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Ruthenian: Difference between revisions
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Ruthenian has two alphabets: Latin and Cyrillic. The Cyrillic alphabet consists of 33 letters and an apostrophe. The standardized variant, used nowadays, was proposed in 1952 with the letter "Ё" (and "ё") being introduced to mark the vowel, pronounced /ɔ/ and /jɔ/ in the Northern Ruthenian dialects, and the letter "Щ" (and its lowercase "щ") being excluded from the alphabet. The letter "ѕ" which looks the same as a Latin "s" was occasionally used to represent /d͡z/ and sounds respectively, but it was substituted with a digraph "дз". The apostrophe acts like a letter in Ruthenian and marks the /j/ sound after consonants. | Ruthenian has two alphabets: Latin and Cyrillic. The Cyrillic alphabet consists of 33 letters and an apostrophe. The standardized variant, used nowadays, was proposed in 1952 with the letter "Ё" (and "ё") being introduced to mark the vowel, pronounced /ɔ/ and /jɔ/ in the Northern Ruthenian dialects, and the letter "Щ" (and its lowercase "щ") being excluded from the alphabet. The letter "ѕ" which looks the same as a Latin "s" was occasionally used to represent /d͡z/ and sounds respectively, but it was substituted with a digraph "дз". The apostrophe acts like a letter in Ruthenian and marks the /j/ sound after consonants. | ||
===Latin=== | ===Latin=== | ||
The Ruthenian Latin alphabet has 39 letters: | The Ruthenian Latin alphabet has 39 letters (40 including ''Ł''): | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | ||
|+Ruthenian alphabet | |+Ruthenian alphabet | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| A || B || C || Ć || Č || D || Ď || E || IE || (Ë) | | A || B || C || Ć || Č || D || Ď || E || IE || (Ë) | ||
| Ě || F || G || H || I || J || K || L || Ľ || | | Ě || F || G || H || I || J || K || L || Ľ || (Ł) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| N || Ń || O || Ǒ || P || R || (Ŕ) || S || Ś || | | M || N || Ń || O || Ǒ || P || R || (Ŕ) || S || Ś | ||
| Š || T || Ť || U || W || Y || Z || Ź || Ž || Ǯ | |||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="21" | Minuscule forms (lowercase/small letters) | ! colspan="21" | Minuscule forms (lowercase/small letters) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| a || b || c || ć || č || d || ď || e || ie || (ë) | | a || b || c || ć || č || d || ď || e || ie || (ë) | ||
| ě || f || g || h || i || j || k || l || ľ || | | ě || f || g || h || i || j || k || l || ľ || (ł) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| n || ń || o || ǒ || p || r || (ŕ) || s || ś || | | m || n || ń || o || ǒ || p || r || (ŕ) || s || ś | ||
| š || t || ť || u || w || y || z || ź || ž || ǯ | |||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
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The letter ''Ë'' is not always considered to be separate from ''E''. The diactritic above this letter is optional, except for some words, it is only used consistently in dictionaries and books for children, such as primers. The letter ''Ë'' indicates the sound [ɔ] or [ä] in Northern Ruthenian varieties, which corresponds to [ɛ] in other varieties, for example ''sëstra'' "sister" is pronounced [sɛstra] in the South and is usually written as ''sestra''. Such words as ''čëtyri'' ("four") are always written with ''ë'', because they are pronounced with an [ɛ] only in the Red Ruthenian variety. The digraph ''IE'' represents an outcome of the Common Slavic *ę, which coincided with /ja/ in most varieties, but unlike ''ë'' its distribution is not predictable and thus substituting it with "''ja"'' or ''"a"'' is considered a spelling error. | The letter ''Ë'' is not always considered to be separate from ''E''. The diactritic above this letter is optional, except for some words, it is only used consistently in dictionaries and books for children, such as primers. The letter ''Ë'' indicates the sound [ɔ] or [ä] in Northern Ruthenian varieties, which corresponds to [ɛ] in other varieties, for example ''sëstra'' "sister" is pronounced [sɛstra] in the South and is usually written as ''sestra''. Such words as ''čëtyri'' ("four") are always written with ''ë'', because they are pronounced with an [ɛ] only in the Red Ruthenian variety. The digraph ''IE'' represents an outcome of the Common Slavic *ę, which coincided with /ja/ in most varieties, but unlike ''ë'' its distribution is not predictable and thus substituting it with "''ja"'' or ''"a"'' is considered a spelling error. | ||
Other letters, such as ''Ě'' and ''Ǒ'' represent the outcomes of so-called "narrow vowels", which used to be written as ''"é"'' and ''"ó"'' just as in Polish. In the Southern varieties they are both pronounced [i], while in the Black Ruthenian variety they instead became diphthongs [ɪe] and [ʊo]. The letter ''Ŕ'' is only consistently used in official documents and in Green Ruthenian, where it denotes a distinct sound [rʲ], elsewhere it can be optionally used – both ''buŕak'' and ''burak'' ("beet") are acceptable. The letter ''Ł'' had been used until 1952, but is now substituted with ''W'', however it can still occasionally be found in some texts or logos. | Other letters, such as ''Ě'' and ''Ǒ'' represent the outcomes of so-called "narrow vowels", which used to be written as ''"é"'' and ''"ó"'' just as in Polish. In the Southern varieties they are both pronounced [i], while in the Black Ruthenian variety they instead became diphthongs [ɪe] and [ʊo]. The letter ''Ŕ'' is only consistently used in official documents and in Green Ruthenian, where it denotes a distinct sound [rʲ], elsewhere it can be optionally used – both ''buŕak'' and ''burak'' ("beet") are acceptable. The letter ''Ł'' (sometimes called "the Polish ''l''" had been widely used until 1952, being carried over from the Polish alphabet, but it is now substituted with ''W'' in all cases (''wołk'' "wolf" is now written ''wowk''), however the letter is retained specifically for writing Polish proper names and placenames, such as '''''Ł'''ódź'' (never ''*'''W'''ôď'', which would be the correct Ruthenian transcription). All Ruthenian words still containing "ł" are names; there it is pronounced as either [w], or etymologically as [l]. It can still occasionally be found in some texts or logos. | ||
===Cyrillic=== | ===Cyrillic=== | ||