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Tigol/Proto-Tigol: Difference between revisions
→Coreferentiality
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{{Gloss|phrase = Jé henesan{{blue|thú}}?|IPA=/jéꜜ hènesanθuꜜ/|morphemes = jé ⟨he⟩nesa⟨n⟩-{{blue|thu}} |gloss = who ⟨PAST.PFV⟩kill.animate.subject⟨PAST.PFV.3SG.M.NOM⟩-{{blue|4SG.M.OBJ}} |translation = Whom did he kill?/Who is it he killed?}} | {{Gloss|phrase = Jé henesan{{blue|thú}}?|IPA=/jéꜜ hènesanθuꜜ/|morphemes = jé ⟨he⟩nesa⟨n⟩-{{blue|thu}} |gloss = who ⟨PAST.PFV⟩kill.animate.subject⟨PAST.PFV.3SG.M.NOM⟩-{{blue|4SG.M.OBJ}} |translation = Whom did he kill?/Who is it he killed?}} | ||
====Polar questions and focus==== | ====Polar questions and focus==== | ||
Q | {{Gloss|phrase = Ei henesanú Jálèm?|IPA=/èi‿hènesanuꜜ jálèm/|morphemes = ei=⟨he⟩nesa⟨n⟩-u J. |gloss = Q=⟨PAST.PFV⟩kill.animate.subject⟨PAST.PFV.3SG.M.NOM⟩-3SG.M.OBJ |translation = Did he kill Jálèm? (or didn't he?}} | ||
{{Gloss|phrase = Ei henesanthú Jálèm?|IPA=/èi‿hènesanθuꜜ jálèm/|morphemes = ei=⟨he⟩nesa⟨n⟩-thu J. |gloss = Q=⟨PAST.PFV⟩kill.animate.subject⟨PAST.PFV.3SG.M.NOM⟩-4SG.M.OBJ J. |translation = Did Jálèm kill him? (or didn't he?)}} | |||
Q | {{Gloss|phrase = Ei Jálèm henesanthú?|IPA=/éi‿jálèm hènesanθuꜜ/|morphemes = ei=⟨he⟩nesa⟨n⟩-thu J. |gloss = Q=J. ⟨PAST.PFV⟩kill.animate.subject⟨PAST.PFV.3SG.M.NOM⟩-4SG.M.OBJ |translation = Is Jálèm the one he killed?}} | ||
{{Gloss|phrase = Ei Jálèm henesanú?|IPA=/éi‿jálèm hènesanuꜜ/|morphemes = ei=⟨he⟩nesa⟨n⟩-u J. |gloss = Q=J. ⟨PAST.PFV⟩kill.animate.subject⟨PAST.PFV.3SG.M.NOM⟩-3SG.M.OBJ |translation = Is Jálèm the one who killed him?}} | |||
{{Gloss|phrase = Ei ťá henesanú Jálèm?|IPA=/éi‿jálèm hènesanuꜜ/|morphemes = ei=⟨he⟩nesa⟨n⟩-u J. |gloss = Q= 4SG.M ⟨PAST.PFV⟩kill.animate.subject⟨PAST.PFV.3SG.M.NOM⟩-3SG.M.OBJ |translation = Is he the one who killed Jálèm?}} | |||
{{Gloss|phrase = Ei ťá henesanthú Jálèm?|IPA=/éi‿jálèm hènesanθuꜜ/|morphemes = ei=⟨he⟩nesa⟨n⟩-thu J. |gloss = Q= 4SG.M ⟨PAST.PFV⟩kill.animate.subject⟨PAST.PFV.3SG.M.NOM⟩-4SG.M.OBJ |translation = Is he the one Jálèm killed?}} | |||
Q 4SG.M | |||
====Possessives==== | ====Possessives==== | ||
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====Indirect speech==== | ====Indirect speech==== | ||
If the complement clause's subject corefers with the subject of the main clause, it is left unstated in the complement clause. Otherwise the third- or fourth-person pronoun is used as the subject as appropriate. | If the complement clause's subject corefers with the subject of the main clause, it is left unstated in the complement clause. Otherwise the third- or fourth-person pronoun is used as the subject as appropriate. | ||
==="Impersonal" sentences=== | ==="Impersonal" sentences=== | ||
There exists impersonal pronouns (identical to the interrogative "who"/"what", and distinguished by not being fronted), but it is only used as an intransitive subject. In other cases, the verb is put into the mediopassive (or mediopassive of causative or applicative, as appropriate). | There exists impersonal pronouns (identical to the interrogative "who"/"what", and distinguished by not being fronted), but it is only used as an intransitive subject. In other cases, the verb is put into the mediopassive (or mediopassive of causative or applicative, as appropriate). | ||