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Teivo: Difference between revisions
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===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
There are four main types of verbs: impersonal (no determinate subject), intransitive (one subject only), transitive (both subject and direct object), ditransitive (one subject and two objects). Not every verb can belong to all types, some (like ''unuara'' "to sleep") belong only to one type (in this case - intransitive). | All Teivo verbs are inflect according to the following structure: | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="3" | Prefix | |||
! colspan="7" | Stem | |||
! colspan="4" | Suffixes | |||
|- | |||
| -3 | |||
| -2 | |||
| -1 | |||
| 0 | |||
| 1 | |||
| 2 | |||
| 3 | |||
| 4 | |||
| 5 | |||
| 6 | |||
| 7 | |||
| 8 | |||
| 9 | |||
| 10 | |||
|- | |||
| <small>adverbial</small> | |||
| <small>negation</small> | |||
| <small>interrogative</small> | |||
| <small>'''root'''</small> | |||
| <small>valence</small> | |||
| <small>applicative</small> | |||
| <small>verb type<br>modifier</small> | |||
| <small>subaspect</small> | |||
| <small>aspect</small> | |||
| <small>mood</small> | |||
| <small>inverse<br>marker</small> | |||
| <small>indirect<br>object</small> | |||
| <small>direct object<br>subject</small> | |||
| <small>impersonal</small> | |||
|} | |||
It may seem complicated, however no verbs actually fill all of the given templates. A single verb typically has three to five templates full simultaneously (at least root and any person marker template must be present in order to make a verb). | |||
There are four main types of verbs: impersonal (no determinate subject), intransitive (one subject only), transitive (both subject and direct object), ditransitive (one subject and two objects). Not every verb can belong to all types, some (like ''unuara'' "to sleep") belong only to one type (in this case - intransitive, but technically it can be turned into transitive with a causative suffix: ''unutunara'' "to cause to sleep"). | |||
*'''Impersonal''' or [[w:Avalency|avalent]] verbs are used in sentences with no determinate subject or if both the agent and the patient are inanimate, so neither can be a subject of such a sentence. An impersonal marker ''-e'' is put after a stem to make a verb avalent. | *'''Impersonal''' or [[w:Avalency|avalent]] verbs are used in sentences with no determinate subject or if both the agent and the patient are inanimate, so neither can be a subject of such a sentence. An impersonal marker ''-e'' is put after a stem to make a verb avalent. | ||
:{| | :{| | ||
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|branch-INAN.PAU | |branch-INAN.PAU | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="2" |"The axe has cut off | | colspan="2" |"The axe has cut off a few branches". | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="2" |"By means of | | colspan="2" |"By means of an axe, a few branches have been cut off". | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! 1<sup>st</sup> singular | ! 1<sup>st</sup> singular | ||
| — ||-ne ||- | | — ||-ne ||-qe || -vei ||-noi ||-oi ||-are ||-nne ||-ute | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2<sup>nd</sup> singular | ! 2<sup>nd</sup> singular | ||
| -ao ||— ||- | | -ao ||— ||-qo ||-veo ||-noo ||-oo ||-aro ||-nno ||-uto | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3<sup>rd</sup> singular | ! 3<sup>rd</sup> singular | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! 1<sup>st</sup> dual | ! 1<sup>st</sup> dual | ||
| -rau ||-nau ||- | | -rau ||-nau ||-qau ||— ||-nou ||-oau ||-arau ||-nnu ||-utau | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2<sup>nd</sup> dual | ! 2<sup>nd</sup> dual | ||
| -ava ||-rva ||- | | -ava ||-rva ||-qa ||-vea ||— ||-oa ||-arva ||-unna ||-uca | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 3<sup>rd</sup> dual | ! 3<sup>rd</sup> dual | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! 1<sup>st</sup> singular | ! 1<sup>st</sup> singular | ||
| - | | -ri- || ''taari-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2<sup>nd</sup> singular | ! 2<sup>nd</sup> singular | ||
| -tu || ''taatu-'' | | -tu- || ''taatu-'' | ||
|-" | |-" | ||
! 3<sup>rd</sup> singular | ! 3<sup>rd</sup> singular<br>proximate | ||
| -o- || ''tao-'' | | -o- || ''tao-'' | ||
|- | |||
! 3<sup>rd</sup> singular<br>obviate | |||
| -e- || ''tae-'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! 1<sup>st</sup> dual | ! 1<sup>st</sup> dual | ||
| - | | -ro- || ''taaro-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 2<sup>nd</sup> dual | ! 2<sup>nd</sup> dual<br>proximate | ||
| -tuo || ''tatuo-'' | | -tuo- || ''tatuo-'' | ||
|-" | |-" | ||
! 3<sup>rd</sup> dual<br>obviate | |||
| -vo- || ''taavo-'' | |||
|- | |||
! 3<sup>rd</sup> dual | ! 3<sup>rd</sup> dual | ||
| - | | -ei- || ''taei-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! 1<sup>st</sup> plural | ! 1<sup>st</sup> plural | ||
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| -tot- || ''tatot-'' | | -tot- || ''tatot-'' | ||
|-" | |-" | ||
! 3<sup>rd</sup> plural | ! 3<sup>rd</sup> plural<br>proximate | ||
| -tto- || ''taatto-'' | | -tto- || ''taatto-'' | ||
|- | |||
! 3<sup>rd</sup> plural<br>obviate | |||
| -tte- || ''taatte-'' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
Technically, tritransitive verbs exist, but they are rare and are formed differently, typically either using benefactive or applicative voice: | |||
:{| | |||
|Kirvapoteetoqe | |||
|rekiru | |||
|- | |||
|Kirva-po-tee-t-o-qe | |||
|rekiru-Ø | |||
|- | |||
|write-PFV-3S.BEN-TR-3S.IO-3S.DO.1S.S | |||
|letter-INAN.SG | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="2" |"I wrote him/her a letter for you". | |||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
[[Category:Languages]] | [[Category:Languages]] | ||