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Skyrdagor: Difference between revisions
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==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
===Nouns=== | |||
Most Skyrdagor nouns only inflect for two cases (absolutive and ergative), with no number marking on the nouns themselves; generic quantifiers or numbers with classifiers are used instead. Note, though, that some irregular nouns have a third, fossilized, oblique form (used with most adpositions), and there are some apparent singular/plural pairs, which are however usually analyzed as distinct lemmas. | |||
Some Skyrdagor nouns feature obligatory possession, for example the stem ''bajn-'' (mother) cannot occur without a possessive suffix, i.e. ''bajnym'' "my mother", ''bajnth'' "your (<small>M</small>) mother". Most are common stems, such as ''fon-'' (father), ''szyks-'' (leg), ''ljav-'' (head)... The word stem ''kivly-'' (hand) is obligatorily possessed, but it also has the form ''kivlah'' that acts as the numeral "five". | |||
The only inflection in contemporary Skyrdagor - the ergative, as the absolutive is unmarked - is agglutinative, but the last consonant and, sometimes, the last vowel, determines the shape of the suffix: | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"; | |||
|- | |||
! <sub>Final consonant ↓</sub> \ <sup>Last vowel →</sup> !! Front<br/>/i iː ɪ˞ ɛ eː aɪ̯/ !! /a ɘː ɚ ɒː ɒ˞/ !! /ɯ ɯ˞ ʊɪ̯/ !! Back rounded<br/>/u uː ɔ ɔː oː uɪ̯ ɔɪ̯/ | |||
|- | |||
! ∅ (vowel-final word) | |||
| colspan=4 | -z<br/>Graphically ''-yz'' after long vowels written with a vowel letter plus ''g'' or ''f''. | |||
|- | |||
! Labials<br/>/m p b f v/ | |||
| -yz || colspan=2 | -oz | |||
|- | |||
! Light consonants + /r/<br/>/ts tʃ cç ç ʝ ɧ r/ | |||
| -jez || -az || colspan=2 | -joz | |||
|- | |||
! /j/ | |||
| colspan=4 | -ez | |||
|- | |||
! Other neutral consonants<br/>/n t d k g θ ð s z/ | |||
| colspan=3 | -az || -oz | |||
|- | |||
! Other dark consonants<br/>/x ɣ ʃ ʒ ɬ ɮ ŋ/ | |||
| -yz || colspan=3 | -az | |||
|} | |||
Examples: ''humyg'' [xumoː] "son" → ''humygyz'' [xumoːz]; ''hjezla'' [c͡çe͡ɛːɮa] "woman" → ''hjezlaz'' [c͡çe͡ɛːɮaz]; ''lekarn'' [ɮɛkɒ˞n] "man" → ''lekarnaz'' [ɮɛkɒ˞naz]; ''cselsengejel'' [tʃæ͡ɑɬɛŋeːəɮ] "a person from Cselsengeg" → ''cselsengejelyz''. | |||
Obligatorily possessed nouns instead use an ''-asza-'' infix before the possessive, e.g. ''bajnaszam'' "my mother <small>ERG</small>". | |||
===Pronouns=== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
Skyrdagor personal pronouns have three forms - absolutive, ergative, and dative, and each one has a suffixed form used for possession and for inflecting most adpositions. | Skyrdagor personal pronouns have three forms - absolutive, ergative, and dative, and each one has a suffixed form used for possession and for inflecting most adpositions. | ||