| | Voiceless Stop/Affricate || p /pʰ/ || t /tʰ/ || ts /ts/ || tσ /tɬ/ || tj /tʃ/ || || k /kʰ/ ||
| |
| |-
| |
| | Voiced Stop/Affricate || b /p~b/ || d /t~d/ || dz /dz/ || dλ /dɮ/ || dj /dʒ/|| || g /k~g/||
| |
| |-
| |
| | Voiceless Fricative || f /f/ || th /θ/|| s /s/ || σ /ɬ/|| sj /ʃ/ || || ch /x/ || h /h/
| |
| |-
| |
| | Voiced Fricative || v /v/ || dh /ð/|| z /z/|| λ /ɮ/ || zj /ʒ/|| || gh /ɣ/||
| |
| |-
| |
| | Nasal || m /m/|| n /n/|| || || || || ng /ŋ/ ||
| |
| |-
| |
| | Approximant || || || || l /ɫ/|| r /ɹ̱/|| y /j/|| w /w/||
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ===Vowels===
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Vowel !! IPA
| |
| |-
| |
| | a|| /a/
| |
| |-
| |
| | æ|| /ɛ/
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| |-
| |
| | e|| /ɘ/ or /ə/ depending on dialect
| |
| |-
| |
| | i|| /ɪ/
| |
| |-
| |
| | o|| /ɔ/
| |
| |-
| |
| | ø|| /ɵ/
| |
| |-
| |
| | u|| /ʉ/
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ===Lenition===
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''Normal''' || p || t || ts || s || tσ || σ || tj || sj || k || b || d || dz || z || dλ || λ || dj || zj || g
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''Lenited''' || f || th || s || h || σ || h || sj || h || ch || v || dh || z || 0 || λ || 0 || zj || 0 || gh
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''Normal''' || m || n || ng || w || l || r || y
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''Lenited''' || w || n || w || w || w || r || y
| |
| |}
| |
| ===Prosody===
| |
| ====Stress====
| |
| Stress is on the first syllable, not counting prefixes.
| |
| | |
| ====Intonation====
| |
| | |
| ===Phonotactics===
| |
| <!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
| |
| ===Morphophonology=== | |
| | |
| ==Morphology==
| |
| | |
| ===Nouns===
| |
| | |
| Nouns have 2 genders (masculine and feminine) and 11 cases (nominative, genitive, accusative, dative, locative, exlocative, instrumental, abessive, equative, anti-equative, and vocative).
| |
| | |
| Noun stems often get lenited. Lenition works as follows:
| |
| * When the noun begins with a lenitable consonant (any consonant besides f, v, th, dh, ch and gh), the first consonant gets lenited. If the first consonant is z, λ or zj and there's a prefix before the lenited stem, an epenthetic -n- is inserted between the prefix and the stem. | |
| * When the noun begins with a vowel, an n- is inserted before the stem.
| |
| * When the noun begins with a nonlenitable consonant (f, v, th, dh, ch or gh), an n- is inserted before the stem if there's a prefix before the stem that ends in a vowel. Otherwise, ne- is inserted before the stem.
| |
| | |
| For example:
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| | |
| # bær 'leaf' → vær
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| # rasj 'spouse' → rasj
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| # zaweth 'ant' → aweth
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| # zawesj 'ant' (genitive) → awesz, '''ʙᴜᴛ''':
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| # λø + lenited form of zawesj 'like an ant' → λønawesj
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| # ensæ 'fruit' → nensæ
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| # farnathe 'speech' (genitive) → nefarnathe, '''ʙᴜᴛ''':
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| # me + lenited form of farnathe 'speaking' → menfarnathe
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| # ow + lenited form of farnathe 'not speaking' → ownefarnathe
| |
| | |
| ====Feminine nouns====
| |
| | |
| Most nouns are feminine and decline as follows:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Header text !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| | Nominative || [nom stem] || [nom stem]+me || [nom stem]+næ || [nom stem]+nø
| |
| |-
| |
| | Genitive || [gen stem] || [nom stem]+men || [nom stem]+nær || [nom stem]+nør
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| |-
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| | Accusative || [acc stem] || [nom stem]+meth || [nom stem]+næth || [nom stem]+nøth
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| |-
| |
| | Dative || æn+[gen stem] || æn+[nom stem]+men || æn+[nom stem]+nær || æn+[nom stem]+nør
| |
| |-
| |
| | Locative || me+[lenited gen stem] || me+[lenited nom stem]+men || me+[lenited nom stem]+nær || me+[lenited nom stem]+nør
| |
| |-
| |
| | Exlocative || ow+[lenited gen stem] || ow+[lenited nom stem]+men || ow+[lenited nom stem]+nær || ow+[lenited nom stem]+nør
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| |-
| |
| | Instrumental || rø+[lenited gen stem] || rø+[lenited nom stem]+men || rø+[lenited nom stem]+nær || rø+[lenited nom stem]+nør
| |
| |-
| |
| | Abessive || tsø+[lenited gen stem] || tsø+[lenited nom stem]+men || tsø+[lenited nom stem]+nær || tsø+[lenited nom stem]+nør
| |
| |-
| |
| | Equative || λø+[lenited gen stem] || λø+[lenited nom stem]+men || λø+[lenited nom stem]+nær || λø+[lenited nom stem]+nør
| |
| |-
| |
| | Anti-equative || ød+[lenited gen stem] || ød+[lenited nom stem]+men || ød+[lenited nom stem]+nær || ød+[lenited nom stem]+nør
| |
| |-
| |
| | Vocative || [lenited nom stem] || [lenited nom stem]+me || [lenited nom stem]+næ || [lenited nom stem]+nø
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| * [nom stem] is the dictionary form of a noun.
| |
| * [gen stem] is the genitive stem, formed by adding -e if the noun ends in a consonant and -n if the noun ends in a vowel.
| |
| * [acc stem] is the accusative stem, formed by adding -eth if the noun ends in a consonant and -th if the noun ends in a vowel.
| |
| | |
| Here are two examples:
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| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
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| |-
| |
| ! ''erim'' 'tail' !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| | Nominative || erim || erimme || erimnæ || erimnø
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| |-
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| | Genitive || erime || erimmen || erimnær || erimnør
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| |-
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| | Accusative || erimeth || erimmeth || erimnæth || erimnøth
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| |-
| |
| | Dative || ænerime || ænerimmen || ænerimnær || ænerimnør
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| |-
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| | Locative || menerime || menerimmen || menerimnær || menerimnør
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| |-
| |
| | Exlocative || ownerime || ownerimmen || ownerimnær || ownerimnør
| |
| |-
| |
| | Instrumental || rønerime || rønerimmen || rønerimnær || rønerimnør
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| |-
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| | Abessive || tsønerime || tsønerimmen || tsønerimnær || tsønerimnør
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| |-
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| | Equative || λønerime || λønerimmen || λønerimnær || λønerimnør
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| |-
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| | Anti-equative || ødnerime || ødnerimmen || ødnerimnær || ødnerimnør
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| |-
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| | Vocative || nerim || nerimme || nerimnæ || nerimnø
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! ''neσa'' 'rope' !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural
| |
| |-
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| | Nominative || neσa || neσame || neσanæ || neσanø
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| |-
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| | Genitive || neσan || neσamen || neσanær || neσanør
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| |-
| |
| | Accusative || neσath || neσameth || neσanæth || neσanøth
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| |-
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| | Dative || ænneσan || ænneσamen || ænneσanær || ænneσanør
| |
| |-
| |
| | Locative || meneσan || meneσamen || meneσanær || meneσanør
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| |-
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| | Exlocative || owneσan || owneσamen || owneσanær || owneσanør
| |
| |-
| |
| | Instrumental || røneσan || røneσamen || røneσanær || røneσanør
| |
| |-
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| | Abessive || tsøneσan || tsøneσamen || tsøneσanær || tsøneσanør
| |
| |-
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| | Equative || λøneσan || λøneσamen || λøneσanær || λøneσanør
| |
| |-
| |
| | Anti-equative || ødneσan || ødneσamen || ødneσanær || ødneσanør
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| |-
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| | Vocative || neσa || neσame || neσanæ || neσanø
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ====Masculine nouns====
| |
| | |
| =====First declension=====
| |
| | |
| First declension masculine nouns end in consonants and the genitive stem is identical to the nominative stem, unless the final consonant is th, dh, s or z, in which case this final consonant is replaced with sj, zj, sj or zj respectively. The accusative stem is formed from the nominative stem as follows:
| |
| * If the final consonant is th or dh, it's replaced with t or d respectively.
| |
| * If the final consonant is a voiced fricative that is not dh, -dh is suffixed.
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| * Otherwise, -th is suffixed.
| |
| | |
| The paradigm is:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Header text !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| | Nominative || [nom stem] || [nom stem]+me || [nom stem]+æ || [nom stem]+ø
| |
| |-
| |
| | Genitive || [gen stem] || [nom stem]+men || [nom stem]+ær || [nom stem]+ør
| |
| |-
| |
| | Accusative || [acc stem] || [nom stem]+meth || [nom stem]+æth || [nom stem]+øth
| |
| |-
| |
| | Dative || æn+[gen stem] || æn+[nom stem]+men || æn+[nom stem]+ær || æn+[nom stem]+ør
| |
| |-
| |
| | Locative || me+[lenited gen stem] || me+[lenited nom stem]+men || me+[lenited nom stem]+ær || me+[lenited nom stem]+ør
| |
| |-
| |
| | Exlocative || ow+[lenited gen stem] || ow+[lenited nom stem]+men || ow+[lenited nom stem]+ær || ow+[lenited nom stem]+ør
| |
| |-
| |
| | Instrumental || rø+[lenited gen stem] || rø+[lenited nom stem]+men || rø+[lenited nom stem]+ær || rø+[lenited nom stem]+ør
| |
| |-
| |
| | Abessive || tsø+[lenited gen stem] || tsø+[lenited nom stem]+men || tsø+[lenited nom stem]+ær || tsø+[lenited nom stem]+ør
| |
| |-
| |
| | Equative || λø+[lenited gen stem] || λø+[lenited nom stem]+men || λø+[lenited nom stem]+ær || λø+[lenited nom stem]+ør
| |
| |-
| |
| | Anti-equative || ød+[lenited gen stem] || ød+[lenited nom stem]+men || ød+[lenited nom stem]+ær || ød+[lenited nom stem]+ør
| |
| |-
| |
| | Vocative || [lenited nom stem] || [lenited nom stem]+me || [lenited nom stem]+æ || [lenited nom stem]+ø
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Here's an example:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! ''newæth'' 'root' !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| | Nominative || newæth || newæthme || newæthæ || newæthø
| |
| |-
| |
| | Genitive || newæsj || newæthmen || newæthær || newæthør
| |
| |-
| |
| | Accusative || newæt || newæthmeth || newæthæth || newæthøth
| |
| |-
| |
| | Dative || ænnewæsj || ænnewæthmen || ænnewæthær || ænnewæthør
| |
| |-
| |
| | Locative || menewæsj || menewæthmen || menewæthær || menewæthør
| |
| |-
| |
| | Exlocative || ownewæsj || ownewæthmen || ownewæthær || ownewæthør
| |
| |-
| |
| | Instrumental || rønewæsj || rønewæthmen || rønewæthær || rønewæthør
| |
| |-
| |
| | Abessive || tsønewæsj || tsønewæthmen || tsønewæthær || tsønewæthør
| |
| |-
| |
| | Equative || λønewæsj || λønewæthmen || λønewæthær || λønewæthør
| |
| |-
| |
| | Anti-equative || ødnewæsj || ødnewæthmen || ødnewæthær || ødnewæthør
| |
| |-
| |
| | Vocative || newæth || newæthme || newæthnæ || newæthnø
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =====Second declension=====
| |
| | |
| Second declension masculine nouns end in vowels. The genitive stem is formed by:
| |
| * suffixing -r if the last vowel is preceded immediately by a consonant cluster ending in a consonant that's not p, t, k, b, d, g, f, th, ch, v, dh or gh; | |
| * otherwise, replacing the last vowel with -r.
| |
| | |
| The paradigm is as follows:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Case !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| | Nominative || [nom stem] || [gen stem]+em || [gen stem]+æ || [gen stem]+ø
| |
| |-
| |
| | Genitive || [gen stem]+e || [gen stem]+emen || [gen stem]+ær || [gen stem]+ør
| |
| |-
| |
| | Accusative || [gen stem]+th || [gen stem]+emeth || [gen stem]+æth || [gen stem]+øth
| |
| |-
| |
| | Dative || æn+[gen stem]+e || æn+[gen stem]+emen || æn+[gen stem]+ær || æn+[gen stem]+ør
| |
| |-
| |
| | Locative || me+[lenited gen stem]+e || me+[lenited gen stem]+emen || me+[lenited gen stem]+ær || me+[lenited gen stem]+ør
| |
| |-
| |
| | Exlocative || ow+[lenited gen stem]+e || ow+[lenited gen stem]+emen || ow+[lenited gen stem]+ær || ow+[lenited gen stem]+ør
| |
| |-
| |
| | Instrumental || rø+[lenited gen stem]+e || rø+[lenited gen stem]+emen || rø+[lenited gen stem]+ær || rø+[lenited gen stem]+ør
| |
| |-
| |
| | Abessive || tsø+[lenited gen stem]+e || tsø+[lenited gen stem]+emen || tsø+[lenited gen stem]+ær || tsø+[lenited gen stem]+ør
| |
| |-
| |
| | Equative || λø+[lenited gen stem]+e || λø+[lenited gen stem]+emen || λø+[lenited gen stem]+ær || λø+[lenited gen stem]+ør
| |
| |-
| |
| | Anti-equative || ød+[lenited gen stem]+e || ød+[lenited gen stem]+emen || ød+[lenited gen stem]+ær || ød+[lenited gen stem]+ør
| |
| |-
| |
| | Vocative || [lenited nom stem] || [lenited gen stem]+em || [lenited gen stem]+æ || [lenited gen stem]+ø
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| An example:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! ''meλnø'' 'love' !! Indefinite Singular !! Indefinite Plural !! Definite Singular !! Definite Plural
| |
| |-
| |
| | Nominative || meλnø || meλnørem || meλnøræ || meλnørø
| |
| |-
| |
| | Genitive || meλnøre || meλnøremen || meλnørær || meλnørør
| |
| |-
| |
| | Accusative || meλnørth || meλnøremeth || meλnøræth || meλnørøth
| |
| |-
| |
| | Dative || ænmeλnøre || ænmeλnøremen || ænmeλnørær || ænmeλnørør
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| |-
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| | Locative || meweλnøre || meweλnøremen || meweλnørær || meweλnørør
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| |-
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| | Exlocative || owweλnøre || owweλnøremen || owweλnørær || owweλnørør
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| |-
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| | Instrumental || røweλnøre || røweλnøremen || røweλnørær || røweλnørør
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| |-
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| | Abessive || tsøweλnøre || tsøweλnøremen || tsøweλnørær || tsøweλnørør
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| |-
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| | Equative || λøweλnøre || λøweλnøremen || λøweλnørær || λøweλnørør
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| |-
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| | Anti-equative || ødweλnøre || ødweλnøremen || ødweλnørær || ødweλnørør
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| |-
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| | Vocative || weλnø || weλnørem || weλnøræ || weλnørø
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| |}
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| <!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
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| <!-- Here are some example subcategories:
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| Nouns
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| Adjectives
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| Verbs
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| Adverbs
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| Particles
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| Derivational morphology
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| -->
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| ==Syntax==
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| ===Constituent order===
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| ===Noun phrase===
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| ===Verb phrase===
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| ===Sentence phrase===
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| ===Dependent clauses===
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| <!-- etc. etc. -->
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| ==Example texts==
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| ==Other resources==
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| <!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
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| <!-- Template area -->
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| [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
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| [[Category:Conlangs]]
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