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{{Infobox language family | {{Infobox language family | ||
| setting = [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]] | | setting = [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]] | ||
| region = Bjeheond, Talma, Etalocin, Txapoalli | |||
| region = | |||
| name = Lakovic | | name = Lakovic | ||
| familycolor = lakovic | | familycolor = lakovic | ||
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| child5 = Txapoallian Lakovic | | child5 = Txapoallian Lakovic | ||
| child6 = Pfiunic | | child6 = Pfiunic | ||
}} | }} | ||
The '''Lakovic languages''' (/ləˈkoʊvɪk/ ''lə-KOH-vik''; [[Naeng]]: ''fi imbrits Lăcof'' <small>Bjeheondian:</small> [vɪ (ʔ)ɪmˈbrits ləˈkaov]) are a major [[Verse:Tricin|Trician]] language family, originally native to [[Verse:Tricin/Bjeheond|Bjeheond]]. The family is inspired by Semitic, Mon-Khmer and Austronesian languages. | The '''Lakovic languages''' (/ləˈkoʊvɪk/ ''lə-KOH-vik''; [[Naeng]]: ''fi imbrits Lăcof'' <small>Bjeheondian:</small> [vɪ (ʔ)ɪmˈbrits ləˈkaov]) are a major [[Verse:Tricin|Trician]] language family, originally native to [[Verse:Tricin/Bjeheond|Bjeheond]]. The family is inspired by Semitic, Mon-Khmer and Austronesian languages. | ||
The family is named after * | The family is named after *lakof, the PLak reconstructed word for 'human'. *lakof is the etymon of [[Naeng]] ''Wen Lăchua'' '(poetic) [[Verse:Tricin/Wen Dămea|Wen Dămea]]', [[Tseer]] ''lakow'' 'free', and several other ethnonyms of Lakovic-speaking peoples such as [[Dak'ox]]. | ||
{{Windermere sidebar}} | {{Windermere sidebar}} | ||
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==Phylogeny== | ==Phylogeny== | ||
Most scholars agree on the following major branches: | Most scholars agree on the following major branches: | ||
*[[Naeng languages|Naengic]] | *[[Naeng languages|Naengic]] (aka Ashanic) | ||
**[[Naeng/Classical|Classical Naeng]] | **[[Naeng/Classical|Classical Naeng]] | ||
***[[Naeng|Modern Naeng]] | ***[[Naeng|Modern Naeng]] | ||
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***Modern [[Tseer]] | ***Modern [[Tseer]] | ||
*[[Häskä]] | *[[Häskä]] | ||
* [[Ksieħ]] | |||
*[[Pfiunian]] dialect continuum (Pseudo-Swiss German) | |||
*Txapoallian Lakovic | *Txapoallian Lakovic | ||
**[[Tsăloșian]] dialect continuum (near Sowaazhpi) | |||
**[[Dakʼox]] (Ejective-y, tonal language) | **[[Dakʼox]] (Ejective-y, tonal language) | ||
*[[!Zoom]] | * Lakovic isolates: | ||
** [[!Zoom]] | |||
** [[Schong]] | |||
** [[Æ]] | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
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! colspan=2 | | ! colspan=2 | | ||
! | Labial | ! | Labial | ||
! | Alveolar | ! | Dental/Alveolar | ||
! | Lateral | ! | Lateral | ||
! | Palatal | ! | Palatal | ||
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! colspan="2" | Nasal | ! colspan="2" | Nasal | ||
| '''*m''' /m/ | | '''*m''' /m/ | ||
| '''*n''' /n/ | | '''*n''' /n{{den}}/ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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! <small>voiced</small> | ! <small>voiced</small> | ||
| '''*b''' /b/ | | '''*b''' /b/ | ||
| '''*d''' /d/ | | '''*d''' /d{{den}}/ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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! <small>voiceless</small> | ! <small>voiceless</small> | ||
| '''*p''' /p/ | | '''*p''' /p/ | ||
| '''*t''' /t/ | | '''*t''' /t{{den}}/ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| '''*k''' /k/ | | '''*k''' /k/ | ||
| | | '''*ʔ''' /ʔ/ | ||
|-align=center | |-align=center | ||
! colspan="2" | Affricate | ! colspan="2" | Affricate | ||
| | | | ||
| '''*c''' / | | '''*c''' /t͡{{den}}s{{den}}/ | ||
| '''*ć''' /t͡ɬ/ | | '''*ć''' /t͡ɬ/ | ||
| | | | ||
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|-align=center | |-align=center | ||
! colspan="2" | Fricative | ! colspan="2" | Fricative | ||
| '''* | | '''*f''' /ɸ/ | ||
| '''*s''' /s/ | | '''*s''' /s{{den}}/ | ||
| '''*ś''' /ɬ/ | | '''*ś''' /ɬ/ | ||
| '''*š''' /ʃ/ | | '''*š''' /ʃ/ | ||
| | | '''*x''' /χ/ | ||
| '''* | | '''*h''' /ɦ/ | ||
|-align=center | |-align=center | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| '''*w''' /w/ | | '''*w''' /w/ | ||
| '''*r''' /r/ | | '''*r''' /r/ | ||
| '''*l''' /l/ | | '''*l''' /l{{den}}/ | ||
| '''*y''' /j/ | | '''*y''' /j/ | ||
| | | | ||
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|} | |} | ||
The voiceless stops '''p t k ts tś''' were weakly aspirated like Japanese voiceless stops. | The voiceless stops '''p t k ts tś''' were weakly aspirated like Japanese voiceless stops. | ||
'''m n l r''' could be syllabic in unstressed affixes. | '''m n l r''' could be syllabic in unstressed affixes. | ||
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*''lakof'' 'person' > ''lakof-lakof'' 'people' | *''lakof'' 'person' > ''lakof-lakof'' 'people' | ||
*''lbān'' 'water > ''lbān-lbān'' 'a lot of water' | *''lbān'' 'water > ''lbān-lbān'' 'a lot of water' | ||
Nouns had no morphological case; genitive noun phrases were formed by concatenation. | Nouns had no morphological case; genitive noun phrases were formed by concatenation. | ||
Naengic developed a new associative plural suffix ''-am'', from PLak ''päm'' 'that; those (distal demonstrative)' (the ''-am'' in Modern Windermere plural pronouns ''łănam'', ''ănam''). | |||
===Pronouns=== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
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Verbs inflected for triggers, TAM, pluractionality, evidentiality, and gender agreement. Present-day Lakovic languages preserve these inflections to varying levels. | Verbs inflected for triggers, TAM, pluractionality, evidentiality, and gender agreement. Present-day Lakovic languages preserve these inflections to varying levels. | ||
====TAM==== | ====TAM==== | ||
The following verb affixes marked lexical aspect and voice/transitivity/denominality. | |||
*unmarked or li- = imperfective | *unmarked or li- = imperfective | ||
*-H = perfective | *-H = perfective | ||
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**ongFa- = X for oneself, X in advance | **ongFa- = X for oneself, X in advance | ||
* {{angbr|əp}} | |||
* {{angbr|əŋ}} | |||
* {{angbr|it}} | |||
* | * {{angbr|əm/nəm}} | ||
* | * {{angbr|əg}} | ||
* | * {{angbr|əkəm}} | ||
* | * {{angbr|lis}} | ||
* | |||
* | |||
* | |||
====Nominalization==== | ====Nominalization==== | ||
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*{{angbr|X}} = agentive or instrument | *{{angbr|X}} = agentive or instrument | ||
**Wdm root vowel breathiness | **Wdm root vowel breathiness | ||
*{{angbr| | *{{angbr|af}} = verb forming prefix or infix | ||
**Wdm initial voicing, sometimes also breathy root vowel | **Wdm initial voicing, sometimes also breathy root vowel | ||
* | *bif- = agentive | ||
**Wdm. ''pă-'' + voicing (not productive) | **Wdm. ''pă-'' + voicing (not productive) | ||
**Tseer ''ba-'' | **Tseer ''ba-'' | ||
* | *xa- = resultative (passive in Windermere) | ||
*t- = intensive, denominals | *t- = intensive, denominals | ||
**Wdm. ''th-'' or ''t-'' (not productive) | **Wdm. ''th-'' or ''t-'' (not productive) | ||
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==Proto-Lakovic syntax== | ==Proto-Lakovic syntax== | ||
Proto-Lakovic had | Proto-Lakovic had unmarked word order VSO. | ||
===Triggers=== | ===Triggers=== | ||
*''spe- | *''spe-f fit Qopr-is ŋa rif'' (walk-PFV IND height-FEM DIR 1SG) = I walked up high (neutral) | ||
*''s<əŋ>pe- | *''s<əŋ>pe-f fit rif ŋa Qopris'' (<DEST>walk-PFV IND 1SG DIR high) = I walked up high (emphasis on "up high") | ||
===Copular sentences=== | ===Copular sentences=== | ||
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This caused some triggers to be reinterpreted as noun-deriving affixes in some daughter languages. Demonstration by contrived example, with the instrument trigger: | This caused some triggers to be reinterpreted as noun-deriving affixes in some daughter languages. Demonstration by contrived example, with the instrument trigger: | ||
:'''''p{{angbr| | :'''''p{{angbr|ak}}tuś fit rif fit Qin ŋa maXokis.''''' | ||
:{{angbr|INST}}stab IND 1SG IND 3SG.M DIR stone-F | :{{angbr|INST}}stab IND 1SG IND 3SG.M DIR stone-F | ||
:''I stabbed him with the stone.'' | :''I stabbed him with the stone.'' | ||
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Copular sentences are zero-copula and do not use case markers except ''Hit'': ''biHdaŋ Hit lakoF.'' = 'The person is a soldier/warrior.' | Copular sentences are zero-copula and do not use case markers except ''Hit'': ''biHdaŋ Hit lakoF.'' = 'The person is a soldier/warrior.' | ||
Some "adjectives" are actually prepositional phrases instead of verbs: | |||
''*Xu Qopr fit fedn Xtar.'' (PRED high.NOM DIR creature black) 'The black one is up high.' | |||
== Sample text == | == Sample text == | ||
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(todo: double check, account for Grassmann. This also omits gender affixes.) | (todo: double check, account for Grassmann. This also omits gender affixes.) | ||
--> | --> | ||
''** | ''**ŋift ntor mangār se dak kaft. "mef raq śen ʔam?" dambic pin bindaq PN. mi qangfnung katkfat nataX qemrecal sen Hdān: "šruk day qatsHiw: dak manknas, tap day amfuc ftom, liw qatsalfiw, tak malfuc, n-dHon talak." "fna mef raq, sru fenfden grāt nataX? dambic pin bindaq PN. "gaŋaX, pin bindaq: cār bindik panratfaŋ, day fanpsak binkawantik nataX ya pin grāt pi!" "qaruy šaX-kaft se caruŋ sen tapal panaw panaw." empsfŋim šaX pin kaft pin bindaq PN.'' | ||
=== Another one === | === Another one === |
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