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Tigol/Proto-Tigol: Difference between revisions
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{{ClassMeter | |||
|Name = {{PAGENAME}} | |||
|NativeName = | |||
|Type = Fusional | |||
|Alignment = Nominative-accusative | |||
|adjective = first | |||
|adposition = first | |||
|adverb= first | |||
|article= first | |||
|relativeclause = first | |||
|nounclause = first | |||
|order = VSO | |||
|Tonal = Yes | |||
|Genders = Yes | |||
|Declined = Yes | |||
|Conjugated = Yes | |||
|Case = no | |||
|Number = Yes | |||
|Definiteness = Yes | |||
|Gender = Yes | |||
|Voice = Yes | |||
|Mood = Yes | |||
|Person = Yes | |||
|Number = Yes | |||
|Tense = Yes | |||
|Aspect = Yes | |||
|}} | |||
==Background== | ==Background== | ||
The Themsaran language constitutes a separate branch of the Zachydic language family, along with other para-Themsaran languages. Themsaran is a typological and lexical outlier in its family due to its long period of isolation and substrate influence. This article describes Classical Themsaran. | The Themsaran language constitutes a separate branch of the Zachydic language family, along with other para-Themsaran languages. Themsaran is a typological and lexical outlier in its family due to its long period of isolation and substrate influence. The language possesses strongly head-initial syntax, head-marking in both clauses and possessive NPs, mixed fusional and agglutinative inflection, and nominative-accusative morphosyntax. This article describes Classical Themsaran. | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
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===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
Themaran has six vowels, short and long. Short vowels have one mora, and long vowels have two morae. | Themaran has six vowels, short and long. Short vowels have one mora, and long vowels have two morae. | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class=" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="graytable lightgraybg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;" | ||
! style="width: 90px; "| | ! style="width: 90px; "| | ||
! style="width: 90px; " |Front | ! style="width: 90px; " |Front | ||
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===Pitch accent=== | ===Pitch accent=== | ||
Pitch accent, or tone, is phonemic in Themsaran. The following is the notation for tones: | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="graytable lightgraybg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;" | |||
! style="width: 90px; "| | |||
! style="width: 90px; " |Short | |||
! style="width: 90px; " |Long | |||
! style="width: 90px; " |Diphthong | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Unmarked | |||
| '''a''' | |||
| '''ā''' | |||
| '''ai''' | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |High | |||
| '''á''' | |||
| '''a̋''' | |||
| '''ái''' | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Low | |||
| '''à''' | |||
| '''ȁ''' | |||
| '''ài''' | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Falling | |||
| - | |||
| '''â''' | |||
| '''âi''' | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |Rising | |||
| - | |||
| ǎ | |||
| ǎi | |||
|} | |||
The pitch accent of a word consists of two components: the lexical tone, and the position of the downstep (the latter is confined to appear after the 3rd-to-last mora). A high-tone word is consistently high until the downstep, whereafter the pitch drops sharply. A low-tone word starts low and has the highest pitch at the tonic mora, which is immediately before the downstep. | |||
The following is the notation used for marking Themsaran pitch accent: | |||
#High lexical tone is marked in the initial syllable; low tone is not marked, unless necessitated by rule 2. | |||
#The tonic syllable is always marked: | |||
**If the downstep occurs after a long syllable (syllable with a long vowel or diphthong), the syllable is rising in a low-tone word, and high in a high-tone word. | |||
**If the downstep occurs between the two morae of a long syllable, the syllable has falling tone. | |||
#If the first syllable has high tone and precedes a downstep, the second syllable is marked as low. | |||
If the downstep occurred word-finally, the first syllable of a following high tone word would have slightly lower pitch. A word final short vowel and downstep sequence, occurring in isolation, would be realized as a falling, short vowel. | |||
===Phonotactics=== | ===Phonotactics=== | ||
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==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
Nouns inflect for number, definiteness and possessedness, but not for case. Nouns have two genders, masculine and feminine. In third-person possessed forms, Themsaran makes a distinction between absolute possessed form, the last noun in a possessive noun phrase, and the conjunct possessed form, | Nouns inflect for number, definiteness and possessedness, but not for case. Nouns have two genders, masculine and feminine. In third-person possessed forms, Themsaran makes a distinction between the ''absolute'' possessed form, the last noun in a possessive noun phrase, and the the ''conjunct'' possessed form, used to mark possession. | ||
===Adjectives=== | ===Adjectives=== | ||
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===Equational sentences=== | ===Equational sentences=== | ||
===Relative clauses=== | ===Relative clauses=== | ||
===Coreferentiality | ===Coreferentiality=== | ||
==Derivational morphology== | ==Derivational morphology== | ||
[[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]] | [[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A priori]] | ||