@@ Line 288: / Line 288: @@
 Primary stress in a word is on the second syllable unless it contains the schwa ''o'' or is preceded by a syllable with a syllabic consonant.
-Inflected and affixed word forms have the same stress as the base word (even monosyllabic base): ''gat'' → ''gatan'' /ˈgɑt.än/, ''gatle'' /ˈgɑ.tˡe/
+Inflected and affixed word forms have the same stress as the base word (even monosyllabic base): ''gat'' → ''gatan'' /ˈgɑt.äˑn/, ''gatle'' /ˈgɑ.tˡeˑ/
 Interrogatives are formed by changing the stress onto the first syllable.
@@ Line 412: / Line 412: @@
 *''P'': plosives ''p, t, k'' and ''q''
 **INS ending Ph marks breathy voice and may turn the plosive into corresponding fricative /ɸ, θ, x, χ/ if followed by a plosive.
-*- indicates that the original ending is replaced with the following: ''tip → ti'''n''''' (stick → stick's)
+*- indicates that the original ending is replaced with the following: ''tup → tu'''n''''' (stick → stick's)
 ====Possessive affixes====
-Possessive affixes draw a distinction between alienable and inalienable possession: ''Dothee óntelon gat'''s'''/vakuh'''oz'''.'' (A man is watching his house/ his own hand.)
+Possessive affixes draw a distinction between alienable and inalienable possession: ''Óntesoson dothee gat'''s'''/vakuh'''oz'''.'' (A man is watching his house/ his own hand.)
 *Interpretations: ''gat dothi'' (the house which the man has temporarily settled in = rented), ''doth gathos(os)'' (man with his house which he has purchased), ''gat dothor'' (the house which was inherited and is now owned by the man)
@@ Line 449: / Line 449: @@
 ====Emphasizing clitics====
-Suffixes ''ma'' (for ABS) and ''noh'' (for ERG) are used to emphasize either the agent or the object: ''Ónzaiton dothee'''noh''' pof.'' (It is the man who's lifting the feather) vs. ''Ónzaiton dothee pof'''ma'''.'' (It is the feather that the man is lifting.). They are also used with verbs in antipassive constructions.
+Suffixes ''ma'' (for ABS) and ''noh'' (for ERG) are used to emphasize either the object or the agent: ''Ónzaiton dothee'''noh''' pof.'' (It is the man who's lifting the feather) vs. ''Ónzaiton dothee pof'''ma'''.'' (It is the feather that the man is lifting.). They are also used with verbs in antipassive constructions.
+When both are used, "witnessing" occurs
 ===Pronouns===
@@ Line 483: / Line 485: @@
 *'''Comitative''' case is used to indicate company: ''Mo slosh orkho.'' (We were with them yesterday.)
-*'''Causal''' describes the cause of an action or origin of something: ''Aitelai næ su fope'' (I saw him because of (/thanks to) you), ''Hi supe foki.'' (It (is) from him to you.)
+*'''Causal''' describes the cause of an action or origin of something: ''Aitesosai næ su fope'' (I saw him because of (/thanks to) you), ''Hi supe foki.'' (It (is) from him to you.)
-Self-pronoun ''ru'' for '''reflexive''' and '''reciprocal''': ''telón ru'' (they are watching themself), ''ónlatepón ruu'' (he is dancing by himself, alone) vs. ''ónlatepón su'' (he is dancing with him); ''sónkephón (they are washing each other) vs. ''sónkephón sloslo slo/soutu'' (they are washing them)
+====Reflexive====
-*reflexive is easier with others: ''anlatepan'' (I'm dancing by myself), ''kepan'' (I'm washing myself)
+Self-pronoun ''ru'' for '''reflexive''' and '''reciprocal''': ''tesosón ru'' (they are watching themself), ''ónlatepón ruu'' (he is dancing by himself, alone) vs. ''ónlatepón su'' (he is dancing with him); ''sónkephón (they are washing each other) vs. ''sónkephón sloslo slo/soutu'' (they are washing them)
+*reflexive is easier with others: ''anlatepan'' (I'm dancing by myself); ''ankepan'' (I'm washing myself) vs. ''ankep'' ("I'm washing..."), ''kepan'' (I'm being washed)
 ===Adjectives===
-Adjectives in Sceptrian agree with the gender, number and cases of their head, and always come after it.
+Adjectives in Sceptrian agree with the gender, number and cases of their head. When an adjective is used as a predicative, it comes before its head, but when as an attributive, it comes after.
+Vowel change is used to indicate the gender, base for inanimate, first apophony with animate and second apophony with abstract gender:
+Polite adjectives are formed from the abstract form with following affixes:
+*predicative
+* attributive
+===Adverbs===
-Vowel change: base for inanimate, first apophony with animate and second apophony with abstract gender.
 ===Table of correlatives===
@@ Line 543: / Line 554: @@
 |  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
 |}
 ===Adpositions===
@@ Line 555: / Line 567: @@
 missing verbs:
-*"to be": apposition ''trk doth'' (a man is a smith) vs. ''doth trk'' (the smith-man, the smith is a man); ''luwi doth'' (a man is beautiful) vs. ''doth luwi'' (a beautiful man)
+*"to be": apposition ''trk doth'' (a man is a smith) vs. ''doth trk'' (the smith-man, the smith is a man); predicative before ''luwi doth'' (a man is beautiful) vs. attributive after ''doth luwi'' (a beautiful man)
 **Emphasizing ''ma'': ''trk dothma'' (it is the man who is a smith)
 * "to have": all those possessive forms... ''sop trng dothi'' ("profession of a smith for the man")
@@ Line 575: / Line 587: @@
 Mixing agent and subject endings...
 *PRES retrospective:
-**PST.PFV+verb+STAT: ''ai-tel-Ø næ ka'' (I've seen this), ''ai-latep-a næ'' (I've danced (myself)) ← intransitive became transitive
+**PST.PFV+verb+STAT: ''ai-tesos-Ø næ ka'' (I've seen this), ''ai-latep-a næ'' (I've danced (myself)) ← intransitive became transitive
 *PRES prospective: INCEP+verb(+FUT): ''tsa-latép(-ar) (I'm starting to dance (and I'll be doing it for a while))
@@ Line 613: / Line 625: @@
 !2SG.POL
 !2PL.POL
-!3SG.AN
+!3SG.A
-!3PL.AN
+!3PL.A
 !3SG.INAN
 !3PL.INAN
@@ Line 696: / Line 708: @@
 *+ indicates voicing of the final consonant together with aspiration
-Agent prefixes are used mostly in the formal register.
+Agent prefixes are rarely used in the casual register, only to form the [[Sceptrian#Reflexive|reflexive]]. However, it has to be used in the formal register.
 {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
 |+Agent prefixes for tense and aspect
@@ Line 708: / Line 720: @@
 !2SG.POL
 !2PL.POL
-!3SG.AN
+!3SG.A
-!3PL.AN
+!3PL.A
 !3SG.INAN
 !3PL.INAN
@@ Line 815: / Line 827: @@
 **PRES:
 *** 1st person: ''no'' (SG), ''ngo'' (PL)
-*** 2nd person: ''fø'' (SG), ''flø'' (PL)
+*** 2nd person: ''fo'' (SG), ''flo'' (PL)
-*** 3rd person: ''sø'' (SG), ''slø'' (PL)
+*** 3rd person: ''so'' (SG), ''slo'' (PL)
 **PAST: ''me''
 **FUT: ''mor''
@@ Line 824: / Line 836: @@
 '''Honoring negation''' for 2nd person polite forms consists of (second person) negation affixes with second apophony and ''saal''-particle placed after the verb: ''K'''ee'''p'''oz'''athar saal.'' (You'll be unable to wash Yourself, unfortunately.)
-Second apophony of infixes with subjunctive mood.
+Second apophony of negation infixes with subjunctive mood.
 ====Voice====
@@ Line 831: / Line 843: @@
 *Irregularities‽
-Reflexive with double conjugation: ''aitélan
+Reflexive with double conjugation: ''aitesóstan
 '''The following system is under development!'''
@@ Line 839: / Line 851: @@
 Active construction
 {{Gloss
-|phrase = Ónzaitón dothee pof.
+|phrase = Ónzaiton dothee pof.
-|IPA = /ɔ̃zaɪ̯tɔ̃ dəθe: pəf/
+|IPA = /ɔ̃zaɪ̯tə̃ dəθe: pəf/
-| morphemes = ón-zait-ón doth-ee pof-Ø
+| morphemes = ón-zait-on doth-ee pof-Ø
-| gloss = 3SG.AN.PRES.IPFV-lift-CIRC man-ERG feather-ABS
+| gloss = 3SG.AN.PRES.IPFV-lift-3SG.INAN.PRES.IPFV man-ERG feather-ABS
 | translation = A man is lifting a feather.
 }}
@@ Line 848: / Line 860: @@
 Passive construction: To demote the agent (ERG), it's either removed or inflected into causal ablative (ABL). Verb circumfix remains untouched.
 {{Gloss
-|phrase = Ónzaitón pof (dothpo).
+|phrase = Ónzaiton pof (dothpo).
-|IPA = /ɔ̃zaɪ̯tɔ̃  pəf (dəθpə)/
+|IPA = /ɔ̃zaɪ̯tə̃  pəf (dəθpə)/
-| morphemes = ón-zait-ón pof-Ø (doth-po)
+| morphemes = ón-zait-on pof-Ø (doth-po)
-| gloss = 3SG.PRES.IPFV-lift-CIRC feather-ABS (man-ABL)
+| gloss = 3SG.PRES.IPFV-lift-3SG.INAN.PRES.IPFV feather-ABS (man-ABL)
 | translation = A feather is being lifted (by a man).
 }}
-Antipassive construction: Agent (ERG) transforms into subject (ABS) and object (ABS) takes the instrumental-comitative (INS) case. Word order becomes SV(O), and the verb circumfix loses its former part and may receive the emphasizing clitic ''ma''.
+Antipassive construction: Agent (ERG) transforms into subject (ABS) and object (ABS) takes the instrumental-comitative (INS) case. Word order becomes SV(O), and the verb circumfix loses its former part and may receive the emphasizing clitic ''ma'' in the formal register. This form corresponds well to a nominative-accusative alignment.
 {{Gloss
-|phrase = Doth (ma)zaitón (pofos).
+|phrase = Doth ónzaitma (pofos).
-|IPA = /dəθ (mä)zaɪ̯tɔ̃ (pəfəs)/
+|IPA = /dəθ ɔ̃zaɪ̯t(mä) (pəfəs)/
-| morphemes = doth-Ø (ma/)Ø-zait-ón (pof-os)
+| morphemes = doth-Ø ón-zait-Ø(/ma) (pof-os)
-| gloss = man-ABS (POL.)ANTIP-lift-3SG.PRES.IPFV (feather-INS)
+| gloss = man-ABS 3SG.AN.PRES.IPFV-lift-ANTIP(.POL) (feather-INS)
 | translation = The man is lifting (a feather).
 }}
-Ideas: Instrument and turning it into an agent. Here I used the object-agreement (if it stays, remember to update the examples above!)
+Ideas: Instrument and turning it into an agent. Here I used the object-agreement
-* ''Ónzaiton dothee pof vakuhos sur.'' (...with his hand... (should come up with the personal affixes since now you can interpret him using someone else's hand))
+* ''Ónzaiton dothee pof vakuhosozh.'' (...with his own hand...)
 **''Ónzaiton pof vakuhos dothir.''
-**''Ónzaiton pof tiph dothi'''sh''' suwi.'' (A feather is being lifted with the man's stick for them.) DAT inflected!
+**''Onzaiton pof tuph dothi'''sh''' slokli.'' (A feather is being lifted with the man's stick for them.) Inanimate agent conjugation, and DAT inflected!
-* ''Vakuh zaito(/ó)n pofos.'' (a hand lifts the feather)/(someone intentionally lifts the feather with their hand)
+* ''Vakuh ónzait pofos.'' (a hand lifts the feather)/(someone intentionally lifts the feather with their hand) Notice animate conjugation!
-**''Tip zaiton pofos dothpo.'' (a stick, which is being held by a man, lifts the feather) ABL as causative.
+**''Tup onzait pofos dothpo.'' (a stick, which is being held by a man, lifts the feather) ABL as causative.
 ====Non-finite forms====
-*participles: PRES, PST, FUT agent & patient (passivity?) tekemä, tehty ... antipassiivi blaa
+*participles: PRES, PST, FUT agent & patient (employer vs. employee) (passivity?) tekemä, tehty
-*gerund
+*gerund: nouns as gerunds?
-*infinitives
+*infinitives: PRES, PST, FUT ''-ó''
 *gerundives (merged auxiliary verbs as prefixes): can, be permitted, should, must
@@ Line 892: / Line 904: @@
 *origin, relation:
 *absence, without:
+*result: washed = clean (wanted vs. unwanted?)
 Noun→noun:
@@ Line 897: / Line 910: @@
 *collection:
 *being, person, creature:
-**origin:
+**doer, agent:
-**characteristic:
+**origin:
 *diminutive:
 *augmentative:
@@ Line 904: / Line 917: @@
 Noun→verb
-*From core nouns: "way-markers" → how the verb reflects the core noun+case/adjective: table...
+*From core nouns: "way-markers" → how the verb reflects the core noun+case/adjective: table... depends on the core (
-*GEN + ''k'' = "similarity"
+*ABS = "happens"
-*DAT + ''k'' = "making" (no ''k'' with Abstract)
+*COM = "using"
-*COM + '' '' = "using"
+*GEN + ''k'' = "similarity":
+*DAT + ''k'' = "making"/"becoming" (no ''k'' with Abstract): ''zurmu'' → ''zurmjik'' (strong person.AN → strengthen.3SG.INAN.GNO), ''zurp'' → ''zurpeik'' (strong, durable object.IN → hardens) & ''zurma'' → ''zurmak'' (strength → intensifies)
+*LAT + ''t'' = ''movement''
+*frequentative
+*momentane
+* feel: hyväksyä, oudoksua, ...
 ===Numerals===
@@ Line 919: / Line 937: @@
 *VAO usually, SV(O) in antipassive
 *adjectives precede nouns while possessives follow
+===Clauses===
+noun clause: Infinitive.tense + ...  + causatives: ''Tesosan kepó vakuhos supe.'' (I see that he washes his hands) vs. ''Onluvakan kep'''óo''' vakuhos supe.'' (The washing of his hands brings me pleasure.)
 ==Register==
@@ Line 930: / Line 952: @@
 In casual register, verb forms are chosen differently when the subject is agent-like (he dances) or patient-like (he fell): ''latepóji'' (he danced AN) vs. ''bousoi'' (he fell INAN)
-In formal register, it is preferred to use only animate nouns as agents while abstract and inanimate are as antipassive subjects: ''luwifo utelink nas'' ("beauty-of.yours un-eye-ful-makes me-with", your beauty makes me blind) vs. ''utelinken fø na'' (you are making me blind)
+In formal register, it is preferred to use only animate nouns as agents while abstract and inanimate are as antipassive subjects: ''luwifo onwutes~ink nas'' ("beauty-of.yours it-un-eye-ful-makes me-with", your beauty makes me blind) vs. ''enwutes~inkan fø na'' (you are making me blind)
+Distinction between abstract and animate in some categories, such as verb conjugation
 ==Lexicon==
+*''batop'' language
+*''dhoku'' head
+*''doth'' man
 *''eja'' day
 *''eva'' light
+*''joqó'' disgust
+*''kep'' wash
+*''keslan'' blood
+*''luva'' pleasure
+*''mel'' water
 *''pof'' feather
-*''doth'' man
+*''su'' it/he?
+*''tes'' eye
+*''tup'' stick
 *''vakuh'' hand
-*''keslan'' blood
+*''vang'' drink.N
-*''dhoku''
+*''zurmu'' strong person
-*''su'' it/he?
-*''batop'' language
-*''tip'' stick
-*''mel'' water
-*''tel'' see
+*''bous'' goes down
-*''bous'' go down
+*''kep'' washes
-*''zait'' go up
+*''latep'' dances
+*''tes(o)s'' sees
+*''vangost'' drinks
+*''zait'' goes up

Sceptrian: Difference between revisions

Sceptrian (view source)

Revision as of 20:57, 14 July 2014