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Thangha': Difference between revisions
Glottalised genitive prefix
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(Glottalised genitive prefix) |
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Except for flaps, all sonorant consonants have plain and glottalised forms e.g. [m] vs. [m̰], [w] vs. [w̰] etc. However, these can be analysed as sequences of glottal stop + sonorant e.g. /m/ vs. /ʔm/, /w/ vs. /ʔw/ etc. | Except for flaps, all sonorant consonants have plain and glottalised forms e.g. [m] vs. [m̰], [w] vs. [w̰] etc. However, these can be analysed as sequences of glottal stop + sonorant e.g. /m/ vs. /ʔm/, /w/ vs. /ʔw/ etc. | ||
Velar nasals /ŋ/ and /ŋʷ/ cannot occur word initially. | Velar nasals /ŋ/ and /ŋʷ/ cannot occur word initially. | ||
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Tone is assigned at the word level, rather than to individual syllables. There are three phonemic tones, High, Low and Falling. | Tone is assigned at the word level, rather than to individual syllables. There are three phonemic tones, High, Low and Falling. | ||
Words with High Tone have high pitch on all syllables other the stressed syllable, which is pronounced with even higher pitch e.g. / | Words with High Tone have high pitch on all syllables other the stressed syllable, which is pronounced with even higher pitch e.g. /ʔwaˈjəʔma/ (H) - "llama" (genitive) is pronounced [w̰ɞ́ˈjɪ̋ʔmá], /tɕaˈbˤaⁿ/ (H) - "Japan" is pronounced [tɕɐ́ˈbˤɑ̋ⁿ]. | ||
Words with Low Tone have mid pitch on all syllables other than the stressed syllable, which is pronounced with an extra low pitch e.g. / | Words with Low Tone have mid pitch on all syllables other than the stressed syllable, which is pronounced with an extra low pitch e.g. /ʔwaˈməwaⁿ/ (L) - "mountain" (genitive) is pronounced [w̰āˈmʊ̏wāⁿ]. | ||
Words with Falling Tone always have stress on the second last syllable. Their pronunciation depends on the vowel length of the stressed vowel. If the vowel is short and non-nasalised, there is high pitch on all syllables up to and including the stressed syllable, and low pitch on the final syllable e.g./tsaˈɲeɳə/ (HL) - "channel", "strait" is pronounced [tsǽˈɲéɳʌ̀]. However, if the stressed vowel is long or nasalised, then it has falling pitch e.g. / | Words with Falling Tone always have stress on the second last syllable. Their pronunciation depends on the vowel length of the stressed vowel. If the vowel is short and non-nasalised, there is high pitch on all syllables up to and including the stressed syllable, and low pitch on the final syllable e.g./tsaˈɲeɳə/ (HL) - "channel", "strait" is pronounced [tsǽˈɲéɳʌ̀]. However, if the stressed vowel is long or nasalised, then it has falling pitch e.g. /ʔwaˈbiːdˤə/ (HL) - "boat" (genitive) is pronounced [wáˈbêːdˤʌ̀]. | ||
===Phonotactics=== | ===Phonotactics=== | ||
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===Case=== | ===Case=== | ||
Thangha' has three cases, Absolutive (unmarked), Genitive (marked with the prefix / | Thangha' has three cases, Absolutive (unmarked), Genitive (marked with the prefix /ʔwa-/), and Ergative (marked with the prefix /pə-/). | ||
e.g. / | e.g. /ˈfaɖʐə/ (H) [ˈfɑ̋ɖʐʌ́] - father -> /ʔwaˈfazə/ (H) [w̰áˈfɑ̋ɖʐʌ́] - "of the father" -> /pəˈfazə/ (H) [pə̄ˈfɑ̋ɖʐʌ́] - "father" (ergative) | ||
However, if the noun root begins with a voiceless obstruent, it becomes voiced e.g. /ˈtʷoʀa/ (L) [ˈtʷòʀɑ̄] - "shaman" -> / | However, if the noun root begins with a voiceless obstruent, it becomes voiced e.g. /ˈtʷoʀa/ (L) [ˈtʷòʀɑ̄] - "shaman" -> /ʔwaˈdʷoʀa/ (L) [w̰āˈdʷòʀɑ̀] - "of the shaman" (not */waˈyʷoʀa/ (L)) -> /pə-ˈdʷoʀa/ (L) [pə̄ˈdʷòʀɑ̄] - "shaman" (ergative). | ||
Also, if the noun root begins with a glottalised sonorant, it loses its glottalisation when it takes a prefix e.g. / | Also, if the noun root begins with a glottalised sonorant, it loses its glottalisation when it takes a prefix e.g. /ˈʔməʂa/ (H) [ˈm̰ʌ̋ʂɑ́] - "mother" -> /ʔwa-ˈməʂa/ (H) [w̰áˈmʌ̋ʂɑ́] - "of the mother" -> /pə-ˈməʂa/ (H) [pə́ˈmʌ̋ʂɑ́] - "mother" (ergative). | ||
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In this case, the word order is Possessed - Possessor, with the Possessor marked with the genitive case e.g. | In this case, the word order is Possessed - Possessor, with the Possessor marked with the genitive case e.g. | ||
/ˈpəʔwəⁿ | /ˈpəʔwəⁿ ʔwa-ˈdʷogə/ (HL) (HL) | ||
[ˈpʊ́w̰ʊ̀ⁿ | [ˈpʊ́w̰ʊ̀ⁿ w̰á-ˈdʷúgə̀] | ||
bone GEN-dog | bone GEN-dog | ||
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Thangha' has two ways to ask questions where English would use "whose", depending on whether the possession is alienable or inalienable. In the case of inalienable possession, /cəⁿ/ takes the genitive prefix / | Thangha' has two ways to ask questions where English would use "whose", depending on whether the possession is alienable or inalienable. In the case of inalienable possession, /cəⁿ/ takes the genitive prefix /ʔwa-/, becoming /ʔwa-ˈɟəⁿ/ (L), and coming after the noun it possesses e.g. | ||
/ˈpəʔwəⁿ | /ˈpəʔwəⁿ ʔwa-ˈɟəⁿ/ (HL) (L) | ||
[ | [ˈpʊ́w̰ʊ̀ⁿˈw̰ɞ̄ˈɟȅⁿ] | ||
bone.ABS GEN-what | bone.ABS GEN-what | ||