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Takkenit: Difference between revisions
→Subjunctive mood
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====Focus markers==== | |||
Focus markers in Takkenit refers to a main topic of a sentence. When someone talks on a specific topic, at the beginning the topic is usually unknown, in which case it is necessary to explicitly mention it. As the discourse carries on, the object (or subject, or even both of them) can be not focused, if it's not necessary for a speaker, or it can still carry a focus marker, if a speaker needs to emphasize the topic. These markers can also carry evidentiality (to distinguish whether an event had been experienced by the speaker directly or by someone else). This is also the way to focus narrator or listener (some examles below the table). For instance: ''Nukkuŋa kulam kattəkaleŋ'' - "A young man has really caught a big fish (and I saw it)" and ''Nukkuŋa kulam kattəkale'' "I heard, a young man caught a big fish". | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ focus markers | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
! singular | |||
! dual | |||
! plural | |||
|- | |||
! 1<sup>st</sup> person | |||
| -ŋ | |||
| -uŋ | |||
| -jəŋ | |||
|- | |||
! 2<sup>nd</sup> person | |||
| -k | |||
| -uk | |||
| -jək | |||
|- | |||
! 3<sup>rd</sup> person | |||
| -le | |||
| -je | |||
| -jte | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
If both object and subject are focused, then an object focus marker comes first, while a subject one is attached right after it. A focus marker is always located at the very end of a verb after all the other suffixes it has. They are not an obligatory part of verbs, but are often used to clarify a context. In South East dialects these markers are attached to nouns instead, merging them with a case suffix and thus are used just like Japanese topic markers. In other dialects it is possible to attach the ''-l'' suffix to a direct object of a sentence in order to emphasize it, but this is usually done through the word order and this suffix is rarely used. | |||
Here are some examples of how these markers can be used: | |||
:''Kirum tiktumi'' "I sew clothes" - neutral. | |||
:''Kirum tiktumiŋ'' "I sew clothes (because I know how to do it and not someone else)" - subject focused. | |||
:''Kirum tiktumik'' "I sew clothes (you know about it, right?)" - listener focused. | |||
:''Kirum tiktumile'' "It's clothes I sew (not anything else)" - object focused. | |||
:''Kirum tiktumileŋ'' "I sew clothes (it's the thing I can always do)" - both object and subject. | |||
:''Kirum tiktumiŋek'' "It's clothes I sew (as you can see)" - both object and listener focused. | |||
:''Kirum tiktutikeŋ'' "You sew clothes (I can see you do it)" - both subject and narrator focused. | |||
===Particles=== | ===Particles=== | ||