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Takkenit: Difference between revisions
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===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
Takkenit nouns have the grammatical categories of number (singular, dual, plural), case (nominative, genitive, accusative, locative, ablative and vocative) and possessivity (non-possessive versus possessive forms). Yet because the language is active-stative rather that nominative-accusative, the nominative case is sometimes called the agentive, the accusative - the patientive and the locative - the indirect or oblique case (locative has also the function of dative and marks an indirect object of a sentence). If a clause has more that one word (such a in "a small bush") endings are attached only to the main word of a clause: kulu kenna ("small bush", nominative singular) and ''kulu kennim'' ("small bushes", accusative plural). | Takkenit nouns have the grammatical categories of number (singular, dual, plural), case (nominative, genitive, accusative, locative, ablative and vocative) and possessivity (non-possessive versus possessive forms). Yet because the language is active-stative rather that nominative-accusative, the nominative case is sometimes called the agentive, the accusative - the patientive and the locative - the indirect or oblique case (locative has also the function of dative and marks an indirect object of a sentence). If a clause has more that one word (such a in "a small bush") endings are attached only to the main word of a clause: kulu kenna ("small bush", nominative singular) and ''kulu kennim'' ("small bushes", accusative plural). | ||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ Case suffixes | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | Singular | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | Dual | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | Plural | |||
|- | |||
! Nominative | |||
| -Ø || -ki/-ka || -i-t" | |||
|- | |||
! Genitive | |||
| -n || -ki-ŋ/-ka-ŋ || -i-nək | |||
|-" | |||
! Accusative | |||
| -m || -ki-m/-ka-m || -i-m" | |||
|- | |||
! Locative I | |||
| -ni/-na || -ki-ne/-ka-na || -i-ni/-i-na | |||
|- | |||
! Locative II | |||
| -n-ta || -ki-nti/-ka-nta || -i-nti/-i-nta | |||
|- | |||
! Ablative | |||
| -ta || -ki-ti/-ka-ta || -i-ti/-i-ta | |||
|- | |||
! Vocative | |||
| -e || — || — | |||
|} | |||
There are two locative cases in Takkenit. The locative I is used to describe place or position, while locative II is used, when the position changes or to describe direction of motion. Also this case is used as an indirect object marker in phrases like: "I gave a small fish to the woman" - ''Urkum imkəmkan ŋenanta'', where "''ŋenanta''" means "to the woman". | |||
The genitive case is used instead of accusative, when an absence of something is mentioned. For example, in ''kinjəri puŋkim (e)'' ("the dog has a tail") accusative ending is used to mark the direct object, but in ''kinjəri puŋkin ne'' ("the dog has no tail") genitive is used instead. | |||
In order to mark possession, genitive case is used. But Takkenit does not have possessive pronouns like English "my" or "her". It uses special possessive endings instead, which are attached to a word after all of its suffixes. If a word already contains case or case and number endings, than they are slightly altered and put before and after a possessive ending. For instace, ''kinjərin'' ("of a dog"), ''kinjərimən'' ("of my dog") and ''kinjəritmitən'' ("of our dogs"). | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ Possessive suffixes | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | Singular | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | Dual | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | Plural | |||
|- | |||
! 1<sup>st</sup> singular | |||
| -m || -kə-m || -tə-m | |||
|- | |||
! 2<sup>nd</sup> singular | |||
| -t || -kə-t || -tə-t | |||
|-" | |||
! 3<sup>rd</sup> singular | |||
| -te || -ik-te || -it-te | |||
|- | |||
! 1<sup>st</sup> dual | |||
| -muk || -ik-muk || -it-muk | |||
|- | |||
! 2<sup>nd</sup> dual | |||
| -tuk || -ik-tuk || -it-tuk | |||
|- | |||
! 3<sup>rd</sup> dual | |||
| -tek || -ik-tek || -it-tek | |||
|- | |||
! 1<sup>st</sup> plural | |||
| -mit || -ik-mit || -it-mit | |||
|- | |||
! 2<sup>nd</sup> plural | |||
| -tit || -ik-tit || -it-tit | |||
|- | |||
! 3<sup>rd</sup> plural | |||
| -tet || -ik-tet || -it-tet | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
===Particles=== | ===Particles=== | ||