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Sceptrian: Difference between revisions

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Sceptrian (view source)

Revision as of 22:55, 7 July 2015

483 bytes added ,  7 July 2015
m
→‎Verbs: O Deity of Kitchen Sinks, what have I created!?
m (→‎Verbs: O Deity of Kitchen Sinks, what have I created!?)
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*"to be": apposition ''trs doth'' (a man is a smith) vs. ''doth trs'' (the smith-man, the smith (who) is a man) and ''Berats trs'' (Berats, the smith, ...) vs. ''trs Berats'' (Berats is a smith); predicative before ''luwidh doth'' (a man is beautiful) vs. attributive after ''doth luwidh'' (a beautiful man)
*"to be": apposition ''trs doth'' (a man is a smith) vs. ''doth trs'' (the smith-man, the smith (who) is a man) and ''Berats trs'' (Berats, the smith, ...) vs. ''trs Berats'' (Berats is a smith); predicative before ''luwidh doth'' (a man is beautiful) vs. attributive after ''doth luwidh'' (a beautiful man)
**Emphasizing ''ma'': ''trs dothma'' (it is the man who is a smith)
**Emphasizing ''ma'': ''trs dothma'' (it is the man who is a smith)
**Showing tense:
**Showing tense-aspect:
***temporal adverbs, such as ''ta'ikhi'' (in the past)
***temporal adverbs, such as ''ta'ikhi'' (in the past)
***subject person and tense verb conjugation on adjective
***subject person and tense verb conjugation on adjective
***momentane verb derived from an adjective in past or future tense
***momentane verb derived from an adjective in past or future tense
***"become" verb derivation -> "will be"  
***"become" verb derivation -> "will be"  
**Vernacularly, [[Sceptrian#Table_of_correlatives|proximal demonstrative pronouns]] are used as copulae with corresponding grammatical gender: ''Trs saitu Berats.'' ("Smith this Berats." Berats is a smith.)
* "to have": various [[Sceptrian#Possessive_affixes|possessive forms]], e.g. ''soput trsor dothi'' ("profession of a smith for the man")
* "to have": various [[Sceptrian#Possessive_affixes|possessive forms]], e.g. ''soput trsor dothi'' ("profession of a smith for the man")


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|+Subject/object suffixes for tense and aspect
|+Subject/object suffixes for tense and aspect
|-
|-
!Tense  
!Tense !!Aspect !!1SG !!1PL !!2SG !!2PL !!2SG.POL !!2PL.POL !!3SG.A !!3PL.A !!3SG.INAN !!3PL.INAN
!Aspect
!1SG
!1PL
!2SG
!2PL
!2SG.POL
!2PL.POL
!3SG.A
!3PL.A
!3SG.INAN
!3PL.INAN
|-
|-
!colspan="2"|GNO-STAT
!colspan="2"|GNO-STAT
| a
| a || ha || e || he || ahi || aqhi || ó || hó || (o) || l
| ha
| e
| he
| ahi
| aqhi
| ó
| hó
| (o)
| l
|-
|-
! rowspan="2"|PRES
! rowspan="2"|PRES
!PROG
!PROG
| an
| an || han || en || hen || ang || aing || ón || hón || on || lon
| han
| en
| hen
| ang
| aing
| ón
| hón
| on  
| lon
|-
|-
!INCEP
!INCEP
| ast
| ast || last || est || lest || æst || hæst || ós || lós || os || osl
| last
| est
| lest
| æst
| hæst
| ós
| lós
| os
| osl
|-
|-
! rowspan="2"| PST
! rowspan="2"| PST
! IPFV
! IPFV
| ajin
| ajin || hajin || ejin || hejin || azing || izing || ójin || hójin || oin || loin
| hajin
| ejin
| hejin
| azing
| izing
| ójin
| hójin
| oin
| loin
|-
|-
!PFV
!PFV
| ai
| ai || hai || ei || hei || athi || idhi || óji || hóji || oi || loi
| hai
| ei
| hei
| athi
| idhi
| óji
| hóji
| oi
| loi
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| FUT
! colspan="2"| FUT
| har
| har || +har || her || +her || athar || idhar || hór || +hór || ho || +ho
| +har
| her
| +her
| athar
| idhar
| hór
| +hór
| ho
| +ho
|}
|}
* initial ''l'' in endings is for lateralization of the final plosive
* initial ''l'' in endings is for lateralization of the final plosive
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*+ indicates voicing of the final consonant together with aspiration
*+ indicates voicing of the final consonant together with aspiration
**simple ''h'' becomes ''qh''
**simple ''h'' becomes ''qh''
*Formal register draws a distinction between abstract and animate genders by adding ''wa'' directly after the ''ó'' of animate and removing the ''j'' from past perfective. Same can be done with agent prefixes. ''Glerkøtówajin shosleetha.'' (A knight was swinging a mace.)
*Formal register draws a distinction between abstract and animate genders by adding ''wa'' directly after the ''ó'' of animate and removing the ''j'' from past perfective. Same can be done with agent prefixes. ''Glerkøtówajin shosleetha.'' (A knight was swinging a mace.) Note the second apophony due to the abstract gender.


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+Agent prefixes for tense and aspect
|+Agent prefixes for tense and aspect
|-
|-
!Tense  
!Tense !!Aspect !!1SG !!1PL !!2SG !!2PL !!2SG.POL !!2PL.POL !!3SG.A !!3PL.A !!3SG.INAN !!3PL.INAN
!Aspect
!1SG
!1PL
!2SG
!2PL
!2SG.POL
!2PL.POL
!3SG.A
!3PL.A
!3SG.INAN
!3PL.INAN
|-
|-
!colspan="2"|GNO-STAT
!colspan="2"|GNO-STAT
| a
| a || sa || e || se || æ || hæ || ó || só || o || lo
| sa
| e
| se
| æ
| hæ
| ó
| só
| o
| lo
|-
|-
! rowspan="2"|PRES
! rowspan="2"|PRES
!PROG
!PROG
| an
| an || san || en || sen || nga || ngai || ón || són || on || lon
| san
| en
| sen
| nga
| ngai
| ón
| són
| on  
| lon
|-
|-
!INCEP
!INCEP
| tsa
| tsa || tsla || tse || tsle || tsæ || tshæ || tsó || tsló || so || slo
| tsla
| tse
| tsle
| tsæ
| tshæ
| tsó
| tsló
| so
| slo
|-
|-
! rowspan="2"| PST
! rowspan="2"| PST
! IPFV
! IPFV
| jan
| jan || zhan || jen || zhen || izæ || izhæ || jón || zhón || i || li
| zhan
| jen
| zhen
| izæ
| izhæ
| jón
| zhón
| i
| li
|-
|-
!PFV
!PFV
| ai
| ai || sai || ei || sei || thæ || dhæ || jó || zhó || oi || loi
| sai
| ei
| sei
| thæ
| dhæ
| jó
| zhó
| oi
| loi
|-
|-
! colspan="2"| FUT
! colspan="2"| FUT
| ar
| ar || sar || er || ser || thar || dhar || ór || sór || or || lor
| sar
| er
| ser
| thar
| dhar
| ór
| sór
| or
| lor
|}
|}
*Affixes may be separated from border vowels of verbs with a glottal stop or reduplicated initial consonant (unless risk of confusion with subjunctive): ''Ai(v)eva(v)oi.'' (I illuminated it.)
*Affixes may be separated from border vowels of verbs with a glottal stop or reduplicated initial consonant (unless risk of confusion with subjunctive): ''Ai(v)eva(v)oi.'' (I illuminated it.)
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In future tense, no aspects are distinguished, but rather non-finite forms are used.
In future tense, no aspects are distinguished, but rather non-finite forms are used.


Endings with different tenses may be mixed:
Endings with different tenses and aspects may be mixed in some cases:
*PRES retrospective: PST.PFV+verb+STAT: ''ai-tesos-Ø næ ka'' (I've seen this), ''ai-latep-a næ'' (I've taken myself dancing)  
*PRES retrospective: PST.PFV+verb+STAT: ''ai-tesos-Ø næ ka'' (I've seen this), ''ai-latep-a næ'' (I've taken myself dancing)  
*PRES prospective: PRES.INCEP+verb(+FUT): ''tsa-lateep(-ar) (I'm starting to dance (and I'll be doing it for a while))
*PRES prospective: PRES.INCEP+verb(+FUT): ''tsa-lateep(-ar) (I'm starting to dance (and I'll be doing it for a while))
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'''Gnomic'''-static verb form can be considered representing gnomic mood since it can't be used with other moods: ''Zaitó Hala urakha.'' (Sun rises tomorrow as well)
'''Gnomic'''-static verb form can be considered representing gnomic mood since it can't be used with other moods: ''Zaitó Hala urakha.'' (Sun rises tomorrow as well)


'''Indicative''' is the basic mood which is used for factual statements: ''Latepar urakha.'' (I'll dance tomorrow.)
'''Indicative''' is the basic mood which is used for supposedly factual statements: ''Latepar urakha.'' (I'll dance tomorrow.)


=====Irrealis=====
=====Irrealis=====


'''Interrogative''' is not conjugated, but indicated through rising pitch and changing primary stress onto the first syllable. Formal register uses the particle ''shóo'' which is placed after the verb: ''¿Rotlast shóo?'' (Shall we go?)
'''Interrogative''' is not conjugated, but indicated through rising pitch and changing primary stress onto the first syllable. Formal register uses the particle ''shóo'' which is placed after the verb: ''¿Rotlast shóo?'' (Shall we go?)
*The change in stress does not affect the apophony.


'''Imperative''' is the first apophony of base form (3SG.INAN GNO). It is used for commanding and may be accompanied by vocatives: ''Rót posné!'' (Go, O servant of mine!)  
'''Imperative''' is the first apophony of base form (3SG.INAN GNO). It is used for commanding and may be accompanied by vocatives: ''Rót posné!'' (Go, O servant of mine!)  
*The softer imperative is derived from the base with an ''r'' being added before present inceptive conjugated for person and number: ''Rótrest fo.'' (You should leave.). It is used as a hortative as well: ''Rótrlast!'' (Let's go!)
*The softer imperative is derived from the base with an ''r'' being added before present inceptive conjugated for person and number: ''Rótrest fo.'' (You should leave.). It is used as a hortative as well: ''Rótrlast!'' (Let's go!)


'''Subjunctive''' is formed through initial left-to-right reduplication and with second apophony in the original second syllable: if consonant-initial, CV body is duplicated, but if vowel-initial, VC part of the first and second syllable is duplicated: '''''la'''latép'' (may dance), '''''ak'''aktæsos'' (may hear), ''rorøt'' (may go)
'''Subjunctive''' is formed through initial left-to-right reduplication and with second apophony in the original stressed syllable: if consonant-initial, CV body is duplicated, but if vowel-initial, VC part of the first and second syllable is duplicated: '''''la'''latép'' (may dance), '''''ak'''aktæsos'' (may hear), ''rorøt'' (may go)
*The first reduplicated syllable undergoes independent apophony depending on the subject.
*The first reduplicated syllable undergoes independent apophony depending on the subject.
*The mood is used when something is uncertain, doubted or wished
*The mood is used when something is uncertain, doubted or wished
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|}
|}


Examples: ''Ailat'''é'''p'''out'''óji.'' (I couldn't dance with him), ''¿Tse'''fó'''lateephar?'' (You don't want to begin dancing with me?)
Examples: ''Ailat'''é'''p'''out'''óji.'' (I couldn't dance with him), ''¿Tse'''fo'''lateephar?'' (You don't want to begin dancing with me?)


'''Honoring negation''' for 2nd person polite forms consists of (second person) negation affixes with root second apophony and ''saal''-particle placed after the verb: ''K'''é'''p'''oz'''athar saal.'' (You'll be unable to wash Yourself, unfortunately.)
'''Honoring negation''' for 2nd person polite forms consists of (second person) negation affixes with root second apophony and ''saal''-particle placed after the verb: ''K'''é'''p'''oz'''athar saal.'' (You'll be unable to wash Yourself, unfortunately.)
Juhhmi
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