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Sceptrian: Difference between revisions
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{{Construction}} | {{Construction}} | ||
'''Sceptrian''' ('' lushar'' or ''lusha'') is an ''a priori'' language created for the fantasy world Akekata by [[User:Juhhmi|juhhmi]]. | '''Sceptrian''' (''batop lushar'' or ''lusha'') is an ''a priori'' language created for the fantasy world Akekata by [[User:Juhhmi|juhhmi]]. | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
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| | | | ||
| '''h'''<br />x | | '''h'''<br />x | ||
| | | '''h'''<br />ç | ||
| '''h'''<br />h | | '''h'''<br />h | ||
|- | |- | ||
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*Letter ''r'' is used with consonants for /r̩/ and between vowels for /r/, but after vowels in the end of syllables for rhoticization ''or'' /ɚ/. Letter ''ŕ'' is used to emphasize the use of /r/ after vowels ''oŕ'' /ər/. | *Letter ''r'' is used with consonants for /r̩/ and between vowels for /r/, but after vowels in the end of syllables for rhoticization ''or'' /ɚ/. Letter ''ŕ'' is used to emphasize the use of /r/ after vowels ''oŕ'' /ər/. | ||
*Similarly letter ''n'' can appear with nasalization but ''ń'' always as /n/: ''an'' /ã/ vs. ''ań'' /an/. With ''ng'' /ŋ/, the accent signals lengthening ''eńge'' /eŋ:e/ | *Similarly letter ''n'' can appear with nasalization but ''ń'' always as /n/: ''an'' /ã/ vs. ''ań'' /an/. With ''ng'' /ŋ/, the accent signals lengthening ''eńge'' /eŋ:e/ | ||
*Letter ''h'' has three allophones: /x/ appears word-finally, /ç/ with front vowels and /h/ with back vowels | |||
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Abstract, animate and inanimate which can be fully recognized from their singular dative form endings, ''k'', ''i'' and ''éi''. | Abstract, animate and inanimate which can be fully recognized from their singular dative form endings, ''k'', ''i'' and ''éi''. | ||
*Abstract (Ab) class contains concepts, emotions, divine and magical subjects, verb forms etc., and they end in either vowel ''a'', ''ó'' or ''i''. Those ending with ''i'' lack all the plural forms. | *Abstract (Ab) class contains concepts, emotions, divine and magical subjects, verb forms etc., and they end in either vowel ''a'', ''ó'' or ''i''. Those ending with ''i'' lack all the plural forms. | ||
*Animate (An) class is preserved for nouns related to living things, e.g. people, animals, body parts, plants and comestibles, whose ending is either a fricative (''f, th, s, sh, h''), nasal (''m, n, ng'') or vowel ''u''. Mass nouns | *Animate (An) class is preserved for nouns related to living things, e.g. people, animals, body parts, plants and comestibles, whose ending is either a fricative (''f, th, s, sh, h''), nasal (''m, n, ng'') or vowel ''u''. Mass nouns, such as meat, milk and food, have nasal endings. | ||
*Inanimate (In) class has nouns such as objects, places and natural formations whose endings are either plosives (''p, t, k'') or consonant '' | *Inanimate (In) class has nouns such as objects, places and natural formations whose endings are either plosives (''p, t, k'') or consonant ''l''. Inanimate mass nouns, e.g. sand, salt and water, appear in the ''l''-ending group which also lacks plural forms. | ||
====Declension==== | ====Declension==== | ||
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*Ablative (ABL): Movement from (+delative) | *Ablative (ABL): Movement from (+delative) | ||
*Vocative (VOC): addressing (people, gods); interjections | *Vocative (VOC): addressing (people, gods); interjections | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+ Classes and | |+ Classes and desinences | ||
|- | |- | ||
!rowspan="3" style="width: 100px"| | !rowspan="3" style="width: 100px"| | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! style="width: 100px"| Absolutive | ! style="width: 100px"| Absolutive | ||
| A || Asl || i || F || (ə)lF || N || Ninl || u || ush || P || Pl || | | A || Asl || i || F || (ə)lF || N || Ninl || u || ush || P || Pl || l | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style=""| Ergative | ! style=""| Ergative | ||
| AA || AslA || ii || Fee || Fel || Neen || Nenl || uu || uush || Pee || Ple || | | AA || AslA || ii || Fee || Fel || Neen || Nenl || uu || uush || Pee || Ple || le | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style=""| Dative | ! style=""| Dative | ||
| Ak || Akl || ik || Fi || Fil || Ni || Nil || uji || uwi || Pei || Plei || | | Ak || Akl || ik || Fi || Fil || Ni || Nil || uji || uwi || Pei || Plei || lei | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style=""| Possessive | ! style=""| Possessive | ||
| Ar || Aŕ || ir || For || Foŕ || Nor || Noŕ || ur || uŕ || -N || PoN || | | Ar || Aŕ || ir || For || Foŕ || Nor || Noŕ || ur || uŕ || -N || PoN || lon | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style=""| Instrumantal-comitative | ! style=""| Instrumantal-comitative | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! style=""| Lative | ! style=""| Lative | ||
| AgA || AglA || iki || Fko || Fklo || Nongo || Nongo || ugu || uglu || Póo || Plóo || | | AgA || AglA || iki || Fko || Fklo || Nongo || Nongo || ugu || uglu || Póo || Plóo || lo | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style=""| Locative-temporal | ! style=""| Locative-temporal | ||
| AkhA || AlkhA || ikhi || Fku || Fklu || Nongu || Nongu || ukhu || ulkhu || Pu || Plu || | | AkhA || AlkhA || ikhi || Fku || Fklu || Nongu || Nongu || ukhu || ulkhu || Pu || Plu || lu | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style=""| Ablative | ! style=""| Ablative | ||
| ApA || AplA || ipi || Fpo || Fplo || Nop || Nopl || upu || uplu || PPo || PPol || | | ApA || AplA || ipi || Fpo || Fplo || Nop || Nopl || upu || uplu || PPo || PPol || lp | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style=""| Vocative | ! style=""| Vocative | ||
| Ae || Asl || ii || Fé || lFé || Né || Nin || -we || -wesh || Pé || Plé || | | Ae || Asl || ii || Fé || lFé || Né || Nin || -we || -wesh || Pé || Plé || lé | ||
|} | |} | ||
*''A'' marks vowels ''a'' and ''ó'' | *''A'' marks vowels ''a'' and ''ó'' | ||
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*''P'' marks plosives ''p, t'' and ''k'' | *''P'' marks plosives ''p, t'' and ''k'' | ||
*- indicates that the original ending is replaced with the following | *- indicates that the original ending is replaced with the following | ||
'''Possessive affixes''' mingle with the cases | |||
'''Emphasizing clitics''': Suffixes ''ma'' (for ABS) and ''noh'' (for ERG) are used to emphasize either the agent or the object: ''Dothee'''noh''' ónzaitón pof.'' (It is the man who's lifting the feather) vs. ''Dothee ónzaitón pof'''na'''.'' (It is the feather that the man is lifting.) | |||
===Adjectives=== | ===Adjectives=== | ||
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From core nouns: "way-markers" → how the verb reflects the core noun: similarity, making, using... | From core nouns: "way-markers" → how the verb reflects the core noun: similarity, making, using... | ||
Transitivity and cases: ''Dothee ónzaitón pof.'' (A man (ERG) is lifting a feather (ABS).) ''Pof ónbous.'' (The feather (ABS) falls.) | |||
'''Tense''' | '''Tense''' | ||
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===Adpositions=== | ===Adpositions=== | ||
"in" with lative, locative and ablative cases to form illative, inessive, elative | *"in" with lative, locative and ablative cases to form illative, inessive, elative | ||
*"on" to emphasize the surface aspect | |||
*"under" for, well, movement under something | |||
===Derivational Morphology=== | ===Derivational Morphology=== | ||