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Sceptrian: Difference between revisions
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! colspan="2" |Trill | ! colspan="2" |Trill | ||
| | | 'pr /ʙ/ | ||
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The liquids ''r'' and ''l'' can appear as '''syllabic consonants''': tlsl /tˡl̩ɬ/, prn /pr̩n/ and trk /tr̩k/ | The liquids ''r'' and ''l'' can appear as '''syllabic consonants''': tlsl /tˡl̩ɬ/, prn /pr̩n/ and trk /tr̩k/ | ||
*In eastern dialects, ''pr'' is realized as /ʙ/ | |||
Letter ''h'' has three allophones: /x/ appears word-finally, /ç/ with front vowels and /h/ with back vowels ''tihtóhnah'' /tiçtɔhnäx/. | |||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
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Schwa '''''o''''' is used as an epenthetic vowel (anaptyxis). When it is used to break consonant clusters (not indicated in native script) it is the simple schwa /ə/: *dŧ → ''doth'' /dəθ/. When stressed, it is vernacularly realized as /ɘ/, and in western dialects more clearly as /ɤ/: *dŧs → ''dothos'' /dəˈθɘˑs/ | Schwa '''''o''''' is used as an epenthetic vowel (anaptyxis). When it is used to break consonant clusters (not indicated in native script) it is the simple schwa /ə/: *dŧ → ''doth'' /dəθ/. When stressed, it is vernacularly realized as /ɘ/, and in western dialects more clearly as /ɤ/: *dŧs → ''dothos'' /dəˈθɘˑs/ | ||
Vowel ''a'' is /ɑ/ after voiced consonants. | |||
====Diphthongs==== | ====Diphthongs==== | ||
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If the syllable border is between vowels and they don't form a diphthong, apostrophe is used: ''tai'' vs. ''ta'i'' | If the syllable border is between vowels and they don't form a diphthong, apostrophe is used: ''tai'' vs. ''ta'i'' | ||
===Sounds=== | |||
There are five ways of sound altering which may be used for grammatical purposes (mainly number, genitive case and imperfective aspect) | |||
*Lengthening: ''paata'' /pä:tä/, ''péete'' /pɛ:te/-/pɛe̯te/, ''póote'' /pɔ:te/ | |||
**Not used word-finally. | |||
*Lateral (release): ''plo'' /pˡə/, ''tla'' /tˡä/ | |||
**Western dialects keep the tongue on the alveolar ridge during vowel pronunciation so that the vowels have a distinct l-sound. Historically, this may have lead to the syllabic l. | |||
*Aspiration/breathy voice: ''pho'' /pʰə/-/ɸə/, ''bho'' /bʱə/-/βə/, ''tha'' /tʰä/-/θä/, ''dha'' /dʱä/-/ðɑ/. | |||
**Aspirated plosives have mostly turned into the corresponding fricatives as shown above. | |||
*Nasalization: ''on'' /ə̃-ɘ̃/, ''oń'' /ən/ | |||
**Close vowels (u, o, ó and i) are always nasalized between two nasals and all vowels after short ng: ''mónge'' /mɔ̃ŋẽ/, but nasalization does not occur with open vowels and long ńg: ''nańge'' /näŋ:e/. | |||
*Rhotacization: ''or'' /ɚ/, ''oŕ'' /ər/ or /r/, ''ar'' /ä˞/, ''aŕ'' /är/. | |||
**Nasalization does not occur with rhoticization. | |||
Combining sounds | |||
*Lateralization | |||
**''s'' and ''z'' turn into ''sl'' and ''zh'' respectively | |||
**''f'' & ''v'' → ''fl'' & ''w'' | |||
**''l'' & ''r'' are geminated | |||
**''m'' & ''n'' → ''ng'' and ''ng'' → ''ńg'' | |||
* Aspiration | |||
**''s'' and ''z'' turn into ''sh'' and ''zh'' | |||
**''f'' & ''v'' are geminated | |||
**''l'' & ''r'' → ''lh'' and ''rh'' | |||
* Voicing and aspiration | |||
**''r'' → ''qh'', ''l'' → ''ldh'', ''v'' → ''w'' | |||
===Phonotactics=== | ===Phonotactics=== | ||
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**It is possible to use liquids and approximants as '''glides''' (CLV) between the onset and the rime (ending). | **It is possible to use liquids and approximants as '''glides''' (CLV) between the onset and the rime (ending). | ||
**Up to two consonants with same voicing may appear in the onset (CCV), especially fricative-plosive combinations, but never two plosives: ''stak'', ''fkos'', ''ksaru''. Affricate ''ts'' takes may be accompanied only by ''w'', ''j'', ''n'' or ''m'': ''tsma''. Combination /sl/ has turned into /ɬ/. | **Up to two consonants with same voicing may appear in the onset (CCV), especially fricative-plosive combinations, but never two plosives: ''stak'', ''fkos'', ''ksaru''. Affricate ''ts'' takes may be accompanied only by ''w'', ''j'', ''n'' or ''m'': ''tsma''. Combination /sl/ has turned into /ɬ/. | ||
**Lateralization and aspiration may never appear together, and nasalized rhoticization is only found in Faanish dialect. | |||
*'''Nucleus''' can be either a vowel or a liquid, thus CVC and CLC are also possible syllables. | *'''Nucleus''' can be either a vowel or a liquid, thus CVC and CLC are also possible syllables. | ||
**Vowels (diphthongs included) may exist as a stand-alone nucleic syllable (V), mostly in the beginning or at the end of a word. | **Vowels (diphthongs included) may exist as a stand-alone nucleic syllable (V), mostly in the beginning or at the end of a word. | ||
**If nucleus is a liquid, and plosives appear in codas only word-finally. | |||
*'''Coda''' (final) may consist of up to three consonants with possible structures: NS, FS, LS; NF, SF, LF; NL, SL, FL; NSF, LSF, NSL (Nasal, Stop, Fricative, Liquid). Three-consonant clusters are rare word-medially and receive a schwa after the non-lateral stop: ''kamps'' /kämps/ → *''kampsta'' → ''kamposta'' /kämpəsˈtä/ | *'''Coda''' (final) may consist of up to three consonants with possible structures: NS, FS, LS; NF, SF, LF; NL, SL, FL; NSF, LSF, NSL (Nasal, Stop, Fricative, Liquid). Three-consonant clusters are rare word-medially and receive a schwa after the non-lateral stop: ''kamps'' /kämps/ → *''kampsta'' → ''kamposta'' /kämpəsˈtä/ | ||
**Approximants ''j'', ''w'' and plain voiced plosives never appear as coda (final) even though they may be written that way: ''nad'' /nät/. Voiced fricatives rarely appear as coda. | **Approximants ''j'', ''w'' and plain voiced plosives never appear as coda (final) even though they may be written that way: ''nad'' /nät/. Voiced fricatives rarely appear as coda. | ||
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===Stress=== | ===Stress=== | ||
Primary stress is on the second syllable unless it contains the schwa ''o'' or is preceded by a syllable with a syllabic consonant. | Primary stress in a word is on the second syllable unless it contains the schwa ''o'' or is preceded by a syllable with a syllabic consonant. | ||
Inflected and affixed word forms have the same stress as the base word (even monosyllabic base): ''gat'' → ''gatan'' /ˈgɑt.än/, ''gatle'' /ˈgɑ.tˡe/ | |||
Interrogatives are formed by changing the stress onto the first syllable. | |||
==Orthography== | ==Orthography== | ||
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[[File:Sceptrian.jpg|500px|thumb|right|Script]] | [[File:Sceptrian.jpg|500px|thumb|right|Script]] | ||
The Sceptrian script was derived from the ancient temple marks as were the Aoman and Northern (Latin) ones. | The Sceptrian script was derived from the ancient temple marks as were the Aoman and Northern (Latin) ones. | ||
Diacritics on vowels mark different [[Sceptrian_Sounds|sounds]]. | |||
===Romanization=== | ===Romanization=== | ||
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*Similarly letter ''n'' can appear syllable-finally with nasalization but ''ń'' always as /n/: ''an'' /ã/ vs. ''ań'' /an/. | *Similarly letter ''n'' can appear syllable-finally with nasalization but ''ń'' always as /n/: ''an'' /ã/ vs. ''ań'' /an/. | ||
*With ''ng'' /ŋ/, the accent signals lengthening ''eńge'' /eŋ:e/ or ''eŋŋe''. | *With ''ng'' /ŋ/, the accent signals lengthening ''eńge'' /eŋ:e/ or ''eŋŋe''. | ||
*Labialization of plosives may be indicated by either PuV (V is any vowel except ''u''). | |||
*Labialization of plosives may be indicated by either PuV (V is any vowel except ''u'') | |||
====Old==== | ====Old==== | ||
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*Affricate: '''c''' ''ts'' /t͡s/, '''č''' ''tsh'' /t͡ʃ/ | *Affricate: '''c''' ''ts'' /t͡s/, '''č''' ''tsh'' /t͡ʃ/ | ||
*Lateral: '''š''' ''sl'' /ɬ/, '''ǩ''' ''kl'' /kˡ/, '''ǧ''' ''gl'' /gˡ/ | *Lateral: '''š''' ''sl'' /ɬ/, '''ǩ''' ''kl'' /kˡ/, '''ǧ''' ''gl'' /gˡ/ | ||
Compact equivalents of sound altering: | Compact equivalents of sound altering: | ||
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*Locative-temporal (LOC-TEMP): Place (+superessive); time (when/duration...verb telicity); with some adpositions | *Locative-temporal (LOC-TEMP): Place (+superessive); time (when/duration...verb telicity); with some adpositions | ||
*Ablative (ABL): Movement from (+delative); causal construction with particle ''...'' | *Ablative (ABL): Movement from (+delative); causal construction with particle ''...'' | ||
*Vocative (VOC): addressing (people, gods); interjections '' | *Vocative (VOC): addressing (people, gods); interjections ''Alæ!'' (Hello! lit. "Day!") | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" | ||
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*Irregular: Only VOC+possessive with 1SG: ''Pos'''n'''é!'' (My servant!), ''Polsmé!'' (Our servants!) | *Irregular: Only VOC+possessive with 1SG: ''Pos'''n'''é!'' (My servant!), ''Polsmé!'' (Our servants!) | ||
2nd person polite | '''2nd person polite suffixes''' are added to absolutive base and the endings are then declined according to abstract gender: | ||
*Singular: (a)tha, (a)tazha | *Singular: (a)tha, (a)tazha | ||
*Plural: (a)dhó, (a)dózhó | *Plural: (a)dhó, (a)dózhó | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!ERG | !ERG | ||
| | | næ || moslo || fø || poslo || Nithe || Widhes || thaa || suu || sloslo || hii || kwoslo | ||
|- | |- | ||
!DAT | !DAT | ||
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*'''Comitative''' case is used to indicate company: ''Mo slosh orkho.'' (We were with them yesterday.) | *'''Comitative''' case is used to indicate company: ''Mo slosh orkho.'' (We were with them yesterday.) | ||
*'''Causal''' describes the cause of an action or origin of something: ''Aitelai | *'''Causal''' describes the cause of an action or origin of something: ''Aitelai næ su fope'' (I saw him because of (/thanks to) you), ''Hi supe foki.'' (It (is) from him to you.) | ||
Self-pronoun ''ru'' for reflexive: ''telón ru'' (they are watching themself), ''ónlatepón ruu'' ( | Self-pronoun ''ru'' for '''reflexive''' and '''reciprocal''': ''telón ru'' (they are watching themself), ''ónlatepón ruu'' (he is dancing by himself, alone) vs. ''ónlatepón su'' (he is dancing with him); ''sónkephón (they are washing each other) vs. ''sónkephón sloslo slo/soutu'' (they are washing them) | ||
*reflexive is easier with others: '' | *reflexive is easier with others: ''anlatepan'' (I'm dancing by myself), ''kepan'' (I'm washing myself) | ||
===Adjectives=== | ===Adjectives=== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!Animate | !Animate | ||
| || | | || saitu || soutu || || || || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Inanimate | !Inanimate | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!Lative | !Lative | ||
| || || || || || || || | |||
|- | |||
!Manner | |||
| || || || || || || || | |||
|- | |||
!What kind of | |||
| || || || || || || || | | || || || || || || || | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Adpositions=== | |||
*''vo'' (in) with lative, locative and ablative cases to form illative, inessive, elative | |||
*''so'' (on) to emphasize the surface aspect | |||
*''ost'' (under) for movement under something | |||
*''mo'' (touching) when objects are in touch with each other | |||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
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Mixing agent and subject endings... | Mixing agent and subject endings... | ||
*PRES retrospective: | *PRES retrospective: | ||
**PST.PFV+verb+STAT: ''ai- | **PST.PFV+verb+STAT: ''ai-tel-Ø næ ka'' (I've seen this), ''ai-latep-a næ'' (I've danced (myself)) ← intransitive became transitive | ||
*PRES prospective: INCEP+verb(+FUT): ''tsa-latép(-ar) (I'm starting to dance (and I'll be doing it for a while)) | *PRES prospective: INCEP+verb(+FUT): ''tsa-latép(-ar) (I'm starting to dance (and I'll be doing it for a while)) | ||
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'''Apophony!''' | '''Apophony!''' | ||
*forbidden root vowels & diphthongs: é, ó, i, æ, ø | *forbidden root vowels & diphthongs: é, ó, i, æ, ø; ei, oi; all long vowels | ||
*First: | *First: | ||
**e→é, o→ó, a→æ, u→i | **e→é, o→ó, a→æ, u→i | ||
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=====Root===== | =====Root===== | ||
Verbs are given in their 3SG.INAN GNO form which is used to form the third person forms | Verbs are given in their 3SG.INAN GNO form which is used to form all of the third person forms | ||
First and second | First and second person forms use the first apophony in indicative inceptive and future | ||
Polite second person forms use the second apophony | Polite second person forms use the second apophony | ||
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=====Ending===== | =====Ending===== | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" | ||
|+Subject/object suffixes for tense and aspect | |+Subject/object suffixes for tense and aspect | ||
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| +ho | | +ho | ||
|} | |} | ||
*initial l in endings is for lateralization of the final plosive | * initial l in endings is for lateralization of the final plosive | ||
* initial h is for aspiration of the final plosive | |||
* initial h is for aspiration of the final plosive | |||
*+ indicates voicing of the final consonant together with aspiration | *+ indicates voicing of the final consonant together with aspiration | ||
Agent prefixes are used mostly in the formal register. | Agent prefixes are used mostly in the formal register. | ||
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| jen | | jen | ||
| zhen | | zhen | ||
| | | izæ | ||
| | | izhæ | ||
| jón | | jón | ||
| zhón | | zhón | ||
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| lor | | lor | ||
|} | |} | ||
====Mood==== | |||
Indicative ("normal") | |||
Some duplication with subjunctive ;) + second apophony | |||
imperative with apophony of 3SG.INAN GNO form and present inceptive | |||
====Negation==== | ====Negation==== | ||
'''Inability''' | |||
* | *Second apophony in verb root and an infix (precedes absolutive suffix) | ||
**PRES: ''ost'' (SG), ''osht'' (PL) | |||
**PAST: ''out'' | |||
**FUT: ''oz'' | |||
'''Unwillingness''' | |||
*Intranslative suffix (after absolutive suffix) | |||
**PRES | |||
*** 1st person: ''net'' (SG), ''nget'' (PL) | |||
*** 2nd person: ''fep'' (SG), ''vep'' (PL) | |||
*** 3rd person: ''set'' (SG), ''slet'' (PL) | |||
**PAST: ''nait'' | |||
**FUT: ''nort'' | |||
*Translative affix (placed after the ergative prefix, but in casual register verb-initially) | |||
**PRES: | |||
*** 1st person: ''no'' (SG), ''ngo'' (PL) | |||
*** 2nd person: ''fø'' (SG), ''flø'' (PL) | |||
*** 3rd person: ''sø'' (SG), ''slø'' (PL) | |||
**PAST: ''me'' | |||
**FUT: ''mor'' | |||
Examples: ''Ailat'''ee'''p'''out'''óji.'' (I couldn't dance with him), ''¿Tse'''fø'''latépast?'' (You don't want to begin dancing with me?) | |||
'''Honoring negation''' for 2nd person polite forms consists of (second person) negation affixes with second apophony and ''saal''-particle placed after the verb: ''K'''ee'''p'''oz'''athar saal.'' (You'll be unable to wash Yourself, unfortunately.) | |||
Second apophony of infixes with subjunctive mood. | |||
====Voice==== | ====Voice==== | ||
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Multiple... --> adjectives? | Multiple... --> adjectives? | ||
PRES, PST, FUT active & passive | PRES, PST, FUT active & passive | ||
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Can people with higher status be abstract or do they occupy a special animate category? (æ inside?) | Can people with higher status be abstract or do they occupy a special animate category? (æ inside?) | ||
One may use inanimate verb forms as anti-honorific? ''Ondakon | One may use inanimate verb forms as anti-honorific? ''Ondakon næ ka Nithki.'' (I humbly offer this to You) | ||
In casual register, verb forms are chosen differently when the subject is agent-like (he dances) or patient-like (he fell): ''latepóji'' (he danced AN) vs. ''bousoi'' (he fell INAN) | In casual register, verb forms are chosen differently when the subject is agent-like (he dances) or patient-like (he fell): ''latepóji'' (he danced AN) vs. ''bousoi'' (he fell INAN) | ||
In formal register, it is preferred to use only animate nouns as agents while abstract and inanimate are as antipassive subjects: ''luwifo utelink nas'' ("beauty-of.yours un-eye-ful-makes me-with", your beauty makes me blind) vs. ''utelinken | In formal register, it is preferred to use only animate nouns as agents while abstract and inanimate are as antipassive subjects: ''luwifo utelink nas'' ("beauty-of.yours un-eye-ful-makes me-with", your beauty makes me blind) vs. ''utelinken fø na'' (you are making me blind) | ||