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| | ===Introduction=== |
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| <!--
| | Thulean is the sole surviving member of the Insular branch of the Hercynian language family. It has an estimated 33 million speakers. The language is agglutinative and polysynthetic with an active-stative morphosyntax of the fluid-S subtype. It is written using the Latin alphabet as is universal amongst Western European languages. |
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| This is a short reminder of the language format policy.
| | ===Phonology=== |
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| I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).
| | A) PHONEME INVENTORY |
| II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)
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| III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.
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| -->
| | 1) CONSONANTS |
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| ==Introduction==
| | NASAL: |
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| ===Description===
| | -fortis: /mb, nd, Ng/ |
| The Thulean language (endonym: Minigkaksi) has an agglutinative and polysynthetic morphology. Its morphosyntactic alignment is split intransitive with the fluid-S subtype. It is left-branching and double-marking. Thulean is a language isolate and has not been proven to belong to any established language family, although speculative suggestions of links between it and the Uralic or Uralo-Siberian families have been made in the past. Also, of course, not unexpectedly, there are the wild claims of a relationship between Thulean and the usual suspects of Sumerian, Etruscan or Basque. It is spoken by the Selhat or Thuleans and has a total number of speakers exceeding 30 million.
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| ===The Thurse===
| | -lenis: /m, n, N/ |
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| Thurse is the collective name in English for the European pygmy phenotype. Thurse males and females are similar in stature and have an average height of between 135 to 140 cm. They are pale-skinned with a distinctive pattern of dark stripes for which their clade is best known and have straight or wavy hair. Red hair is more common among the Thurse than any other phenotypical group. High androgyny among Thurse males and high neoteny among both sexes are also notable traits. The Thurse belong to several ethnic groups, the largest of which is the Selhat or Thuleans who occupy Thule (endonym: Telku) the westernmost of the British Isles. The Thurse phenotype is believed to have originated in the Hercynian forest zone of central Europe, diverging from other Palaeolithic populations in Europe approximately ten thousand years ago. The Thurse have no connection with the pygmy populations of the tropics.
| | LIQUID: |
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| ===Influences===
| | -fortis: /rd, ld/ |
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| The phonology is inspired by the phonaesthetics of Finnish and Quenya (the Vanyarin dialect specifically) but twisted towards my sensibilities. I just love lateral obstruents, you know? And I'm not excessively fond of /f/
| | -lenis: /r, l/ |
| Also, the Samic languages have left their mark on Thulean's system of consonant gradation. The morphology is heavily influenced by Yupik and Inuktitut.
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| ===Goals===
| | PLOSIVE: |
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| My intention is to create a polysynthetic elflang that is relatively easy for me to pronounce and which won't have a grammar too complex for me to use. We'll see how it goes.
| | -fortis: /pp, tt, kk/ |
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| | -lenis: /p, t, k/ |
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| | FRICATIVE: |
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| <!-- ***Phonology*** -->
| | -fortis: /ss, xx/ |
| <!-- What sounds does your language use? -->
| |
| <!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:
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| Vowel inventory
| | -lenis: /s, x/ |
| Consonant inventory
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| Syllable structure
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| Stress
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| Intonation
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| -->
| | APPROXIMANT: /v, D, j/ |
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| ==Phonology==
| | 2) VOWELS |
| ===Orthography===
| |
| 1) Thulean is written in the Latin script. The spelling is primarily phonemic but will change to indicate the effects of sandhi and consonant gradation. The current alphabet was adopted in 1898 and underwent its last revision in 1965. The orthography is listed in the tables below:
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| | a) MONOPHTHONGS: /i, u, a/ |
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| a) Consonants
| | b) DIPHTHONGS: /@U, OI, aI, aU/ |
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
| | B) ALLOPHONES |
| ! colspan="3" rowspan="2"| !! rowspan="2"| Labial !! rowspan="2"| Dental !! colspan="2"|Alveolar !! rowspan="2"|Palatal !! colspan="2"|Velar !! rowspan="2"|Glottal
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| |-
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| ! Central !! Lateral !! Plain !! Labialised
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="4"| Sonorant !! rowspan="2"| Nasal !! Fortis
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| | mm || || nn || || nnj || gg || ggw || rowspan="5"|
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| |-
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| ! Lenis
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| | m || || n || || nj || g || gw
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2"| Liquid !! Fortis
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| | || || rr || ll || llj || colspan="2"|
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| |-
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| ! Lenis
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| | || || r || l || lj || colspan="2"|
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Stop !! Fortis
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| | pp || || tt || ttl || ttj || kk || kkw
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| |-
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| ! Lenis
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| | p || || t || tl || tj || k || kw || q
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Fricative !! Fortis
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| | || þþ || ss || ssl || ssj || xx || xxw || rowspan="3"|
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| |-
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| ! Lenis
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| | || þ || s || sl || sj || x || xw
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| |-
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| ! colspan="3"| Approximant
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| | v || colspan="3"| || j || h || w
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| |}
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| | 1) /N/ is realised as [g] in word-initial position and in onset position following a coda consonant. |
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| b) Vowels
| | 2) All fortis obstruents are realised as lenis plosives in intervocalic position. |
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
| | 3) All lenis plosives and /s/ are voiced in intervocalic position. |
| |-
| |
| ! colspan="2"|
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| ! Front
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| ! Back
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2" | Monophthong
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| ! High
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| | i
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| | u
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| |-
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| ! Low
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| | e
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| | a
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" | Diphthong
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| | ai
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| | au
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| |}
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| | 4) /x/ is realised as [Z] in intervocalic position. |
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| 2) Thulean uses Arabic numerals to represent numbers.
| | 5) /D/ is realised as [T] in word-final position. |
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| ===Consonants===
| | 6) /i, u/ are realised as [E, O] when preceding a liquid coda or fortis liquid. |
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| Thulean has 45 consonant phonemes which according to WALS is a large inventory. These are listed in the table below:
| | 7) /i, u/ are reslised as [E, O] when adjacent to /v, j/. |
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| | C) ORTHOGRAPHY |
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
| | "a" = /a/ |
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|
| ! rowspan="2" colspan="3"|
| | "ai" = /aI/ |
| ! rowspan="2"| Labial
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| ! rowspan="2"| Dental
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| ! colspan="2"| Alveolar
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| ! rowspan="2"| Palatal
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| ! colspan="2" |Velar
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| ! rowspan="2"|Glottal
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| |-
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| ! |Central
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| ! |Lateral
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| ! |Plain
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| ! |Labialised
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="4" | Sonorant
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| ! rowspan="2"| Nasal
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| ! Fortis
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| | /mb/
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| |
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| | /nd/
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| |
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| | /ɲʤ/
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| | /ŋg/
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| | /ŋg<sup>w</sup>/
| |
| |
| |
| |-
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| ! Lenis
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| | /m/
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| | /n/
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| | /ɲ/
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| | /ŋ/
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| | /ŋ<sup>w</sup>/
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| |
| |
| |-
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| ! rowspan="2"| Liquid
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| ! Fortis
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| |
| |
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| | /rd/
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| | /ld/
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| | /ʎʤ/
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| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
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| ! Lenis
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| |
| |
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| | /r/
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| | /l/
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| | /ʎ/
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| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |-
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| ! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Stop
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| ! Fortis
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| | /pp/
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| |
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| | /tt/
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| | /ttɬ/
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| | /ttʃ/
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| | /kk/
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| | /kk<sup>w</sup>/
| |
| |
| |
| |-
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| ! Lenis
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| | /p/
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| |
| |
| | /t/
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| | /tɬ/
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| | /tʃ/
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| | /k/
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| | /k<sup>w</sup>/
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| | /ʔ/
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Fricative
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| ! Fortis
| |
| |
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| | /θθ/
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| | /ss/
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| | /ɬɬ/
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| | /ʃʃ/
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| | /xx/
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| | /xx<sup>w</sup>/
| |
| |
| |
| |-
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| ! Lenis
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| |
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| | /θ/
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| | /s/
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| | /ɬ/
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| | /ʃ/
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| | /x/
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| | /x<sup>w</sup>/
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| |
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| |-
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| ! colspan="3" | Approximant
| |
| | /v/
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| |
| |
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| | /j/
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| | /h/
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| | /w/
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| |}
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| ===Vowels=== | | "au" = /aU/ |
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| Thulean has 4 vowel phonemes which according to WALS is a small inventory. There are also 2 diphthongs. The consonant to vowel ratio is 11.25 which according to WALS is high. The vowels are listed in the table below:
| | "g" = /N/ |
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| | "gg" = /Ng/ |
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
| | "h" = /x/ |
| |+
| |
| |-
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| ! colspan="2"|
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| ! Front
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| ! Back
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2" | Monophthong
| |
| ! High
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| | /i/
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| | /u/
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| |-
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| ! Low
| |
| | /ɛ/
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| | /ɑ/
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" | Diphthong
| |
| | /ai/
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| | /au/
| |
| |}
| |
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| ===Allophony=== | | "hh" = /xx/ |
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| 1) Nasals are realised as their corresponding voiced stop when following a liquid coda.
| | "i" = /i/ |
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| 2) Fortis obstruents are realised as their corresponding lenis obstruents in intervocalic position.
| | "iu" = /@U/ |
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| 3) Lenis stops are aspirated in word-initial position.
| | "j" = /j/ |
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| 4) /p, t, tɬ, ʧ, k, kʷ, θ, s, ɬ, ʃ, x, xʷ/ are voiced in intervocalic position.
| | "k" = /k/ |
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| 5) /x/ is realised as [ʃ] in coda position.
| | "kk" = /kk/ |
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| 6) /ɑ/ is realised as [ɔ] before a fortis liquid onset or a liquid coda.
| | "l" = /l/ |
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| ===Prosody=== | | "ll" = /ld/ |
| ====Stress====
| |
| Thulean has stress accent. Primary stress falls within the root. Open syllables without a diphthong are light; open syllables with a diphthong or closed syllables are heavy. Fortis consonants close the syllable preceding them. If the first syllable of a root is heavy then the primary stress falls there otherwise it falls upon the second syllable of the root.The stress placement within a root is fixed so is not affected by consonant gradation.
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| ====Intonation==== | | "m" = /m/ |
| Secondary stress falls upon every alternate syllable after the primary stress. This gives Thulean a broadly iambic rhythm. Thulean does not have phonemic tone.
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| ===Phonotactics===
| | "mm" = /mb/ |
| <!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
| |
| 1) The syllable template in Thulean is CV(C).
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| 2) Permitted syllable codas:
| | "n" = /n/ |
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| a) Morpheme-medial only: /ɲ, ŋ, r, l, ʎ, p, s/
| | "nn" = /nd/ |
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| b) Morpheme-medial and morpheme-final: /m, n, t, k, θ, x/
| | "p" = /p/ |
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| 3) Fortis consonants may not occur in word-initial position.
| | "pp" = /pp/ |
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| 4) Fortis consonants may not occur in the onset of closed syllables.
| | "q" = /D/ |
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| 5) Consonant clusters may have no more than two segments.
| | "r" = /r/ |
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| 6) Consonant clusters may only occur across syllable boundaries.
| | "rr" = /rd/ |
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| 7) But suffixes may begin with a consonant cluster.
| | "s" = /s/ |
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| 8) Permitted consonant clusters as per table below:
| | "ss" = /ss/ |
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
| | "t" = /t/ |
| !
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| ! m
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| ! n
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| ! ɲ
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| ! ŋ
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| ! ŋʷ
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| ! r
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| ! l
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| ! ʎ
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| ! p
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| ! t
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| ! tɬ
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| ! ʧ
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| ! k
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| ! kʷ
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| ! ʔ
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| ! s
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| ! ɬ
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| ! ʃ
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| ! x
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| ! xʷ
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| ! v
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| ! j
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| ! h
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| ! w
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| |-
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| ! m
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| | colspan = "8" style = "background: silver"| || mp || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || mʔ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || mv || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver" |
| |
| |-
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| ! n
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| | colspan = "9" style = "background: silver"| || nt || ntɬ || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver" | || nʔ || ns || colspan = "8" style = "background: silver"|
| |
| |-
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| ! ɲ
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| | colspan = "11" style = "background: silver"| || ɲʧ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || ɲʃ || colspan = "6" style = "background: silver" |
| |
| |-
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| ! ŋ
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| | colspan = "12" style = "background: silver"| || ŋk || ŋkʷ || ŋʔ || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || ŋx || ŋxʷ || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver" | || ŋh || style = "background: silver" |
| |
| |-
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| ! r
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| | rm || rn || rɲ || rŋ || rŋʷ || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || rp || rt || rtɬ || rʧ || rk || rkʷ || rʔ || rs || rɬ || rʃ || rx || rxʷ || rv || rj || rh || rw
| |
| |-
| |
| ! l
| |
| | lm || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || lŋ || lŋʷ || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || lp || lt || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || lk || lkʷ|| lʔ || ls || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || lx || lxʷ || lv || style = "background: silver"| || lh || lw
| |
| |-
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| ! ʎ
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| | colspan = "11" style = "background: silver"| || ʎʧ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || ʎʃ || colspan = "6" style = "background: silver" |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! p
| |
| | colspan = "15" style = "background: silver"| || ps || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || px || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
| |
| |-
| |
| ! t
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| | colspan = "15" style = "background: silver"| || ts || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || tx || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
| |
| |-
| |
| ! k
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| | colspan = "15" style = "background: silver"| || ks || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| || kx || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
| |
| |-
| |
| ! s
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| | colspan = "8" style = "background: silver"| || sp|| st|| stɬ || sʧ || sk || skʷ || colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
| |
| |-
| |
| ! x
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| | colspan = "8" style = "background: silver"| || xp|| xt|| xtɬ || xʧ || xk || xkʷ || colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
| |
| |}
| |
|
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| 9) High vowels may not occur before a liquid coda.
| | "tt" = /tt/ |
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| 10) /i/ may not occur after an onset of /j/.
| | "u" = /u/ |
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| 11) /u/ may not occur after an onset of /w/.
| | "ui" = /OI/ |
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| 12) Diphthongs may only occur in the first syllable of a root or in monosyllabic particles.
| | "v" = /v/ |
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| 13) Diphthongs may not occur in a closed syllable.
| | Historical note: /D/ was originally written with "þ". However, when printing was introduced to Thule, no type was available for that letter so "q" was substituted instead. |
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| 14) Diphthongs may not precede a fortis consonant.
| | The spelling of Thulean is generally phonemic except that the effects of consonant gradation and sandhi are indicated. |
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| 15) Diphthongs may not precede /j, w/.
| | D) PROSODY |
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| |
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| ===Morphophonology===
| | Thulean has fixed initial primary stress. Secondary stress falls on every alternate syllable following the primary stress. Rhythm type is trochaic. |
| ===Consonant Gradation===
| |
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| |
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| 1) Consonant gradation is word-internal lenition that effects the following:
| | E) PHONOTACTICS |
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| |
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| a) Fortis consonants
| | 1) The syllable template is (C)V(C). |
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| |
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| b) Lenis stops following a sonorant coda or a vowel
| | 2) Consonant clusters only occur at syllable boundaries. |
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| |
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| 2) Consonant gradation is triggered by the closing of a syllable which begins with the above classes of obstruents.
| | 3) Permitted consonant clusters: |
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| 3) Consonant gradation proceeds as per the tables below:
| | a) /m/ + /p/ |
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| | b) /n/ + /t, s/ |
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| |
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| a) Fortis consonants, and lenis stops following a liquid coda or a vowel:
| | c) /N/ + /k, x/ |
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
| | d) /r/ + /m, N, p, t, k, s, x, v, j/ |
| ! GRADE I !! GRADE II !! GRADE III
| |
| |-
| |
| | mb || m || style = "background: silver" rowspan="8" |
| |
| |-
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| | nd || n
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| |-
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| | ɲʤ || ɲ
| |
| |-
| |
| | ŋg || ŋ
| |
| |-
| |
| | ŋgʷ || ŋʷ
| |
| |-
| |
| | rd || r
| |
| |-
| |
| | ld || l
| |
| |-
| |
| | ʎʤ || ʎ
| |
| |-
| |
| | pp || p || v
| |
| |-
| |
| | tt || t || r
| |
| |-
| |
| | ttɬ || tɬ || l
| |
| |-
| |
| | tʧ || ʧ || j
| |
| |-
| |
| | kk || k || h
| |
| |-
| |
| | kkʷ || kʷ || w
| |
| |-
| |
| | θθ || θ || style = "background: silver" rowspan="6" |
| |
| |-
| |
| | ss || s
| |
| |-
| |
| | ɬɬ || ɬ
| |
| |-
| |
| | ʃʃ || ʃ
| |
| |-
| |
| | xx || x
| |
| |-
| |
| | xxʷ || xʷ
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| | e) /l/ + /m, N, p, t, k, s, x, v, j/ |
|
| |
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| b) Lenis stops following a nasal:
| | f) /p, t, k/ + /s/ |
| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
| |
| ! GRADE I !! GRADE II
| |
| |-
| |
| | mp || mb
| |
| |-
| |
| | nt || nd
| |
| |-
| |
| | ntɬ || ld
| |
| |-
| |
| | ɲʧ || ɲʤ
| |
| |-
| |
| | ŋk || ŋg
| |
| |-
| |
| | ŋkʷ || ŋgʷ
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| | g) /s/ + /p, t, k/ |
|
| |
|
| | 4) Permitted word-final codas: /m, n, t, k, s, D/ |
|
| |
|
| 4) Consonant gradation occurs after /i/ epenthesis and metathesis from sandhi but before sandhi proper.
| | 5) Vowels in hiatus do not occur. |
|
| |
|
| ===Sandhi===
| | 6) Diphthongs may not occur in a closed syllable, before a fortis consonant or before /P, j/. |
|
| |
|
| 1) In Thulean, sandhi is the term given to interactions between consonants at morpheme boundaries.
| | F) SANDHI |
|
| |
|
| 2) An epenthetic /i/ is inserted after the first segment of the following types of epenthetic clusters:
| | 1) Sandhi occurs at morpheme boundaries as a result of suffixation. |
|
| |
|
| a) morpheme coda + fortis consonant
| | 2) The resulting sandhi transformations are as follows: |
|
| |
|
| b) morpheme coda + consonant cluster
| | a) /m, n, N/ + /m, n, N/ > [mb, nd, Ng] |
|
| |
|
| 3) All other sandhi interactions are resolved as per the table below:
| | b) /m, n, N/ + /r/ > [rd, rd, rd] |
|
| |
|
| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
| | c) /m, n, N/ + /l/ > [ld, ld, ld] |
| !
| |
| ! m
| |
| ! n
| |
| ! ɲ
| |
| ! ŋ
| |
| ! ŋʷ
| |
| ! r
| |
| ! l
| |
| ! ʎ
| |
| ! p
| |
| ! t
| |
| ! tɬ
| |
| ! ʧ
| |
| ! k
| |
| ! kʷ
| |
| ! ʔ
| |
| ! s
| |
| ! ɬ
| |
| ! ʃ
| |
| ! x
| |
| ! xʷ
| |
| ! v
| |
| ! j
| |
| ! h
| |
| ! w
| |
| |-
| |
| ! m
| |
| | rowspan ="2"| mb || rowspan ="2"| nd || rowspan ="2"| ɲʤ || rowspan ="2"| ŋg || rowspan ="2"| ŋgʷ || rowspan ="2"| rd || rowspan ="2"| ld || rowspan ="2"| ʎʤ || rowspan ="2"| mp || rowspan ="2"| nt || rowspan ="2"| ntɬ || rowspan ="2"| ɲʧ || rowspan ="2"| ŋk || rowspan ="2"| ŋkʷ || mʔ || rowspan ="2"| ns || rowspan ="2"| nθ || rowspan ="2"| ɲʃ || rowspan ="2"| ŋx || rowspan ="2"| ŋxʷ || rowspan ="2"| mv || rowspan ="2"| ɲ || rowspan ="2"| ŋh || rowspan ="2"| ŋʷ
| |
| |-
| |
| ! n
| |
| | nʔ
| |
| |-
| |
| ! t
| |
| | colspan = "2" | nt || rowspan = "2" | ɲʧ || nt || rowspan = "2" | ŋkʷ || rt || tɬ || rowspan = "2"| ʎʧ || rowspan = "2"| pp || rowspan = "2"| tt || rowspan = "2"| ttɬ || rowspan = "2"| tʧ || rowspan = "2"| kk || rowspan = "2"| kkʷ || tt || ts || rowspan = "2"| tɬ || rowspan = "2"| ʧ|| tx || rowspan = "2"| kkʷ|| rowspan = "2"| kʷ || rowspan = "2"| ʧ || tx || rowspan = "2" | kʷ
| |
| |-
| |
| ! k
| |
| | colspan = "2" | ŋk || ŋk || rk || lk || kk || ks || kx || kx
| |
| |-
| |
| ! x
| |
| | colspan = "2" | ŋx || nʃ || ŋx || ŋxʷ || rx || lx || ʎʃ || ʃp || ʃt || ʃtɬ || ʃʧ || ʃk || ʃkʷ || xʔ || ss || ɬɬ || ʃʃ || xx || colspan = "2" | xxʷ || ʃ || xx || xʷ
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| | d) /m, n, N/ + /v, D, j/ > [mb, nd, Ng] |
|
| |
|
| 4) If owing to suffixation a high vowel should precede a fortis liquid onset or a liquid coda then it is lowered to its corresponding low vowel.
| | e) /m, N/ + /t, s/ > [nt, ns] |
|
| |
|
| ==Morphology==
| | f) /m, n/ + /k, x/ > [Nk, Nx] |
| <!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
| |
|
| |
|
| <!-- Here are some example subcategories:
| | g) /n, N/ + /p/ > [mp] |
|
| |
|
| Nouns
| | h) /r, l/ + /n/ > [nd] |
| Adjectives
| |
| Verbs
| |
| Adverbs
| |
| Particles
| |
| Derivational morphology
| |
|
| |
|
| -->
| | i) /r, l/ + /r, l/ > [rd, ld] |
|
| |
|
| ===General Notes===
| | j) /r, l/ + /D/ > [rd, ld] |
|
| |
|
| Thulean morphology has the following constituents:
| | k) /p, t, k/ + /p, t, k/ > [pp, tt, kk] |
|
| |
|
| 1) Roots: these are divided into nominal and verbal roots. The latter are divided into transitive and intransitive categories.
| | l) /p, t, k, s/ + /v/ > [ps, ts, ks, ss] |
|
| |
|
| 2) Postbases: these are derivational or adjunctival suffixes which directly follow the root. They are scope-ordered.
| | m) /p, t, k, s/ + /D/ > [ps, ts, ks, ss] |
|
| |
|
| 3) Inflectional affixes: these bear functions such as case, number, possession, agent, patient, tense amongst others. The usual bread and butter, nuts and bolts stuff that inflection does.
| | n) /p, t, k, s/ + /j/ > [ps, ts, ks, ss] |
|
| |
|
| 4) Particles: Conjunctions, interjections and other miscellany that do not fit into the above categories.
| | G) CONSONANT GRADATION |
|
| |
|
| ===Nominal Morphology===
| | 1) This process affects fortis consonants and lenis plosives following a nasal, liquid or vowel. |
| ===Nominal Structure===
| |
| 1) Noun template: | |
|
| |
|
| nominal or verbal root + postbase(s)+ number suffix + case suffix + possessive suffix or indefinite suffix + demonstrative suffix
| | 2) It is triggered if the consonants in question form the onset of a closed syllable due to suffixation. |
|
| |
|
| 2) A minimally inflected noun has a case prefix and a number suffix.
| | 3) The gradation sequences are as follows: |
|
| |
|
| 3) Postbases will be covered in the own separate section after verbs.
| | a) /mp/ > /mb/ > /m/ |
|
| |
|
| ===Cases===
| | b) /nt/ > /nd/ > /n/ |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
| |
| |+ '''Nominal Case Declension'''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Case
| |
| ! Suffix
| |
| ! Function
| |
| ! Examples
| |
| |-
| |
| !Absolutive
| |
| | -Ø
| |
| |
| |
| *Marks the nominal citation form
| |
| *Marks the O argument of a transitive verb
| |
| *Marks the stative S argument of an intransitive verb
| |
| *Marks the recipient of a ditransitive verb
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Ergative
| |
| | -qa
| |
| |
| |
| *Marks the A argument of a transitive verb
| |
| *Marks the active S argument of an intransitive verb
| |
| *Marks the possessor of a possessive noun phrase
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Instrumental
| |
| | -ki
| |
| |
| |
| *Indicates the use of an instrument or tool
| |
| *Marks the the focus of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection of stative S arguments
| |
| *Marks direct causal arguments
| |
| *Marks the theme of a ditransitive verb
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Locative
| |
| | -jet
| |
| |
| |
| *Indicates location or place
| |
| *Indicates time, event, or occasion
| |
| *Marks the locative comitative
| |
| *Marks infinite verbal forms in periphrastic constructions
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Allative
| |
| | -nu
| |
| |
| |
| *Indicates direction, goal, or destination
| |
| *Marks the focus of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection of active S arguments
| |
| *Encodes spatial or temporal relations in conjunction with terminative markers (e.g. up to, until, as far as)
| |
| *Marks the beneficiary of an action
| |
| *Marks for the purpose of, for the use of
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Ablative
| |
| | -pik
| |
| |
| |
| *Indicates motion away from
| |
| *Indicates origin
| |
| *Indicates distance from a reference point
| |
| *Indicates time since an event occurred
| |
| *Encodes partitive relations (part of, made from, some of)
| |
| *Marks the focus of intransitive malefactive/adversarial verbs
| |
| *Encodes aversive case relations (for fear of, lest, in case of)
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Perlative
| |
| | -me
| |
| |
| |
| *Indicates motion through, across or along
| |
| *Indicates path, means or mode of transport or transmission
| |
| *Indicates duration
| |
| *Marks the instrumental or collaborative comitative
| |
| *Marks indirect causal arguments
| |
| *Encodes distributive functions
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Equative
| |
| | -sin
| |
| |
| |
| *Indicates similarity in manner, likeness or composition
| |
| *Encodes comparative marking (as, than)
| |
| *Marks ordinality in numerals
| |
| *Serves as a topicalizer (e.g. regarding, concerning, about, as for)
| |
| |
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| <!--
| | c) /Nk/ > /Ng/ > /N/ |
| 1) Case prefixes:
| |
|
| |
|
| ABS(olutive): Ø-
| | d) /rp/ > /rP/ |
|
| |
|
| NOM(inative): a-
| | e) /rt/ > /rd/ > /r/ |
|
| |
|
| INST(rumental): ki-
| | f) /rk/ > /rj/ |
|
| |
|
| LOC(ative): jet-
| | g) /lp/ > /lP/ |
|
| |
|
| ALL(ative): nu-
| | h) /lt/ > /ld/ > /ll/ |
|
| |
|
| ABL(ative): pik-
| | i) /lk/ > /lj/ |
|
| |
|
| PER(lative): me-
| | j) /pp/ > /p/ > /P/ |
|
| |
|
| EQU(ative): sin-
| | k) /tt/ > /t/ > /D/ |
|
| |
|
| | l) /kk/ > /k/ > /j/ |
|
| |
|
| 2) Case Functions:
| | m) /ss/ > /s/ |
|
| |
|
| a) Absolutive Case:
| | n) /xx/ > /x/ |
|
| |
|
| i) Marks the citation form of a noun.
| |
|
| |
|
| ii) Marks the O argument of a transitive verb.
| |
|
| |
|
| iii) Marks the stative S argument of an intransitive verb.
| | [[Category:Sketchlangs]] |
| | |
| iv) Marks the recipient of a ditransitive verb.
| |
| | |
| b) Nominative Case:
| |
| | |
| i) Marks the A argument of a transitive verb.
| |
| | |
| ii) Marks the active S argument of an intransitive verb.
| |
| | |
| iii) Marks the possessor of a possessive noun phrase
| |
| | |
| c) Instrumental Case:
| |
| | |
| i) Marks the use of an instrument or tool.
| |
| | |
| ii) Marks the the focus of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection if the S argument is stative.
| |
| | |
| iii) Marks direct causation.
| |
| | |
| iv) Marks the theme of a ditransitive verb.
| |
| | |
| d) Locative Case:
| |
| | |
| i) Marks location or place.
| |
| | |
| ii) Marks occasion, time or event.
| |
| | |
| iii) Marks the locative comitative.
| |
| | |
| iv) Marks the infinite form of the verb in periphrastic constructions.
| |
| | |
| e) Allative Case:
| |
| | |
| i)Marks destination or motion towards.
| |
| | |
| ii) Marks the focus of an intransitive verb of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection if the S argument is active.
| |
| | |
| iii) Marks terminative relations (up to, until, as far as) spatially and temporarally.
| |
| | |
| iv) Marks benefactive relations (for, on behalf of).
| |
| | |
| f) Ablative Case:
| |
| | |
| i) Marks origin or motion away from.
| |
| | |
| ii) Marks distance from, time since.
| |
| | |
| iii) Marks the focus of intransitive verbs of opposition or repulsion.
| |
| | |
| iv) Marks aversive functions (for fear of, lest, in case of).
| |
| | |
| g) Perlative Case:
| |
| | |
| i) Marks motion through, across or along.
| |
| | |
| ii) Marks duration.
| |
| | |
| iii) Marks path, means or mode of transport or transmission.
| |
| | |
| iv) Marks the instrumental or collaborative comitative.
| |
| | |
| v) Marks indirection causation.
| |
| | |
| h) Equative Case:
| |
| | |
| i) Marks similarity in manner, likeness or composition.
| |
| | |
| ii) Marks comparative functions (as, than).
| |
| | |
| iii) Marks topical functions (re, regarding, concerning, about, as for).
| |
| | |
| ===Postbases===
| |
| | |
| Postbases are covered on their own section.
| |
| -->
| |
| | |
| ===Number===
| |
| 1) For the purposes of number, Thulean nouns are divided into count nouns and mass nouns.
| |
| | |
| 2) For count nouns there are two systems of number:
| |
| | |
| a) singular-plural
| |
| | |
| b) collective-singulative
| |
| | |
| 3) The singular-plural system works as it does in most European languages, the singular form of the noun is default and marks a single instance of that noun. The plural form marks multiple instances of that noun. EG:
| |
| | |
| SG: kattu = cat
| |
| | |
| PL: katut = cats
| |
| | |
| 4) With the collective-singulative system the collective form of the noun is default and marks multiple instances of that noun. The singulative form marks a single instance of that noun. Collective nouns usually indicate entities that are found in groups. EG:
| |
| | |
| COL: makku = pigs
| |
| | |
| SGV: makux = pig
| |
| | |
| 5) Mass nouns are considered to be pluralia tanta and thus use the collective-singulative system. The collective form indicates a lump or mass and the singulative form indicates a part of that lump or mass. EG:
| |
| | |
| COL: ninta = water
| |
| | |
| SGV: ninnax = a drop or sip of water
| |
| | |
| 6) Number suffixes:
| |
| | |
| a) After vowel:
| |
| | |
| PL: -t
| |
| | |
| SGV: -x
| |
| | |
| b) After consonant or before suffix:
| |
| | |
| PL: -ta
| |
| | |
| SGV: -xe
| |
| | |
| ===Possession===
| |
| 1) Pronominal Possession:
| |
| | |
| This is indicated by the following set of suffixes:
| |
| | |
| 1SG: -nne
| |
| | |
| 2SG: -gke
| |
| | |
| 3SG ANIM: -nte
| |
| | |
| 3SG INAN: -mme
| |
| | |
| 4SG ANIM: -lle
| |
| | |
| 4SG INAN: -nse
| |
| | |
| 1PL EXCL: -gka
| |
| | |
| 1PL INCL: -ppa
| |
| | |
| 2PL: -kka
| |
| | |
| 3PL ANIM: -tta
| |
| | |
| 3PL INAN: -mma
| |
| | |
| 4PL ANIM: -lka
| |
| | |
| 4PL INAN: -ksa
| |
| | |
| EG:
| |
| | |
| a)
| |
| | |
| tlannante
| |
| | |
| = her children
| |
| | |
| b)
| |
| | |
| tlannaxeppa
| |
| | |
| = our child
| |
| | |
| 2) Nominal Possession:
| |
| | |
| This is indicated by the following construction:
| |
| | |
| NOM + possessor possessum + pronominal possessive suffix.
| |
| | |
| EG:
| |
| | |
| kimexqa katunte = the woman's cat
| |
| | |
| kimex-qa kattu-nte
| |
| | |
| woman-ERG cat-3SG.ANIM.POS
| |
| | |
| ===The Indefinite===
| |
| 1) The indefinite suffix -li imparts the meaning of a, a certain, some, any.
| |
| | |
| EG:
| |
| | |
| jelelli = a valley
| |
| | |
| 2) Used with the ablative case has the meaning any of, any one of.
| |
| | |
| EG:
| |
| | |
| a)
| |
| | |
| selkatapik telli
| |
| | |
| = any one of the people
| |
| | |
| selkatapik tin-li
| |
| | |
| person-PL-ABL 3SG.ANIM.PRON-INDEF
| |
| | |
| b)
| |
| | |
| selkatapik tatli
| |
| | |
| = any of the people
| |
| | |
| selka-ta-pik tak-li
| |
| | |
| person-PL-ABL 3PL.ANIM.PL.INDEF
| |
| | |
| ===Demonstratives ===
| |
| 1) Thulean has four demonstrative suffixes which encode the following distances:
| |
| | |
| a) The proximal citerior which marks a person or object near the speaker.
| |
| | |
| b) The distal citerior which marks a person or object near the addressee.
| |
| | |
| c) The proximal ulterior which marks a person or object away from both speaker and addressee but within line of sight.
| |
| | |
| d) The distal ulterior which marks a person or object away from both speaker and addressee but outside visual range.
| |
| | |
| 2)The demonstrative suffixes are as follows:
| |
| | |
| PROX CIT: -ksi
| |
| | |
| DIST CIT: -psu
| |
| | |
| PROX ULT: -tje
| |
| | |
| DIST ULT: -nja
| |
| | |
| 3) Examples:
| |
| | |
| a)
| |
| | |
| janahiksi = this man
| |
| | |
| b)
| |
| | |
| qavantje
| |
| = yon apples that are in sight
| |
| | |
| ===Gender===
| |
| | |
| 1) Thulean has two genders, animate and inanimate.
| |
| | |
| 2) The animate gender contains nouns referring to people, animals and dynamic physical phenomena such as fire or wind.
| |
| | |
| 3) The inanimate gender contains the residuum.
| |
| | |
| 4) Nouns are not overtly marked for gender but they govern the appropriate pronouns, possessive suffixes and verbal pronominal markers.
| |
| | |
| EG:
| |
| | |
| a)
| |
| | |
| paþanti kattu
| |
| | |
| = the pretty cat
| |
| | |
| paþþa-nti kattu-Ø
| |
| | |
| be.pretty-3SG.ANIM.ABS cat-ABS
| |
| | |
| b)
| |
| | |
| helhammu ninta
| |
| | |
| = the hot water
| |
| | |
| helka-mmu ninta-Ø
| |
| | |
| be.hot-3PL.INAN.ABS water-ABS
| |
| | |
| ===Pronouns===
| |
| 1) Pronouns are treated like any other nominals.
| |
| | |
| 2) Personal Pronouns:
| |
| | |
| a) These are listed as follows:
| |
| | |
| 1SG: nin
| |
| | |
| 2SG: kin
| |
| | |
| 3SG ANIM: tin
| |
| | |
| 3SG INAN: min
| |
| | |
| 4SG ANIM: lin
| |
| | |
| 4SG INAN: sin
| |
| | |
| 1PL EXCL: nuk
| |
| | |
| 1PL INCL: puk
| |
| | |
| 2PL: kuk
| |
| | |
| 3PL ANIM: tuk
| |
| | |
| 3PL INAN: muk
| |
| | |
| 4PL ANIM: luk
| |
| | |
| 4PL INAN: suk
| |
| | |
| b) Animate pronouns can also encode the meaning of person in the generic sense.
| |
| | |
| EG:
| |
| | |
| paþanti tin
| |
| | |
| = the pretty one
| |
| | |
| be.pretty.3SG.ANIM.ABS 3SG.ANIM.PRON
| |
| | |
| c) Inanimate pronouns can also encode the meaning of object in the generic sense.
| |
| | |
| EG:
| |
| | |
| mukxalla
| |
| | |
| = big things
| |
| | |
| muk-halla
| |
| | |
| 3PL.INAN.PRON-big
| |
| | |
| d) 4th person pronouns come into play when there are two referents of the same gender and number that need to be distinguished. Thus, 4th person pronouns can be translated into English as "the latter".
| |
| | |
| e) Exclusive 1st person plural pronouns indicate that the addressee is not included within the referent.
| |
| | |
| IE: we but not you.
| |
| | |
| f) Inclusive 1st person plural pronouns indicate that the addresses is included with I the referent.
| |
| | |
| IE: we and you.
| |
| | |
| 3) Indefinite Pronouns:
| |
| | |
| a) These encode the concepts of somebody, something, anybody, anything.
| |
| | |
| b) They are formed by affixing the indefinite suffix to the appropriate pronoun.
| |
| | |
| EG:
| |
| | |
| melli = anything
| |
| | |
| c) In conjuction with the ablative case express the concepts of anyone of, any of.
| |
| | |
| EG:
| |
| | |
| i)
| |
| | |
| jannatapik telli
| |
| | |
| = anyone of the men
| |
| | |
| yanak-ta-pik tin-li
| |
| | |
| man-PL-ABL 3SG.ANIM.PRON-INDEF
| |
| | |
| ii)
| |
| | |
| qavampik mutli
| |
| | |
| = any of the apples
| |
| | |
| qavan-pik muk-li
| |
| | |
| ABL-apples 3PL.INAN.PRON-INDEF
| |
| | |
| 4) Reflexive Pronouns:
| |
| | |
| a) There are no dedicated reflexive pronouns.
| |
| | |
| b) Reflexivity is indicated by employing the absolutive, oblique or possessive form which refers to the ergative or sole argument of the verb.
| |
| | |
| EG:
| |
| | |
| i)
| |
| | |
| temmaiserittu
| |
| | |
| = he misleads himself
| |
| | |
| ten-maiset-ttu
| |
| | |
| 3SG.ANIM.ERG-mislead-3SG.ANIM.ABS
| |
| | |
| VS
| |
| | |
| temmaiserelku
| |
| | |
| = he misleads him
| |
| | |
| ten-maiset-lku
| |
| | |
| 3SG.ANIM.ERG-mislead-4SG.ANIM.ABS
| |
| | |
| ii)
| |
| | |
| tigki xinnunti
| |
| | |
| = he sees himself
| |
| | |
| tin-ki xintu-nti
| |
| | |
| 3SG.ANIM.PRON-INST see-3SG.ANIM.ABS
| |
| | |
| VS
| |
| | |
| ligki xinnunti
| |
| | |
| = he sees him
| |
| | |
| lin-ki xintu-nti
| |
| | |
| 4SG.ANIM.PRON-INST see-3SG.ANIM.ABS
| |
| | |
| iii)
| |
| | |
| qavagxente tenqarxansi
| |
| | |
| = she eats her own apple
| |
| | |
| qavan-xe-nte ten-qarxa-nsi
| |
| | |
| apples-SGV-3SG.ANIM.POS 3SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-4SG.INAN.ABS
| |
| | |
| VS
| |
| | |
| qavagxelli tenqarxansi
| |
| | |
| = she eats her apple
| |
| | |
| qavan-xe-lle ten-qarxa-nsi
| |
| | |
| apples-SGV-4SG.ANIM.POS 3SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-4SG.INAN.ABS
| |
| | |
| 5) Reciprocal Pronouns:
| |
| | |
| There are no dedicated reflexive pronouns. Their functions are performed by a verbal suffix.
| |
| | |
| 6) Negative Pronouns:
| |
| | |
| a)These encode the concepts of nobody and nothing.
| |
| | |
| b) The negative pronouns are listed as follows:
| |
| | |
| 3SG ANIM: vannin
| |
| | |
| 3SG INAN: vamin
| |
| | |
| 4SG ANIM: valin
| |
| | |
| 4SG INAN: vansin
| |
| | |
| 3PL ANIM: vatuk
| |
| | |
| 3PL INAN: vamuk
| |
| | |
| 4PL ANIM: valuk
| |
| | |
| 4PL INAN: vaksuk
| |
| | |
| c) Diachronically, the negative pronouns are derived from relative clauses of negative auxiliary plus pronoun.
| |
| | |
| EG:
| |
| | |
| vannin
| |
| | |
| < *qavanti tin
| |
| | |
| = the one who is not
| |
| | |
| qapa-nti tin
| |
| | |
| NEG-3SG.ANIM.ABS 3SG.ANIM.PRON
| |
| | |
| 7) Demonstrative Pronouns:
| |
| | |
| a) These are derived from affixing the appropriate demonstrative suffix.
| |
| | |
| EG:
| |
| | |
| migkiksi teghannalli
| |
| | |
| = she gives this to him
| |
| | |
| min-ki-ksi ten-hanta-lli
| |
| | |
| 3SG.INAN.PRON-INST-PROX.CIT 3SG.ANIM.ERG-give-4SG.ANIM.ABS
| |
| | |
| b) Inanimate demonstrative pronouns can also encode the concepts of here and there.
| |
| | |
| EG:
| |
| | |
| minnupsu kimpalka
| |
| | |
| = you go there
| |
| | |
| min-nu-psu kin-palka
| |
| | |
| 3SG.INAN.PRON-ALL-DIST.CIT 2SG.ERG.go
| |
| | |
| 8) Relative Pronouns:
| |
| | |
| There are no reflexive pronouns. Thulean uses gap relativisation.
| |
| | |
| EG:
| |
| | |
| kimex qavan lenqarxammu janakki xinnunti
| |
| | |
| = the woman sees the man who eats the apples
| |
| | |
| kimex-Ø qavan-Ø len-qarxa-mmu janak-ki qinnu-nti
| |
| | |
| woman-ABS ABS-apples 4SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-3PL.INAN man-INST see-3SG.ANIM.ABS
| |
| | |
| 9) Interrogative Pronouns:
| |
| | |
| ===Numerals===
| |
| 1) Numerals are treated as nominals.
| |
| | |
| 2) The numeral system is hybrid vigesimal-decimal
| |
| | |
| 3) The thurse language families of Western Europe and Basque, while otherwise unrelated, share the same set of basic numerals: the Western.Palaeo-European Numerals (WPEN).
| |
| | |
| 4) The cardinal numerals from 1-10 are as per the table below:
| |
| | |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
| |
| ! colspan="15" | Numbers
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Num. !! Name || WPEN
| |
| |-
| |
| ! '''1'''
| |
| || vaþe || *bade
| |
| |-
| |
| ! '''2'''
| |
| || miha || *miga
| |
| |-
| |
| ! '''3'''
| |
| || kirun || *kirur
| |
| |-
| |
| ! '''4'''
| |
| || lawan || *lawur
| |
| |-
| |
| ! '''5'''
| |
| || marse || *martse
| |
| |-
| |
| ! '''6'''
| |
| || xai || *xai
| |
| |-
| |
| ! '''7'''
| |
| || saspi || *saspi
| |
| |-
| |
| ! '''8'''
| |
| || rassu || *ratsu
| |
| |-
| |
| ! '''9'''
| |
| || vaþerassu || *baderatsu
| |
| |-
| |
| ! '''10'''
| |
| || tamvan || *tambar
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| tamvaþe = 11
| |
| | |
| tammiha = 12
| |
| | |
| tagkirun = 13
| |
| | |
| tallawan = 14
| |
| | |
| tammarsa = 15
| |
| | |
| tagxai = 16
| |
| | |
| tansaspi = 17
| |
| | |
| tarrassi = 18
| |
| | |
| tamvaþerassu = 19
| |
| | |
| paje = 20 (WPEN: *pogai)
| |
| | |
| mihapaje = 40
| |
| | |
| kirumpaje = 60
| |
| | |
| lawampaje = 80
| |
| | |
| qekum = 100 (WPEN: *ekum)
| |
| | |
| mihakun = 200
| |
| | |
| kirugkun = 300
| |
| | |
| lawagkun = 400
| |
| | |
| marsekun = 500
| |
| | |
| xaikun = 600
| |
| | |
| saspikun = 700
| |
| | |
| rassukun = 800
| |
| | |
| vaþerassukun = 900
| |
| | |
| melja = 1,000
| |
| | |
| melljan = 1,000,000
| |
| | |
| melja vaþerassukun kirumpaje marse = 1965
| |
| | |
| 5) Nouns counted by a cardinal numeral take the ablative case and precede the numeral.
| |
| | |
| EG:
| |
| | |
| pigkelhit vaþerassu
| |
| | |
| = nine lords
| |
| | |
| pik-melki-t vaþerassu
| |
| | |
| ABL-lord-PL nine
| |
| | |
| 6) Ordinal numerals are indicated with the equative case:
| |
| | |
| EG:
| |
| | |
| simpaje vaþe kespet
| |
| | |
| = the twenty-first month
| |
| | |
| sin-paje vaþe kespe-t
| |
| | |
| EQU-twenty one month-PL
| |
| | |
| 7) Fractions are encoded by a periphrastic construction involving kwerþi "piece, portion" and the ablative case.
| |
| | |
| EG:
| |
| | |
| pigkinta sigkirun kwerþi
| |
| | |
| = the third part of the water, a third of the water
| |
| | |
| pik-ninta sin-kirun kwerþi
| |
| | |
| ABL-water EQU-three portion
| |
| | |
| ===Verbal Morphology===
| |
| | |
| ===Verbal Structure===
| |
| | |
| ==Syntax==
| |
| ===Constituent order===
| |
| ===Noun phrase===
| |
| ===Verb phrase===
| |
| ===Sentence phrase===
| |
| ===Dependent clauses===
| |
| <!-- etc. etc. -->
| |
| | |
| ==Example texts==
| |
| ==Other resources==
| |
| <!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
| |
| | |
| <!-- Template area -->
| |
| | |
| | |
| [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
| |
| [[Category:Languages]] | |
| ===Thulean Lexixon===
| |
| | |
| gaxala = to heal, to doctor
| |
| | |
| hakin = to know (stative), to learn (active)
| |
| | |
| -halla = augmentative
| |
| | |
| hanex = willows
| |
| | |
| -hansle = too much, excessively
| |
| | |
| hanta = to give
| |
| | |
| helka = to be hot (stative), to warm up (active)
| |
| | |
| jaipix = fishes
| |
| | |
| jakken = boat
| |
| | |
| janak = man
| |
| | |
| jelen = valley
| |
| | |
| jensa = pine tree
| |
| | |
| jiggat = to drink
| |
| | |
| kai = but
| |
| | |
| kalin = dog
| |
| | |
| kallun = witch, sorcerer
| |
| | |
| kamma = be sick (stative), become ill (active)
| |
| | |
| karra = stone
| |
| | |
| karvat = wagon, cart
| |
| | |
| katen = chains
| |
| | |
| katlik = castle, fort
| |
| | |
| katta = to be tired (stative), to exhaust oneself (active)
| |
| | |
| kattu = cat
| |
| | |
| kave = coffee
| |
| | |
| kelesja = church
| |
| | |
| kerta = skeleton, frame
| |
| | |
| kespe = moon, month
| |
| | |
| kimex = woman
| |
| | |
| kinje = to love (stative), to like (active)
| |
| | |
| kirun = three
| |
| | |
| kwena = a smile
| |
| | |
| -kwepsu = never
| |
| | |
| kwerþi = piece, portion
| |
| | |
| kwetsan = feathers
| |
| | |
| lakka = duck
| |
| | |
| latju = thug, bravo
| |
| | |
| lawan = four
| |
| | |
| -limut = should, must, ought
| |
| | |
| lira = sea ocean
| |
| | |
| -lkwa = white, blonde
| |
| | |
| lukat = mice
| |
| | |
| maiset = to mislead
| |
| | |
| -mak = can, able to
| |
| | |
| makku = pigs
| |
| | |
| -mani = much, a lot
| |
| | |
| marse = five
| |
| | |
| maþen = bread
| |
| | |
| melja = thousand
| |
| | |
| melki = lord, lady
| |
| | |
| melljan = million
| |
| | |
| mesalka = blackbird
| |
| | |
| miha = two
| |
| | |
| -mmelet = black, brunette
| |
| | |
| nara = to exist
| |
| | |
| narpi = nine
| |
| | |
| Narwerka = Norway
| |
| | |
| nasura = bones
| |
| | |
| nina = ash tree
| |
| | |
| ninta = water
| |
| | |
| njara = to purr
| |
| | |
| nugaxala vuta = hospital
| |
| | |
| numme = to be red
| |
| | |
| nutje = eels
| |
| | |
| paje = twenty
| |
| | |
| pakka! = fuck!
| |
| | |
| palka = to go
| |
| | |
| pantju = to buy
| |
| | |
| parma = to be ignorant (stative), to be unwilling to learn (active)
| |
| | |
| patata= potatoes
| |
| | |
| pattu = hare
| |
| | |
| pattuhalla = donkey
| |
| | |
| paþþa = be beautiful, be pretty
| |
| | |
| penelku = pencil
| |
| | |
| penta = to fill
| |
| | |
| pigkakku sluse = pork
| |
| | |
| pilun = lead
| |
| | |
| qahax = fire
| |
| | |
| qaira = trees, forest
| |
| | |
| qalman = woad
| |
| | |
| qalwa = lark
| |
| | |
| qana = fruits
| |
| | |
| qanja = copper
| |
| | |
| qapa = to be not, negative auxiliary
| |
| | |
| qarhat = silver
| |
| | |
| qaru = kernel, core, vulva (euphemism)
| |
| | |
| qarxa = to eat
| |
| | |
| qaþan = blood
| |
| | |
| qausla = police, militia
| |
| | |
| qauslax = cop
| |
| | |
| qavan = apples
| |
| | |
| qaxxa = to hate (stative), to dislike (active)
| |
| | |
| qekwa = horse
| |
| | |
| qekum = hundred
| |
| | |
| qelet = bronze
| |
| | |
| qesak = salmon
| |
| | |
| qesen = leaves
| |
| | |
| qexpe = to taste (stative), to savour (active),to perform oral sex (active)
| |
| | |
| qisan = iron
| |
| | |
| qiskalva = bird of prey
| |
| | |
| Qislat = Iceland
| |
| | |
| qisparwa = crow
| |
| | |
| qissit = hair
| |
| | |
| qistilu = pen
| |
| | |
| qisjam = stars
| |
| | |
| qunnu = pillow
| |
| | |
| quruk = enemies
| |
| | |
| qusse = gemstone
| |
| | |
| rassu = eight
| |
| | |
| rauna = to be silent (stative), to keep a secret (active)
| |
| | |
| russla = spirit, soul
| |
| | |
| -rusta = red, ginger
| |
| | |
| saspi = seven
| |
| | |
| saxwa = sun, day
| |
| | |
| selka = person
| |
| | |
| sigkaten karvat = train, locomotive
| |
| | |
| sigkaten wala = laser
| |
| | |
| simvassli slatan = helicopter
| |
| | |
| sinarva = gold
| |
| | |
| sinnak = fox
| |
| | |
| sinunnu jakken = hovercraft
| |
| | |
| slaka = maggots
| |
| | |
| slasu = to hear (stative), to listen (active)
| |
| | |
| slatan = wing
| |
| | |
| -slempi = certain, sure
| |
| | |
| sluse = meat, flesh
| |
| | |
| sukkaru = sugar
| |
| | |
| sunik = snow
| |
| | |
| suvi = strawberries
| |
| | |
| tagka = tin
| |
| | |
| taha = sword
| |
| | |
| tamate = tomato
| |
| | |
| tamman = ten
| |
| | |
| Tammarke = Denmark
| |
| | |
| tansa = owl
| |
| | |
| Telku = Thule
| |
| | |
| teninta = tea
| |
| | |
| tjakalat = chocolate
| |
| | |
| tjave = to feel (stative), to touch (active)
| |
| | |
| tlanta = children
| |
| | |
| þarka = be bad, be poor in quality (stative), be wicked (active)
| |
| | |
| Þistlat = Germany
| |
| | |
| þunna = fist
| |
| | |
| vagwa = to find (stative), to seek (active)
| |
| | |
| vakkan = rain
| |
| | |
| valþa = wolves
| |
| | |
| vanna = raven
| |
| | |
| vanþa = peak, mountaintop, hilltop
| |
| | |
| varka = badger
| |
| | |
| vassli = wasp
| |
| | |
| vaþe = one
| |
| | |
| vaþerassu = eight
| |
| | |
| Vellat = Finland
| |
| | |
| venestla = window
| |
| | |
| -verri = new, young, fresh
| |
| | |
| verru = be short (stative), to shrink (active)
| |
| | |
| vika = bee
| |
| | |
| -vinja = old, mature, wise
| |
| | |
| vussu = mouth
| |
| | |
| vuta = house
| |
| | |
| wala = light
| |
| | |
| wervu = amber
| |
| | |
| xai = six
| |
| | |
| xaste = world
| |
| | |
| xintu = to see (stative), to watch (active)
| |
| | |
| -xpak = diminutive suffix
| |
| | |
| xwestu = winds
| |
| | |
| Xwisjaþ = Sweden
| |
| | |
| ===Thulean Flags===
| |
| | |
| [[File:Thulean Flag.svg|200px|thumb|left|Thulean national flag]]
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| [[File:Thulean Flag Variant.svg|200px|thumb|left|Naval ensign]]
| |
| | |
| | |
| [[File:Thulean naval ensign center cross.svg|200px|thumb|left|Civil ensign]]
| |
| | |
| The othala rune as used in Thulean iconography represents the Squid Goddess Tlusslu. In the alternate universe where Thule exists, neo-Nazis have learned not to use the othala rune. Use of the othala rune by pagan groups is tolerated by the Thuleans.
| |