Tergetian vernaculars: Difference between revisions

From Linguifex
Jump to navigation Jump to search
mNo edit summary
 
(58 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
'''Al-Qayljiyyah''' (the Arabic name for the language; the native name is ''a Ᵹaeiliᵹ'') is a descendant of Old Irish that has been heavily influenced by Arabic. It is written using the Arabic script. '''Qaylji''' may be used in English as the related adjective. It has lost mutations and grammatical gender.
In [[Eevo]], "'''Tergetian languages'''" (''Terjedib'' or ''łynøñ Terjed'') refers to naturally evolved vernacular descendants of Classical Tseer. This is ironic, as Wen Dămea was called the Tergetian empire by some peoples in ancient times.


The resident Jewish minority speaks [[Judeo-Gaelic]] instead, which is grammatically slightly more conservative.
== Common features ==
== A Ᵹiumhúirie Ᵹaelaċ ==
* AuxVOS, with V a verbal noun (from topic final word order in Classical Tseer)
The '''Gaelic Republic''' (''a Ᵹiumhúirie Ᵹaelaċ'' /ə ɟʊmˈhuːrʲjə ˈgeːlˠəχ/) is a Goidelic-speaking, historically Muslim country comprising the entirety of the British Isles. It's often shortened to ''an Ᵹiumhúirie'' by its inhabitants. The indigenous Celtic speaking peoples converted to Islam around 11th century AD.
* Verbal nouns treated ergatively like in Irish ("my love to/by-him" means "his love for me") [a Standard Average Talman feature, opposite of SAE or Hebrew/JBA]
 
* Large but closed class of auxiliaries, e.g. for tense marking, or things like "marbeh lisloach" 'forgives often' (shared to some extent by Anbirese)
Today the Ᵹiumhúirie is a secular republic but many Islamic elements remain ceremonially.
* Marks pluractionality by pluralizing the verbal noun
 
* construct state marked by a reflex of the CTseer 3sg.m possessive pronoun ''in''
== Phonology ==
* Verb tenses work a lot like like in Jewish Babylonian Aramaic or Scottish Gaelic
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
** "in VN" or "on VN" for imperfective aspect unmarked for tense
|-
** "after VN" for perfective aspect
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
** an auxiliary can be used to mark tense, which is relative to conjunctions like "before": "before (future aux)", "after (past aux)"
! rowspan="2" | Labial
! colspan="2" | Dental/Alveolar
! rowspan="2" |Retroflex
! rowspan="2" |Palatal
! rowspan="2" | Dorsal
! rowspan="2" | Glottal
|- style="font-size: small;"
! {{small|broad}}
! {{small|slender}}
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| m
| n̪ˠ || nʲ
|
|
| ŋ
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | Stop
! <small>voiceless</small>
| p
| t̪ˠ || tʲ
|
| c
| k
| ʔ
|-
! <small>voiced</small>
| b
| d̪ˠ || dʲ
|
| ɟ
| g
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | Fricative
! <small>voiceless</small>
| f
| s̪ˠ || ɕ
| ʂ
| ç
| χ
| h
|-
! <small>voiced</small>
| v
| z̪ˠ
| ʑ
|
|
| γ
|
|-
! colspan="2" | Resonant
| w
| r̠ˠ~ɹˠ, lˠ
| rʲ, lʲ
|
| j
|
|
|}
 
Especially in educated, careful and formal speech, vowel-initial words are pronounced with a glottal stop.
 
Obstruents are subject to Auslautverhärtung.
 
=== Vowels ===
/a ɪ ʊ ɔ ə ɐ a: (e:) ɵ:~o: i: ʉ:~u: əj əw iə uə/
 
* "Conjugation by imāla": OIr /a:/ after non-velarized consonants merges with OIr /e₂ː/ and is pronounced [a:~ä:] in young urban secular speech e.g. ''Gaibd ar Raħmán'' [ɐbdʲəɹˠəh'ma:n]; سْكال ''scéal'' [ɕcaːlˠ] 'news; story'. After velarized consonants [ɔː] is used.
* Our Irish broad /e:/ becomes /əj/
 
/ɐ/ is found as an "ayin-colored" reduced vowel in words of Arabic origin: e.g. Gaizíz /ɐˈʑiːɕ/ (male name)
 
=== Intonation ===
Lifted from German
 
== Orthography ==
Al-Qayljiyyah is written with the Arabic script. Native Gaelic words have established spellings but cannot always be read unambiguously in the orthography, as broadness is unwritten in many cases. ''Siuiciún'', ''šeidde'' and (generally) long vowels are always written.
 
Final schwa is spelled with final ''teá marbúta'' except in proclitics such as ''le'' or ''do'', called ''marbúta'' for short. (final /h/ is spelled with ''há'')
 
Final -(a)idh and -(a)igh are spelled with ى
 
== Romanized spelling ==
Based on our Irish orthography, but:
* Lenition is always spelled with an overdot, never with ''h''. This is because of Arabic clusters with /h/.
* /g/ (broad or slender) is spelled {{angbr|ᵹ}}.
=== Spelling Arabic loans ===
The spelling of Arabic loans strives to be simultaneously as etymological as possible and as faithful to Gaelic orthographical rules as possible. Where conflict exists, this section will specify what to choose.
The Arabic article is transliterated ''ail'' (except (1) when assimilated, and (2) in ''Alláh'' when pronounced with a broad L in Arabic), usually regardless of case endings preceding it.
e.g. Gaibd ail Ceirím 'Abdul Kareem'.
* Geminates are always reflected: e.g. ''Ħaiᵹᵹ'' /hac/ 'Hajj'.
* /dʒ q k x t θ d ð tˁ s sˁ dˁ ðˁ/ are borrowed as /ɟ k c x tʲ tʲ dʲ zʲ tˠ sʲ sˠ zˠ zˠ/.
* ''ra ru rØ'' becomes broad /rˠ/ (unless the r is word final); ''ri'' is slender /rʲ/.
* Arabic /z ʃ ʔ ʕ h ħ/ are transliterated {{angbr|z š ' g h ħ}} /zʲ ʃ ʔ ʔ h h/; the resulting z and š are always slender.
* Arabic labials /m b f w/ {{angbr|m b f v}} are considered to be broadness; these consonants have lost palatalization even in native Qaylji words.
* Arabic /j/ is always {{angbr|j}} initially: ''jagъní'' /ja:nʲi:/ 'i.e., namely'
* /a i u a: i: u: aj aw/ become (b_b, b_s, s_b, s_s): a/ai/ea/ei, oio/oi/io/i, u/ui/iu/iui, á/ái/eá/eái, oío/oí/ío/í, ú/úi/iú/iúi, ae/é/aei/éi, ó/eo/ói/eoi.
* In Arabic loans, final consonant is always slender unless laryngeal, /r/ or emphatic (This is because of the genitive ending ''-i'')
* Iotation in Arabic loans is spelled with an extra ''i'' before the vowel: ''ᵹiumhúirie'' /ɟʊmˈhuːrʲjə/ 'republic'. It palatalizes the preceding consonant unless preceded by ''o''.
* Arabic 3ayn is spelled {{angbr|g}}, but only acts as vowel coloring in Qaylji. It turns neighboring schwa to /ɐ/, and makes diphthongs /aj ai: ae: aw au: ao:/. and turns preceding /a i: u:/ to /a: iə uə/: ''mavdúg'' /məw'dˠuə/ 'spurious'.
* In Arabic clusters that violate ''leathan le leathan agus caol le caol'', the Cyrillic hard sign ъ is used where the broadness switch happens. e.g. ''ceisъra'' /ˈcɛsʲrˠə/ 'kasrah (Arabic vowel sign)'. The hard sign is not necessary when a broad consonant is followed by /j/: ''šeaċsoie'' /ˈʃaxsˠjə/ 'character, personality', from Arabic ''šaxṣiyyah''.
 
== Grammar ==
Due to language contact, Qaylji grammar is more analytic than Irish, Gaelic or Welsh.
 
article = ''a'' (sg), ''na'' (plural); no mutation, no gender
 
Qaylji verbs have three forms:
* imperative (''aimir''): إه ''iṫ!'' 'eat! (sg)', إهوا ''iṫiu!'' (pl)
* verbnoun (''masъdeir''): إهة ''iṫe'' (also a number-neutral imperative)
* passive participle (''isim mafgúil''): إتة ''ite'' (only used adjectivally)
 
The older imperatives are currently losing ground to the verbnoun-based imperative.
 
Native -(a)iᵹ̇ verbs have the following forms:
* imperative: كنّى ''ceannaiᵹ̇!'' كنّوا ''ceannú!'' (< *k'annəju < *k'ennəjṫ-abh) 'buy!'
* verbnoun: كنّو ''ceannú''
* passive participle: كنّهة ''ceannaiṫe''
 
Arabic verbs are borrowed in their VN forms:
* imperative forms كتْبى ''ceitbiᵹ̇'' 'write' (< ''katb'', vn of ''kataba''), صلاتى ''saileáitiᵹ̇'' 'pray' (< ''ṣalā™'', vn of ''ṣallā'')
* verbnoun forms كتْب ''ceitb'', صلاة ''saileá''
* passive participle forms كتْبهة ''ceitbiṫe'' and صلاتهة ''saileáitiṫe''
 
Arabic broken plurals applied to native Gaelic words: ''madra'' 'dog' > ''mudar'' 'dogs'; ''caṫaoir'' 'chair' > ''cuṫuir'' 'chairs'. The regular plural of native ''-e/-a'' nouns is ''-(a)id'', influenced by Arabic ''-āt''.
 
Possession is indicated with ''aᵹ'', rather than with the genitive case or preposed possessive pronouns: ''a maisᵹíd aᵹ a caṫair ᵹainne'' /ʔə məsʲˈciːdʲ ʔəg ə ˈkahərʲ gənʲə/ 'our city's mosque'. "Possessive pronouns": ''ᵹam, ᵹat, aiᵹ/ᵹe (after C/after V), ci, ᵹin, ᵹainne, ᵹaibh, cu'' (the emphatic form ''ᵹainne'' replaced older ''*ᵹainn'' in the 1pl form)
 
3rd person pronouns are ''se, sí, sin'' ('he, she, it')
 
== Wordlist ==
* já (literary) 'O'
* vacъt 'time'
* seága [sʲa:], [sʲa:ʔɐ] (archaic) 'hour'
* deacaíoca [dʲəˈki:kə] 'minute'
* teáinie ['tʲaːnʲjə] 'second'
* caidear 'fate; destiny' (< ''qadar'' 'divine predestination')
 
[[Category:Celtic languages]][[Category:Goidelic languages]][[Category:Indo-European languages]]

Latest revision as of 19:54, 22 April 2023

In Eevo, "Tergetian languages" (Terjedib or łynøñ Terjed) refers to naturally evolved vernacular descendants of Classical Tseer. This is ironic, as Wen Dămea was called the Tergetian empire by some peoples in ancient times.

Common features

  • AuxVOS, with V a verbal noun (from topic final word order in Classical Tseer)
  • Verbal nouns treated ergatively like in Irish ("my love to/by-him" means "his love for me") [a Standard Average Talman feature, opposite of SAE or Hebrew/JBA]
  • Large but closed class of auxiliaries, e.g. for tense marking, or things like "marbeh lisloach" 'forgives often' (shared to some extent by Anbirese)
  • Marks pluractionality by pluralizing the verbal noun
  • construct state marked by a reflex of the CTseer 3sg.m possessive pronoun in
  • Verb tenses work a lot like like in Jewish Babylonian Aramaic or Scottish Gaelic
    • "in VN" or "on VN" for imperfective aspect unmarked for tense
    • "after VN" for perfective aspect
    • an auxiliary can be used to mark tense, which is relative to conjunctions like "before": "before (future aux)", "after (past aux)"
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Tergetian_vernaculars&oldid=301056"