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| name = Tũka | | name = Tũka | ||
| nativename = i tũka | | nativename = i tũka | ||
| altname = | | altname = Tuica | ||
| pronunciation = i̯ ˈtuj.ka | | pronunciation = i̯ ˈtuj.ka | ||
| created = 2024 | | created = 2024 | ||
| Line 10: | Line 10: | ||
| notice = ipa | | notice = ipa | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Tũka'''(/tuːkə/; <small>Tũka</small>: [[Help:IPA|[ˈtuj.ka]]]) is an [[A priori|a priori]] [[Artistic language|artlang]] that follows the design principle of "simple sounds, complex grammar". In principle, the language is heavily influenced by [[Toki Pona]], though the orthography is inspired by [[w:Polynesian languages|Polynesian languages]] and [[w:Portuguese language|Portuguese]]. | '''Tũka'''(/tuːkə/; <small>Tũka</small>: [[Help:IPA|[ˈtuj.ka]]]), also called '''Tuica''', is an [[A priori|a priori]] [[Artistic language|artlang]] that follows the design principle of "simple sounds, complex grammar". In principle, the language is heavily influenced by [[Toki Pona]], though the orthography is inspired by [[w:Polynesian languages|Polynesian languages]] and [[w:Portuguese language|Portuguese]]. | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Orthography=== | ===Orthography=== | ||
Tũka orthography is heavily inspired by Portuguese and the Polynesian languages. Almost all consonants in Tũka are identical to their IPA symbols, except for /ɲ/, which is written ⟨nh⟩, like in Portuguese. | Tũka orthography is heavily inspired by Portuguese and the Polynesian languages. Almost all consonants in Tũka are identical to their IPA symbols, except for /ɲ/, which is written ⟨nh⟩, like in Portuguese. | ||
====Tilde letters==== | |||
Like in Portuguese, Tũka has tilde letters(letters with a squiggly line on top, like ⟨Ãã⟩), though their pronunciation is different. In Portuguese(and the IPA), tilde letters represent nasalised vowels, but in Tũka they represent vowels followed by a voiced palatal approximant(/-j/), although ⟨Ĩĩ⟩ represents a vowel ''preceded'' by a voiced palatal approximant. | |||
When a voiced alveolar nasal consonant(/n/) is followed by a ⟨ĩ⟩, the diphthong(triphthong?) is written ⟨nhi⟩. | |||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | ||
| Line 30: | Line 34: | ||
| || l || || j || | | || l || || j || | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | ||
! !! colspan=2 | Short !! colspan=2 | Long | ! rowspan=2 | !! colspan=2 | Short !! colspan=2 | Long | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Front !! Back !! Front !! Back | ! Front !! Back !! Front !! Back | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Close | ! Close | ||
| i || u || | | i || u || iː || uː | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Open | ! Open | ||
| a || || | | a || || aː || | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Prosody=== | ===Prosody=== | ||
| Line 49: | Line 52: | ||
Tũka uses what I call Juke's law, which I have used in other languages, like in [[Kutic#Phonotactics|Kutic]] and [[Proto-Tassinean#Agin's law|Proto-Tassinean]]. Essentially, two phonemes of the same consonant category(e.g. plosive, fricative, etc.) can not be directly adjacent to each other, e.g. /tka/ would not be possible, as both /t/ and /k/ are plosives. | Tũka uses what I call Juke's law, which I have used in other languages, like in [[Kutic#Phonotactics|Kutic]] and [[Proto-Tassinean#Agin's law|Proto-Tassinean]]. Essentially, two phonemes of the same consonant category(e.g. plosive, fricative, etc.) can not be directly adjacent to each other, e.g. /tka/ would not be possible, as both /t/ and /k/ are plosives. | ||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
===Colours=== | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | |||
! English !! Tũka | |||
|- | |||
| red || ''mlilã'' | |||
|- | |||
| blue || ''lupa'' | |||
|- | |||
| yellow || rowspan=2| ''akla'' | |||
|- | |||
| orange | |||
|- | |||
| purple || ''pitum'' | |||
|- | |||
| green || ''ukaku'' | |||
|} | |||
===="Orange-yellow/saffron"==== | |||
Unlike in English, where orange and yellow are considered separate colours, in Tũka, they are considered two shades of the same colour, ''akla'', which often gets translated as "orange-yellow" or "saffron". A comparable naturalistic equivalent would be the distinction between ''goluboy'' and ''siniy'' in Russian, which Russian speakers consider entirely separate colours, about as distinct as an English speakers distinguish blue and green. To an English speaker, ''goluboy'' and ''siniy'' would be considered two shades of the same colour, blue. | |||
In the same vein, while English speakers consider yellow and orange to be completely separate colours, Tũka speakers consider them two shades of one colour: ''akla'', which most Tũka speakers consider to be attributable to the hex code [https://www.color-hex.com/color/faa805 #faa805]. | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
===Modes=== | |||
Tũka has two "modes": the '''agglutinative''' and '''isolating''' mode. | |||
====Isolating==== | |||
The isolating mode is the most commonly used mode in Tũka. It is a mode where information such as grammatical number, noun case and/or verb tense are represented by independent particles, like ''i'' or ''ũ''. By default, most of the information on here(excluding the section on the agglutinative mode) is in isolating mode, including the section on constituent order and grammatical number, as well as noun case and verb tense. | |||
====Agglutinative==== | |||
The agglutinative mode is when instead of noun case and verb tense being inferred through preceding particles, such as ''i'' or ''lu'', verb tense and noun case are inferred via suffixes to the verb or noun in question. This is less used than the isolating mode, but it can still be used and is often used to characterise a polite way of talking. Thus, it is often called the equivalent of a "polite register" in Tũka. | |||
Agglutinative nouns and verbs mostly put (what would be) the particle in the isolating mode after the word as a suffix, e.g. in isolating: ''i lã''(I) becomes ''lãi'' or simply ''lã''. Additionally, though the normal constituent order does not change from SOV, the constituent order in imperative sentences, which is VSO in isolating mode, becomes SVO in agglutinative mode instead. | |||
The agglutinative mode also includes more noun cases: the '''dative''', '''genitive''' and '''locative'''. | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ Agglutinative suffixes for genitive, dative & locative | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | !! colspan=3 | Case | |||
|- | |||
! Genitive !! Dative !! Locative | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=3 | Number | |||
! Singular | |||
| ''-il'' || ''-yã'' || ''-ĩtu'' | |||
|- | |||
! Dual | |||
| ''-inh'' || ''-kaho'' || ''-kīn'' | |||
|- | |||
! Plural | |||
| ''-iln'' || ''-ũan'' || ''-pã'' | |||
|} | |||
===Gender=== | |||
Tũka has five grammatical genders: '''masculine'''-'''feminine'''-'''neuter''' for people, and '''animate'''-'''inanimate''' for non-human things, though animate-inanimate is usually used to denote if something is alive or dead respectively. If a noun has a masculine, feminine or neuter gender, then it is assumed to be a live human. If the human is dead, in an attempt to not dehumanise the dead person, the word ''tlapi''(basically meaning "unfortunately dead") is used. The word ''tlapi'' is ungendered, so its inflection does not change regardless of who is being talked about. | |||
Inflection-wise, grammatical gender only affects adjectives. Particles, nouns or agglutinative case suffixes do not change form based on grammatical gender. | |||
====Animacy==== | |||
For non-human things with no clear gender(yes, including animals, grammatical gender in Tũka does not necessarily correspond with sex), the genders '''inanimate''' or '''animate''' are used. Although inanimate and animate technically only mean things that do or do not move naturally, animacy in Tũka is mostly used to refer to alive or dead things, with the animacy of the adjective sometimes semantically affecting the word, e.g. ''lumũ tāt''(lit. ''inanimate leaf'') means "autumn leaf", as autumn leaves are usually categorised by their yellow-orange colour that signifies death. | |||
===Number=== | ===Number=== | ||
Unlike in English, where only sgular and plural declensions exist, Tũka uses three declensions: '''singular''', '''dual''' and '''plural''', in this case "plural" meaning three or more of an item, and all words have to be distinguished by a number particle, such as ''i tũka''("Tũka language"), lit. {{sc|sg}}.{{sc|nom}}, though ''i'' is only in nominative. In accusative, ''u'' is used and in absolutive ''ī'' is used. | Unlike in English, where only sgular and plural declensions exist, Tũka uses three declensions: '''singular''', '''dual''' and '''plural''', in this case "plural" meaning three or more of an item, and all words have to be distinguished by a number particle, such as ''i tũka''("Tũka language"), lit. {{sc|sg}}.{{sc|nom}}, though ''i'' is only in nominative. In accusative, ''u'' is used and in absolutive ''ī'' is used. | ||
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|+ Tũka grammatical number particles | |+ Tũka grammatical number particles | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | !! colspan=3 | | ! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | !! colspan=3 | Number | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Singular !! Dual !! Plural | ! Singular !! Dual !! Plural | ||
| Line 70: | Line 127: | ||
| ''ī'' || ''ã'' || ''lu'' | | ''ī'' || ''ã'' || ''lu'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
==== | ====Examples==== | ||
: ''I lã ī tũka en sikuĩ.'' | : ''I lã ī tũka en sikuĩ.'' | ||
: {{sc|sg}}.{{sc|nom}} {{sc|1}}.{{sc|sg}} {{sc|sg}}.{{sc|abs}} Tũka {{sc|pres}} speak- | : {{sc|sg}}.{{sc|nom}} {{sc|1}}.{{sc|sg}} {{sc|sg}}.{{sc|abs}} Tũka {{sc|pres}} speak-{{sc|1}}.{{sc|sg}}. | ||
: I speak (the) Tũka (language). | |||
===Constituent order=== | ===Constituent order=== | ||
Tũka uses an SOV constituent order in most sentences, though the verb comes first(VSO) in imperative sentences, as well as the imperative particle, ''im'', which goes after the verb. | Tũka uses an SOV constituent order in most sentences, though the verb comes first(VSO) in imperative sentences, as well as the imperative particle, ''im'', which goes after the verb. | ||
====Noun-adjective order==== | |||
Tũka puts the adjective after the noun, an aspect of the language borrowed from [[Toki Pona]]. | |||
===Noun phrase=== | ===Noun phrase=== | ||
===Verb phrase=== | ===Verb phrase=== | ||