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{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
|name = {{PAGENAME}} | |name = {{PAGENAME}} | ||
|creator = Praimhín | |||
|image = | |image = | ||
|setting = Irta | |setting = Irta | ||
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}} | }} | ||
'''Togarmite''' or '''Thermite''' (''yn Tėrmit'' /ən | '''Togarmite''' or '''Thermite''' (''yn Tėrmit'' /ən thermith/ or ''yn lysėn Tėrmi'') is a Northwest Semitic language (as distant from Hebrew as Aramaic is). It is inspired by Hebrew, Lithuanian, Germanic languages (particularly Icelandic), Greek, Welsh and [https://www.veche.net/alashian Alashian], a Semitic conlang. | ||
Modern Togarmite retains the Semitic root-and-pattern morphology of [[Togarmite/Old|Old Togarmite]], but has undergone some phonological and grammatical restructuring: | Modern Togarmite retains the Semitic root-and-pattern morphology of [[Togarmite/Old|Old Togarmite]], but has undergone some phonological and grammatical restructuring: | ||
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*loss of grammatical gender | *loss of grammatical gender | ||
*loss of the passive binyanim | *loss of the passive binyanim | ||
*loss of the suffix conjugation except in a few verbs | *loss of the suffix conjugation except in a few verbs (where they form the w-form); erosion of the prefix paradigm (used for the past tense, like the Hebrew waw-consecutive preterite) to the point where subject pronouns are required | ||
*the use of the ''w-form'' (inherited from the Old Togarmite waw-consecutive) for the present progressive, mirroring [[Time Traveler English|English]] ''-ing'' < PIE *-nd-kwe | *the use of the ''w-form'' (inherited from the Old Togarmite waw-consecutive) for the present progressive, mirroring [[Time Traveler English|English]] ''-ing'' < PIE *-nd-kwe | ||
*the development of a productive concatenative verb paradigm used to form verbs from other words, analogous to Germanic weak verbs | *the development of a productive concatenative verb paradigm used to form verbs from other words, analogous to Germanic weak verbs | ||
==Todo== | ==Todo== | ||
* Dalet tet tav > ð d t (d = /d~t/, t aspirated); more of a Hivantish/Spanish/Tsarfati Hebrew aesthetic | * Dalet tet tav > ð d t (d = /d~t/, t aspirated); more of a Hivantish/Spanish/Tsarfati Hebrew aesthetic and gives a Welsh aesthetic to Greek loans | ||
* Should have initial w- > j- like Hebrew and Aramaic | * Should have initial w- > j- like Hebrew and Aramaic | ||
*Should be | * Should be spoken in our Turkey? | ||
*A few verbs derived from historical passive binyanim, analogized so they're weak verbs | *A few verbs derived from historical passive binyanim, analogized so they're weak verbs | ||
*Gzarot | *Gzarot | ||
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*Declensions | *Declensions | ||
*Lots of triconsonantified Greek words | *Lots of triconsonantified Greek words | ||
*A bit more | *A bit more Aramaic isoglosses / semantic shifts in a general Aramaic direction | ||
*Much less of an English relex: more consistent do-support, progressive forms used for imperfectives and VSO as in Welsh? Most "Englishy" bits should be literal translations of idioms, phrasal verbs and pragmatics, loss of grammatical gender, intense dialectal mixing in the early modern period with what appears to be occasional random unpredictable changes, and some vocabulary and affixes | *Much less of an English relex: more consistent do-support, progressive forms used for imperfectives and VSO as in Welsh? Most "Englishy" bits should be literal translations of idioms, phrasal verbs and pragmatics, loss of grammatical gender, intense dialectal mixing in the early modern period with what appears to be occasional random unpredictable changes, and some vocabulary and affixes | ||
*Relex Modern Greek in places where it differs grammatically from English: ''yn'' before proper names? | *Relex Modern Greek in places where it differs grammatically from English: ''yn'' before proper names? | ||
*Prepositional pronouns | *Prepositional pronouns | ||
*more binyanim like ''syfȝel'', ''asøfȝel'', '' | *more binyanim like ''syfȝel'', ''asøfȝel'', ''tasøfȝel'' and ''tystyfȝel''? | ||
*Taxonomic names get calqued into Greek | *Taxonomic names get calqued into Greek | ||
*CiCV:C > CyCVC, CaCV:C > CCVC | *CiCV:C > CyCVC, CaCV:C > CCVC | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
The Old Togarmite name for the language, ''Θėgarmīθ'', is thought to have been borrowed from a pre-Togarmite source *''Tāgarma''. The name ''Togarmah'' from the same source is also attested in the Hebrew Bible. (The Greeks and the Romans called the Togarmite people ''Θηγαρμικοί'' and ''Thegarmici'' respectively.) The name of the language shows the Togarmite shift of Proto-Semitic ''ā'' to ''ė'' /e:/, mirroring the Canaanite shift ''ā'' > ''ō'' occuring in | The Old Togarmite name for the language, ''Θėgarmīθ'', is thought to have been borrowed from a pre-Togarmite source *''Tāgarma''. The name ''Togarmah'' from the same source is also attested in the Hebrew Bible. (The Greeks and the Romans called the Togarmite people ''Θηγαρμικοί'' and ''Thegarmici'' respectively.) The name of the language shows the Togarmite shift of Proto-Semitic ''ā'' to ''ė'' /e:/, mirroring the Canaanite shift ''ā'' > ''ō'' occuring in Hebrew. | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
Togarmite has | Togarmite has 26 consonants, 22 of them inherited from Proto-Semitic. It gained /p=/ during the Old Togarmite stage by adapting loans from Greek, Aramaic and Persian, e.g. ''barkes'' 'to act', from Ancient Greek ''praxis''. It also merged Old Togarmite ''ħ'' /ħ/ and ''h'' /h/ into ''h'' /h/, OTog ''č'' /tʃ/, ''ž'' and ''j'' into ''ž''. | ||
*'''m n''' /m n/ (PSem *m *n) | *'''m n''' /m n/ (PSem *m *n) | ||
*'''b d g ' ''' /p= t= k= ʔ/ ((not in PSem) *T *q *2) | *'''b d g ' ''' /p=~b t=~d k=~g ʔ/ ((not in PSem) *T *q *2) | ||
*'''t k''' /th kh/ (*t *k) | *'''t k''' /th kh/ (*t *k) | ||
*'''th ch''' /θ x/ (in Greek loans) | |||
*'''v ð γ''' /v ð γ/ (*b *d *g) | *'''v ð γ''' /v ð γ/ (*b *d *g) | ||
*'''f s š h''' /f s ʃ h/ (*p *s/*š *þ/*ś *h/*H/*x) | *'''f s š h''' /f s ʃ h/ (*p *s/*š *þ/*ś *h/*H/*x) | ||
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Modern Togarmite has 9 vowels in stressed syllables. | Modern Togarmite has 9 vowels in stressed syllables. | ||
''a e ė i o ø u y'' /ɑ | ''a e ė i o ø u y'' /ɑ æ e i o ø u (ə)/ | ||
''ei au'' /ɛi ɔu/ | ''ei au'' /ɛi ɔu/ | ||
Contrastive vowel length is present from elision of h in colloquial Togarmite: '' | Contrastive vowel length is present from elision of h in colloquial Togarmite: ''møtyhanan'' = [mø'ta:nan] instead of /møtə'hanan/ | ||
===Stress=== | ===Stress=== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! indefinite | ! indefinite | ||
| '' | | ''frit'' || ''frij'''ėt''''' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! past; conditional | ! past; conditional | ||
| '' | | ''nėk yktøv'' | ||
| '' | | ''at/et yktøv'' | ||
| ''hu/hi | | ''hu/hi ktøv'' | ||
| ''nan | | ''nan ktøv'' | ||
| '' | | ''atøm ktøv'' | ||
| ''høm | | ''høm ktøv'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past imperfective; past subjunctive | ! past imperfective; past subjunctive | ||
| '' | | ''nėk fit wyktav'' | ||
| '' | | ''at/et fit wyktav'' | ||
| ''hu/hi fė | | ''hu/hi fė wyktav'' | ||
| ''nan fu | | ''nan fu wyktav'' | ||
| '' | | ''atøm fu wyktav'' | ||
| ''høm fu | | ''høm fu wyktav'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present | ! present | ||
| '' | | ''nėk wyktav'' | ||
| '' | | ''at/et wyktav'' | ||
| ''hu/hi | | ''hu/hi wyktav'' | ||
| ''nan | | ''nan wyktav'' | ||
| '' | | ''atøm wyktav'' | ||
| ''høm | | ''høm wyktav'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present progressive | ! present progressive | ||
| '' | | ''nėk lu wyktav'' | ||
| '' | | ''at/et lu wyktav'' | ||
| ''hu/hi lu | | ''hu/hi lu wyktav'' | ||
| ''nan lu | | ''nan lu wyktav'' | ||
| '' | | ''atøm lu wyktav'' | ||
| ''høm lu | | ''høm lu wyktav'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present subjunctive | ! present subjunctive | ||
| '' | | ''nėk yktøvan'' | ||
| '' | | ''at/et yktøvan'' | ||
| ''hu/hi | | ''hu/hi ktøvan'' | ||
| ''nan | | ''nan ktøvan'' | ||
| '' | | ''atøm ktøvan'' | ||
| ''høm | | ''høm ktøvan'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! future | ! future | ||
| '' | | ''nėk bė ktėv'' | ||
| '' | | ''at/et bė ktėv'' | ||
| ''hu bė | | ''hu bė ktėv'' | ||
| ''nan bė | | ''nan bė ktėv'' | ||
| '' | | ''atøm bė ktėv'' | ||
| ''høm bė | | ''høm bė ktėv'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! perfect | ! perfect | ||
| ''li | | ''li ktuv'' | ||
| ''lax/lex | | ''lax/lex ktuv'' | ||
| ''lau/la | | ''lau/la ktuv'' | ||
| ''lanė | | ''lanė ktuv'' | ||
| ''laxøm | | ''laxøm ktuv'' | ||
| ''laum | | ''laum ktuv'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! imperative | ! imperative | ||
|colspan=6| '' | |colspan=6| ''ktøv!'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! active participle | ! active participle | ||
|colspan=6| '' | |colspan=6| ''xėtev'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! passive participle | ! passive participle | ||
|colspan=6| '' | |colspan=6| ''ktuv'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! w-form | ! w-form | ||
|colspan=6| '' | |colspan=6| ''wyktav'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! infinitive | ! infinitive | ||
|colspan=6| '' | |colspan=6| ''ktėv'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! past; conditional | ! past; conditional | ||
| '' | | ''nėk ynum'' | ||
| '' | | ''at/et ynum'' | ||
| ''hu/hi num'' | | ''hu/hi num'' | ||
| ''nan num'' | | ''nan num'' | ||
| '' | | ''atøm num'' | ||
| ''høm num'' | | ''høm num'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past progressive; past subjunctive | ! past progressive; past subjunctive | ||
| '' | | ''nėk fit wynaum'' | ||
| '' | | ''at/et fit wynaum'' | ||
| ''hu/hi fė wynaum'' | | ''hu/hi fė wynaum'' | ||
| ''nan fu wynaum'' | | ''nan fu wynaum'' | ||
| '' | | ''atøm fu wynaum'' | ||
| ''høm fu wynaum'' | | ''høm fu wynaum'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present | ! present | ||
| '' | | ''nėk wynaum'' | ||
| '' | | ''at/et wynaum'' | ||
| ''hu/hi wynaum'' | | ''hu/hi wynaum'' | ||
| ''nan wynaum'' | | ''nan wynaum'' | ||
| '' | | ''atøm wynaum'' | ||
| ''høm wynaum'' | | ''høm wynaum'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present progressive | ! present progressive | ||
| '' | | ''nėk lu wynaum'' | ||
| '' | | ''at/et lu wynaum'' | ||
| ''hu/hi lu wynaum'' | | ''hu/hi lu wynaum'' | ||
| ''nan lu wynaum'' | | ''nan lu wynaum'' | ||
| '' | | ''atøm lu wynaum'' | ||
| ''høm lu wynaum'' | | ''høm lu wynaum'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present subjunctive | ! present subjunctive | ||
| '' | | ''nėk ynuman'' | ||
| '' | | ''at/et ynuman'' | ||
| ''hu/hi numan'' | | ''hu/hi numan'' | ||
| ''nan numan'' | | ''nan numan'' | ||
| '' | | ''atøm numan'' | ||
| ''høm numan'' | | ''høm numan'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! future | ! future | ||
| '' | | ''nėk bė nwėm'' | ||
| '' | | ''at/et bė nwėm'' | ||
| ''hu/hi bė nwėm'' | | ''hu/hi bė nwėm'' | ||
| ''nan bė nwėm'' | | ''nan bė nwėm'' | ||
| '' | | ''atøm bė nwėm'' | ||
| ''høm bė nwėm'' | | ''høm bė nwėm'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! past; conditional | ! past; conditional | ||
| '' | | ''nėk ysaken'' | ||
| '' | | ''at/et ysaken'' | ||
| ''hu/hi | | ''hu/hi saken'' | ||
| ''nan | | ''nan saken'' | ||
| '' | | ''atøm saken'' | ||
| ''høm | | ''høm saken'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past progressive; past subjunctive | ! past progressive; past subjunctive | ||
| '' | | ''nėk fit wysaken'' | ||
| '' | | ''at/et fit wysaken'' | ||
| ''hu/hi fė | | ''hu/hi fė wysaken'' | ||
| ''nan fu | | ''nan fu wysaken'' | ||
| '' | | ''atøm fu wysaken'' | ||
| ''høm fu | | ''høm fu wysaken'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present | ! present | ||
| '' | | ''nėk wysaken'' | ||
| '' | | ''at/et wysaken'' | ||
| ''hu/hi | | ''hu/hi wysaken'' | ||
| ''nan | | ''nan wysaken'' | ||
| '' | | ''atøm wysaken'' | ||
| ''høm | | ''høm wysaken'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present progressive | ! present progressive | ||
| '' | | ''nėk lu wysaken'' | ||
| '' | | ''at/et lu wysaken'' | ||
| ''hu/hi lu | | ''hu/hi lu wysaken'' | ||
| ''nan lu | | ''nan lu wysaken'' | ||
| '' | | ''atøm lu wysaken'' | ||
| ''høm lu | | ''høm lu wysaken'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present subjunctive | ! present subjunctive | ||
| '' | | ''nėk ysakenan'' | ||
| '' | | ''at/et ysakenan'' | ||
| ''hu/hi | | ''hu/hi sakenan'' | ||
| ''nan | | ''nan sakenan'' | ||
| '' | | ''atøm sakenan'' | ||
| ''høm | | ''høm sakenan'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! future | ! future | ||
| '' | | ''nėk bė sakun'' | ||
| '' | | ''at bė sakun'' | ||
| ''hu bė | | ''hu bė sakun'' | ||
| ''nan bė | | ''nan bė sakun'' | ||
| '' | | ''atøm bė sakun'' | ||
| ''høm bė | | ''høm bė sakun'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! perfect | ! perfect | ||
| ''li | | ''li møsakan'' | ||
| ''lax/lex | | ''lax/lex møsakan'' | ||
| ''lau/la | | ''lau/la møsakan'' | ||
| ''lanė | | ''lanė møsakan'' | ||
| ''laxøm | | ''laxøm møsakan'' | ||
| ''laum | | ''laum møsakan'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! imperative | ! imperative | ||
|colspan=6| '' | |colspan=6| ''saken!'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! active participle | ! active participle | ||
|colspan=6| '' | |colspan=6| ''møsaken'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! passive participle | ! passive participle | ||
|colspan=6| '' | |colspan=6| ''møsakan'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! w-form | ! w-form | ||
|colspan=6| '' | |colspan=6| ''wysaken'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! infinitive | ! infinitive | ||
|colspan=6| '' | |colspan=6| ''sakun'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! past; conditional | ! past; conditional | ||
| '' | | ''nėk yðėver'' | ||
| '' | | ''at/et yðėver'' | ||
| ''hu/hi | | ''hu/hi ðėver'' | ||
| ''nan | | ''nan ðėver'' | ||
| '' | | ''atøm ðėver'' | ||
| ''høm | | ''høm ðėver'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past progressive; past subjunctive | ! past progressive; past subjunctive | ||
| '' | | ''nėk fit wyðėver'' | ||
| '' | | ''at/et fit wyðėver'' | ||
| ''hu/hi fė | | ''hu/hi fė wyðėver'' | ||
| ''nan fu | | ''nan fu wyðėver'' | ||
| '' | | ''atøm fu wyðėver'' | ||
| ''høm fu | | ''høm fu wyðėver'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present | ! present | ||
| '' | | ''nėk wyðėver'' | ||
| '' | | ''at/et wyðėver'' | ||
| ''hu/hi | | ''hu/hi wyðėver'' | ||
| ''nan | | ''nan wyðėver'' | ||
| '' | | ''atøm wyðėver'' | ||
| ''høm | | ''høm wyðėver'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present subjunctive | ! present subjunctive | ||
| '' | | ''nėk yðėveran'' | ||
| '' | | ''at/et yðėveran'' | ||
| ''hu/hi | | ''hu/hi ðėveran'' | ||
| ''nan | | ''nan ðėveran'' | ||
| '' | | ''atøm ðėveran'' | ||
| ''høm | | ''høm ðėveran'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! future | ! future | ||
| '' | | ''nėk bė ðėvur'' | ||
| '' | | ''at bė ðėvur'' | ||
| ''hu bė | | ''hu bė ðėvur'' | ||
| ''nan bė | | ''nan bė ðėvur'' | ||
| '' | | ''atøm bė ðėvur'' | ||
| ''høm bė | | ''høm bė ðėvur'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! perfect | ! perfect | ||
| ''li | | ''li møðėvar'' | ||
| ''lax/lex | | ''lax/lex møðėvar'' | ||
| ''lau/la | | ''lau/la møðėvar'' | ||
| ''lanė | | ''lanė møðėvar'' | ||
| ''laxøm | | ''laxøm møðėvar'' | ||
| ''laum | | ''laum møðėvar'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! imperative | ! imperative | ||
| ''-'' | | ''-'' | ||
| '' | | ''ðėver!'' | ||
| ''-'' | | ''-'' | ||
| ''-'' | | ''-'' | ||
| '' | | ''ðėveru!'' | ||
| ''-'' | | ''-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! active participle | ! active participle | ||
|colspan=6| '' | |colspan=6| ''møðėver'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! passive participle | ! passive participle | ||
|colspan=6| '' | |colspan=6| ''møðėvar'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! w-form | ! w-form | ||
|colspan=6| '' | |colspan=6| ''wyðėver'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! infinitive | ! infinitive | ||
|colspan=6| '' | |colspan=6| ''ðėvur'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! past; conditional | ! past; conditional | ||
| '' | | ''nėk ažker'' | ||
| '' | | ''at/et ažker'' | ||
| ''hu/hi | | ''hu/hi ažker'' | ||
| ''nan | | ''nan ažker'' | ||
| '' | | ''atøm ažker'' | ||
| ''høm | | ''høm ažker'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past progressive; past subjunctive | ! past progressive; past subjunctive | ||
| ''fiti | | ''fiti wažker'' | ||
| ''fit | | ''fit wažker'' | ||
| ''fė | | ''fė wažker'' | ||
| ''finė | | ''finė wažker'' | ||
| ''fitøm | | ''fitøm wažker'' | ||
| ''fu | | ''fu wažker'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present | ! present | ||
| '' | | ''nėk še wažker'' | ||
| ''at/et še wažker'' | |||
| ''hu/hi še wažker'' | |||
| ''nan še wažker'' | |||
| ''atøm šu wažker'' | |||
| ''høm šu wažker'' | |||
| '' | |||
| ''hu/hi še | |||
| ''nan še | |||
| '' | |||
| ''høm šu | |||
|- | |- | ||
! present subjunctive | ! present subjunctive | ||
| '' | | ''nėk ažkeran'' | ||
| '' | | ''at/et ažkeran'' | ||
| ''hu/hi | | ''hu/hi ažkeran'' | ||
| ''nan | | ''nan ažkeran'' | ||
| '' | | ''atøm ažkeran'' | ||
| ''høm | | ''høm ažkeran'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! future | ! future | ||
| '' | | ''nėk bė hažkur'' | ||
| '' | | ''at bė hažkur'' | ||
| ''hu bė | | ''hu bė hažkur'' | ||
| ''nan bė | | ''nan bė hažkur'' | ||
| '' | | ''atøm bė hažkur'' | ||
| ''høm bė | | ''høm bė hažkur'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! perfect | ! perfect | ||
| ''li | | ''li mažkar'' | ||
| ''lax/lex | | ''lax/lex mažkar'' | ||
| ''lau/la | | ''lau/la mažkar'' | ||
| ''lanė | | ''lanė mažkar'' | ||
| ''laxøm | | ''laxøm mažkar'' | ||
| ''laum | | ''laum mažkar'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! imperative | ! imperative | ||
|colspan=6|'' | |colspan=6|''ažker!'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! active participle | ! active participle | ||
|colspan=6| '' | |colspan=6| ''mažker'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! passive participle | ! passive participle | ||
|colspan=6| '' | |colspan=6| ''mažkar'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! w-form | ! w-form | ||
|colspan=6| '' | |colspan=6| ''wažker'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! infinitive | ! infinitive | ||
|colspan=6| '' | |colspan=6| ''ažkur'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
====Binyan 5: ''ftyȝel''==== | ====Binyan 5: ''ftyȝel''==== | ||
This binyan comes from the Proto-Semitic t-stem and shares similarities with the Hebrew binyan ''hitpa33el'' and Arabic ''ifta3ala''. It is characterized by the | This binyan comes from the Proto-Semitic t-stem and shares similarities with the Hebrew binyan ''hitpa33el'' and Arabic ''ifta3ala''. It is characterized by the t- prefix that comes from the *t infix. | ||
Meanings: | Meanings: | ||
Line 756: | Line 750: | ||
*reciprocal | *reciprocal | ||
The prefix '' | The prefix ''t'' metathesizes with C1 when | ||
*C1 = f x s š c h z ž ȝ: '' | *C1 = f x s š c h z ž ȝ: ''tf tx ts tš th tz tž tȝ'' > ''ft xt st št ct ht zd žd ȝd'' | ||
*C1 = d t | *C1 = ð d t: ''tð td tt'' > ''ð d t'' | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;" | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! past; conditional | ! past; conditional | ||
| '' | | ''nėk ytlymeð'' | ||
| '' | | ''at/et ytlymeð'' | ||
| ''hu/hi | | ''hu/hi tlymeð'' | ||
| ''nan | | ''nan tlymeð'' | ||
| '' | | ''atøm tlymeð'' | ||
| ''høm | | ''høm tlymeð'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past progressive; past subjunctive | ! past progressive; past subjunctive | ||
| ''fiti | | ''fiti wytlymeð'' | ||
| ''fit | | ''fit wytlymeð'' | ||
| ''fė | | ''fė wytlymeð'' | ||
| ''finė | | ''finė wytlymeð'' | ||
| ''fitøm | | ''fitøm wytlymeð'' | ||
| ''fu | | ''fu wytlymeð'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present | ! present | ||
| '' | | ''nėk ytlėmeð'' | ||
| '' | | ''at/et ytlėmeð'' | ||
| ''hu/hi | | ''hu/hi tlėmeð'' | ||
| ''nan | | ''nan tlėmeð'' | ||
| '' | | ''atøm tlėmeð'' | ||
| ''høm | | ''høm tlėmeð'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present progressive | ! present progressive | ||
| '' | | ''nėk še wytlymeð'' | ||
| '' | | ''at/et še wytlymeð'' | ||
| ''hu/hi še | | ''hu/hi še wytlymeð'' | ||
| ''nan še | | ''nan še wytlymeð'' | ||
| '' | | ''atøm šu wytlymeð'' | ||
| ''høm šu | | ''høm šu wytlymeð'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present subjunctive | ! present subjunctive | ||
| '' | | ''nėk ytlymeðan'' | ||
| '' | | ''at/et ytlymeðan'' | ||
| ''hu/hi | | ''hu/hi tlymeðan'' | ||
| ''nan | | ''nan tlymeðan'' | ||
| '' | | ''atøm tlymeðan'' | ||
| ''høm | | ''høm tlymeðan'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! future | ! future | ||
| '' | | ''nėk bė hytlymuð'' | ||
| '' | | ''at bė hytlymuð'' | ||
| ''hu bė | | ''hu bė hytlymuð'' | ||
| ''nan bė | | ''nan bė hytlymuð'' | ||
| '' | | ''atøm bė hytlymuð'' | ||
| ''høm bė | | ''høm bė hytlymuð'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! perfect | ! perfect | ||
| ''li | | ''li møtlymað'' | ||
| ''lax/lex | | ''lax/lex møtlymað'' | ||
| ''lau/la | | ''lau/la møtlymað'' | ||
| ''lanė | | ''lanė møtlymað'' | ||
| ''laxøm | | ''laxøm møtlymað'' | ||
| ''laum | | ''laum møtlymað'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! imperative | ! imperative | ||
|colspan=6|'' | |colspan=6|''ytlymeð'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! active participle | ! active participle | ||
|colspan=6| '' | |colspan=6| ''møtlymeð'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! passive participle | ! passive participle | ||
|colspan=6| '' | |colspan=6| ''møtlymað'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! w-form | ! w-form | ||
|colspan=6| '' | |colspan=6| ''wytlymėð'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! infinitive | ! infinitive | ||
|colspan=6| '' | |colspan=6| ''hytlymuð'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
====Binyan 6: '' | ====Binyan 6: ''etyfȝel''==== | ||
This binyan comes from the Nt-stem, with the mediopassive n- marker and the reflexive/reciprocal t-marker: the stem comes from *intap3il. cf. Hebrew ''nitpa33el'', a variant of the ''hitpa33el'' binyan and the Arabic ''infa3ala'' binyan. | This binyan comes from the Nt-stem, with the mediopassive n- marker and the reflexive/reciprocal t-marker: the stem comes from *intap3il. cf. Hebrew ''nitpa33el'', a variant of the ''hitpa33el'' binyan and the Arabic ''infa3ala'' binyan. | ||
Line 856: | Line 850: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past; conditional | ! past; conditional | ||
| '' | | ''nėk etyγðel'' | ||
| '' | | ''at/et etyγðel'' | ||
| ''hu/hi | | ''hu/hi etyγðel'' | ||
| ''nan | | ''nan etyγðel'' | ||
| '' | | ''atøm etyγðel'' | ||
| ''høm | | ''høm etyγðel'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past progressive; past subjunctive | ! past progressive; past subjunctive | ||
| ''fiti | | ''fiti wetyγðel'' | ||
| ''fit | | ''fit wetyγðel'' | ||
| ''fė | | ''fė wetyγðel'' | ||
| ''finė | | ''finė wetyγðel'' | ||
| ''fitøm | | ''fitøm wetyγðel'' | ||
| ''fu | | ''fu watyγðel'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present | ! present | ||
| '' | | ''nėk še wetyγðel'' | ||
| ''at/et še wetyγðel'' | |||
| ''hu/hi še wetyγðel'' | |||
| ''nan še wetyγðel'' | |||
| ''atøm šu wetyγðel'' | |||
| ''høm šu wetyγðel'' | |||
| '' | |||
| ''hu/hi še | |||
| ''nan še | |||
| '' | |||
| ''høm šu | |||
|- | |- | ||
! present subjunctive | ! present subjunctive | ||
| '' | | ''nėk etyγðelan'' | ||
| '' | | ''at/et etyγðelan'' | ||
| ''hu/hi | | ''hu/hi etyγðelan'' | ||
| ''nan | | ''nan etyγðelan'' | ||
| '' | | ''atøm etyγðelan'' | ||
| ''høm | | ''høm etyγðelan'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! future | ! future | ||
| '' | | ''nėk bė hetyγðul'' | ||
| '' | | ''at bė hetyγðul'' | ||
| ''hu bė | | ''hu bė hetyγðul'' | ||
| ''nan bė | | ''nan bė hetyγðul'' | ||
| '' | | ''atøm bė hetyγðul'' | ||
| ''høm bė | | ''høm bė hetyγðul'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! perfect | ! perfect | ||
| ''li | | ''li metyγðal'' | ||
| ''lax/lex | | ''lax/lex metyγðal'' | ||
| ''lau/la | | ''lau/la metyγðal'' | ||
| ''lanė | | ''lanė metyγðal'' | ||
| ''laxøm | | ''laxøm metyγðal'' | ||
| ''laum | | ''laum metyγðal'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! imperative | ! imperative | ||
| ''-'' | | ''-'' | ||
| '' | | ''hetyγðel!'' | ||
| ''-'' | | ''-'' | ||
| ''-'' | | ''-'' | ||
| '' | | ''hetyγðelu!'' | ||
| ''-'' | | ''-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! active participle | ! active participle | ||
|colspan=6| '' | |colspan=6| ''metyγðel'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! passive participle | ! passive participle | ||
|colspan=6| '' | |colspan=6| ''metyγðal'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! w-form | ! w-form | ||
|colspan=6| '' | |colspan=6| ''watyγðel'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! infinitive | ! infinitive | ||
|colspan=6| '' | |colspan=6| ''hetyγðul'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 945: | Line 931: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past; conditional | ! past; conditional | ||
| '' | | ''nėk ystydȝem'' | ||
| '' | | ''at/et ystydȝem'' | ||
| ''hu/hi | | ''hu/hi stydȝem'' | ||
| ''nan | | ''nan stydȝem'' | ||
| '' | | ''atøm stydȝem'' | ||
| ''høm | | ''høm stydȝem'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past progressive; past subjunctive | ! past progressive; past subjunctive | ||
| ''fiti | | ''fiti wystydȝem'' | ||
| ''fit | | ''fit wystydȝem'' | ||
| ''fė | | ''fė wystydȝem'' | ||
| ''finė | | ''finė wystydȝem'' | ||
| ''fitøm | | ''fitøm wystydȝem'' | ||
| ''fu | | ''fu wystydȝem'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present | ! present | ||
| '' | | ''nėk ystytėȝem'' | ||
| '' | | ''at/et ystytėȝem'' | ||
| ''hu/hi stytėȝem'' | | ''hu/hi stytėȝem'' | ||
| ''nan stytėȝem'' | | ''nan stytėȝem'' | ||
| '' | | ''atøm stytėȝem'' | ||
| ''høm stytėȝem'' | | ''høm stytėȝem'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present progressive | ! present progressive | ||
| '' | | ''nėk še wystydȝem'' | ||
| '' | | ''at/et še wystydȝem'' | ||
| ''hu/hi še | | ''hu/hi še wystydȝem'' | ||
| ''nan še | | ''nan še wystydȝem'' | ||
| '' | | ''atøm šu wystydȝem'' | ||
| ''høm šu | | ''høm šu wystydȝem'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present subjunctive | ! present subjunctive | ||
| '' | | ''nėk ystydȝeman'' | ||
| '' | | ''at/et ystydȝeman'' | ||
| ''hu/hi | | ''hu/hi stydȝeman'' | ||
| ''nan | | ''nan stydȝeman'' | ||
| '' | | ''atøm stydȝemun'' | ||
| '' | | ''jystydȝemun'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! future | ! future | ||
| '' | | ''nėk bė stydȝum'' | ||
| '' | | ''at bė stydȝum'' | ||
| ''hu bė | | ''hu bė stydȝum'' | ||
| ''nan bė | | ''nan bė stydȝum'' | ||
| '' | | ''atøm bė stydȝum'' | ||
| ''høm bė | | ''høm bė stydȝum'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! perfect | ! perfect | ||
| ''li | | ''li møstydȝam'' | ||
| ''lax/lex | | ''lax/lex møstydȝam'' | ||
| ''lau/la | | ''lau/la møstydȝam'' | ||
| ''lanė | | ''lanė møstydȝam'' | ||
| ''laxøm | | ''laxøm møstydȝam'' | ||
| ''laum | | ''laum møstydȝam'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! imperative | ! imperative | ||
| ''-'' | | ''-'' | ||
| '' | | ''stydȝem!'' | ||
| ''-'' | | ''-'' | ||
| ''-'' | | ''-'' | ||
| '' | | ''stydȝemu!'' | ||
| ''-'' | | ''-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! active participle | ! active participle | ||
|colspan=6| '' | |colspan=6| ''møstydȝem'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! passive participle | ! passive participle | ||
|colspan=6| '' | |colspan=6| ''møstydȝam'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! w-form | ! w-form | ||
|colspan=6| '' | |colspan=6| ''wystydȝem'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! infinitive | ! infinitive | ||
|colspan=6| '' | |colspan=6| ''stydȝum'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 1,046: | Line 1,032: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past; conditional | ! past; conditional | ||
| '' | | ''nėk ymyðrasi'' | ||
| '' | | ''at/et ymyðrasi'' | ||
| ''hu/hi | | ''hu/hi myðrasi'' | ||
| ''nan | | ''nan myðrasi'' | ||
| '' | | ''atøm myðrasi'' | ||
| ''høm | | ''høm myðrasi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past progressive; past subjunctive | ! past progressive; past subjunctive | ||
| ''fiti | | ''fiti wymyðrasi'' | ||
| ''fit | | ''fit wymyðrasi'' | ||
| ''fė | | ''fė wymyðrasi'' | ||
| ''finė | | ''finė wymyðrasi'' | ||
| ''fitøm | | ''fitøm wymyðrasi'' | ||
| ''fu | | ''fu wymyðrasi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present | ! present | ||
| '' | | ''nėk wymyðrasi'' | ||
| '' | | ''at/et wymyðrasi'' | ||
| ''hu/hi | | ''hu/hi wymyðrasi'' | ||
| ''nan | | ''nan wymyðrasi'' | ||
| '' | | ''atøm wymyðrasi'' | ||
| ''høm | | ''høm wymyðrasi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present progressive | ! present progressive | ||
| '' | | ''nėk lu wymyðrasi'' | ||
| '' | | ''at/et lu wymyðrasi'' | ||
| ''hu/hi lu | | ''hu/hi lu wymyðrasi'' | ||
| ''nan lu | | ''nan lu wymyðrasi'' | ||
| '' | | ''atøm lu wymyðrasi'' | ||
| ''høm lu | | ''høm lu wymyðrasi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present subjunctive | ! present subjunctive | ||
| '' | | ''nėk ymyðrasan'' | ||
| '' | | ''at/et ymyðrasan'' | ||
| ''hu/hi | | ''hu/hi myðrasan'' | ||
| ''nan | | ''nan myðrasan'' | ||
| '' | | ''atøm myðrasun'' | ||
| ''høm | | ''høm myðrasun'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! future | ! future | ||
| '' | | ''nėk bė myðrasėt'' | ||
| '' | | ''at bė myðrasėt'' | ||
| ''hu bė | | ''hu bė myðrasėt'' | ||
| ''nėbu | | ''nėbu myðrasėt'' | ||
| '' | | ''atøm bė myðrasėt'' | ||
| ''høm bė | | ''høm bė myðrasėt'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! perfect | ! perfect | ||
| ''li | | ''li mømyðrasa'' | ||
| ''lax/lex | | ''lax/lex mømyðrasa'' | ||
| ''lau/la | | ''lau/la mømyðrasa'' | ||
| ''lanė | | ''lanė mømyðrasa'' | ||
| ''laxøm | | ''laxøm mømyðrasa'' | ||
| ''laum | | ''laum mømyðrasa'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! imperative | ! imperative | ||
|colspan=6| '' | |colspan=6| ''myðrasi!'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! active participle | ! active participle | ||
|colspan=6| '' | |colspan=6| ''mømyðrasė'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! passive participle | ! passive participle | ||
|colspan=6| '' | |colspan=6| ''myðrasa'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! w-form | ! w-form | ||
|colspan=6| '' | |colspan=6| ''wymyðrasi'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! infinitive | ! infinitive | ||
|colspan=6| '' | |colspan=6| ''myðrasėt'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 1,130: | Line 1,116: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past; conditional | ! past; conditional | ||
| '' | | ''nėk fit'' | ||
| '' | | ''at fit'' | ||
| ''hu fė'' | | ''hu fė'' | ||
| ''nan fu'' | | ''nan fu'' | ||
| '' | | ''atøm fu'' | ||
| ''høm fu'' | | ''høm fu'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past progressive; past subjunctive | ! past progressive; past subjunctive | ||
| '' | | ''nėk fit fė'' | ||
| '' | | ''at fit fė'' | ||
| ''hu fė fė'' | | ''hu fė fė'' | ||
| ''nan fu fė'' | | ''nan fu fė'' | ||
| '' | | ''atøm fu fė'' | ||
| ''høm fu fė'' | | ''høm fu fė'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present | ! present | ||
| ''( | | ''(nėk)'' | ||
| ''( | | ''(at/et)'' | ||
| ''(hu/hi)'' | | ''(hu/hi)'' | ||
| ''(nan)'' | | ''(nan)'' | ||
| ''( | | ''(atøm)'' | ||
| ''(høm)'' | | ''(høm)'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present progressive | ! present progressive | ||
| '' | | ''nėk lu fė'' | ||
| '' | | ''at/et lu fė'' | ||
| ''hu/hi lu fė'' | | ''hu/hi lu fė'' | ||
| ''nan lu fė'' | | ''nan lu fė'' | ||
| '' | | ''atøm lu fė'' | ||
| ''høm lu fė'' | | ''høm lu fė'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present subjunctive | ! present subjunctive | ||
| '' | | ''nėk yfijan'' | ||
| '' | | ''at yfijan'' | ||
| ''hu fijan'' | | ''hu fijan'' | ||
| ''nan fijan'' | | ''nan fijan'' | ||
| '' | | ''atøm fijan'' | ||
| ''høm fijan'' | | ''høm fijan'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! future | ! future | ||
| '' | | ''nėk bė fėt'' | ||
| '' | | ''at bė fėt'' | ||
| ''hu bė | | ''hu bė fėt'' | ||
| ''nan bė | | ''nan bė fėt'' | ||
| '' | | ''atøm bė fėt'' | ||
| ''høm bė | | ''høm bė fėt'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! imperative | ! imperative | ||
Line 1,190: | Line 1,176: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! infinitive | ! infinitive | ||
|colspan=6| '' | |colspan=6| ''fėt'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
===''kėl'' 'can'=== | ===''kėl'' 'can'=== | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;" | ||
|+ '' | |+ ''kėl'' 'can' | ||
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense | ! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense | ||
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg | ! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg | ||
Line 1,205: | Line 1,191: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past; conditional | ! past; conditional | ||
| '' | | ''nėk ikel'' | ||
| '' | | ''at/et ikel'' | ||
| ''hu/hi | | ''hu/hi kel'' | ||
| ''nan | | ''nan kel'' | ||
| '' | | ''atøm kel'' | ||
| ''høm | | ''høm kel'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past subjunctive | ! past subjunctive | ||
| '' | | ''nėk fit wėkel'' | ||
| '' | | ''at fit wėkel'' | ||
| ''hu fė | | ''hu fė wėkel'' | ||
| ''nan fu | | ''nan fu wėkel'' | ||
| '' | | ''atøm fu wėkel'' | ||
| ''høm fu | | ''høm fu wėkel'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present | ! present | ||
| '' | | ''nėk wėkel'' | ||
| '' | | ''at wėkel'' | ||
| ''hu | | ''hu wėkel'' | ||
| ''nan | | ''nan wėkel'' | ||
| '' | | ''atøm wėkel'' | ||
| ''høm | | ''høm wėkel'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present subjunctive | ! present subjunctive | ||
| '' | | ''nėk ikelan'' | ||
| '' | | ''at/et ikelan'' | ||
| ''hu/hi | | ''hu/hi kelan'' | ||
| ''nan | | ''nan kelan'' | ||
| '' | | ''atøm kelan'' | ||
| ''høm | | ''høm kelan'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! future | ! future | ||
| '' | | ''nėk bė kėl'' | ||
| '' | | ''at bė kėl'' | ||
| ''hu bė | | ''hu bė kėl'' | ||
| ''nan bė | | ''nan bė kėl'' | ||
| '' | | ''atøm bė kėl'' | ||
| ''høm bė | | ''høm bė kėl'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! active participle | ! active participle | ||
Line 1,248: | Line 1,234: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! passive participle | ! passive participle | ||
|colspan=6| ''fuj | |colspan=6| ''fuj wėkel'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! w-form | ! w-form | ||
|colspan=6| '' | |colspan=6| ''wėkel'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! infinitive | ! infinitive | ||
|colspan=6| '' | |colspan=6| ''kėl'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 1,269: | Line 1,255: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past | ! past | ||
| '' | | ''nėk fit høbė'' | ||
| '' | | ''at fit høbė'' | ||
| ''hu fė høbė'' | | ''hu fė høbė'' | ||
| ''nan fu høbu'' | | ''nan fu høbu'' | ||
| '' | | ''atøm fu høbu'' | ||
| ''høm fu høbu'' | | ''høm fu høbu'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present | ! present | ||
| '' | | ''nėk høbė'' | ||
| '' | | ''at/et høbė'' | ||
| ''hu/hi høbė'' | | ''hu/hi høbė'' | ||
| ''nan høbu'' | | ''nan høbu'' | ||
| '' | | ''atøm høbu'' | ||
| ''høm høbu'' | | ''høm høbu'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 1,297: | Line 1,283: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past; conditional | ! past; conditional | ||
| '' | | ''nėk yrži'' | ||
| '' | | ''at yrži'' | ||
| ''hu | | ''hu yrži'' | ||
| ''nan | | ''nan yržu'' | ||
| '' | | ''atøm yržu'' | ||
| ''høm | | ''høm yržu'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past subjunctive | ! past subjunctive | ||
| '' | | ''nėk fit wyrži'' | ||
| '' | | ''at fit wyrži'' | ||
| ''hu fė | | ''hu fė wyrži'' | ||
| ''nan fu | | ''nan fu wyrži'' | ||
| '' | | ''atøm fu wyrži'' | ||
| ''høm fu | | ''høm fu wyrži'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present | ! present | ||
| '' | | ''nėk ryžė'' | ||
| '' | | ''at/et ryžė'' | ||
| ''hu/hi | | ''hu/hi ryžė'' | ||
| ''nan | | ''nan ryžu'' | ||
| '' | | ''atøm ryžu'' | ||
| ''høm | | ''høm ryžu'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! future | ! future | ||
| '' | | ''nėk bė ryžėt'' | ||
| '' | | ''at bė ryžėt'' | ||
| ''hu bė | | ''hu bė ryžėt'' | ||
| ''nan bė | | ''nan bė ryžėt'' | ||
| '' | | ''atøm bė ryžėt'' | ||
| ''høm bė | | ''høm bė ryžėt'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! w-form | ! w-form | ||
|colspan=6| '' | |colspan=6| ''wyrži'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! active participle | ! active participle | ||
|colspan=6| '' | |colspan=6| ''rėži'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! passive participle | ! passive participle | ||
|colspan=6| '' | |colspan=6| ''ryžuj'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! infinitive | ! infinitive | ||
|colspan=6| '' | |colspan=6| ''ryžėt'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 1,353: | Line 1,339: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past; conditional | ! past; conditional | ||
| '' | | ''nėk sør'' | ||
| '' | | ''at sør'' | ||
| ''hu sør'' | | ''hu sør'' | ||
| ''nan sru'' | | ''nan sru'' | ||
| '' | | ''atøm sru'' | ||
| ''høm sru'' | | ''høm sru'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past subjunctive | ! past subjunctive | ||
| '' | | ''nėk fit wasar'' | ||
| '' | | ''at fit wasar'' | ||
| ''hu fė wasar'' | | ''hu fė wasar'' | ||
| ''nan fu wasar'' | | ''nan fu wasar'' | ||
| '' | | ''atøm fu wasar'' | ||
| ''høm fu wasar'' | | ''høm fu wasar'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present | ! present | ||
| '' | | ''nėk wasar'' | ||
| '' | | ''at/et wasar'' | ||
| ''hu/hi wasar'' | | ''hu/hi wasar'' | ||
| ''nan wasar'' | | ''nan wasar'' | ||
| '' | | ''atøm wasar'' | ||
| ''høm wasar'' | | ''høm wasar'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! future | ! future | ||
| '' | | ''nėk bė sėr'' | ||
| '' | | ''at bė sėr'' | ||
| ''hu bė sėr'' | | ''hu bė sėr'' | ||
| ''nan bė sėr'' | | ''nan bė sėr'' | ||
| '' | | ''atøm bė sėr'' | ||
| ''høm bė sėr'' | | ''høm bė sėr'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
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=== The auxiliary ''vė'' === | === The auxiliary ''vė'' === | ||
The defective auxiliary ''vė'' (inf. and w-form ''vė'', past and imperative ''vu'', passive participle ''vuj''; from the conflation of two roots, one a cognate of Hebrew בא 'to come' and the other a cognate of Hebrew אבה 'to be willing') is used to form dynamic passives (with the passive participle) and the future (with the infinitive). | The defective auxiliary ''vė'' (inf. and w-form ''vė'', past and imperative ''vu'', passive participle ''vuj''; from the conflation of two roots, one a cognate of Hebrew בא 'to come' and the other a cognate of Hebrew אבה 'to be willing') is used to form dynamic passives (with the passive participle) and the future (with the infinitive), like the German verb ''werden''. | ||
* ''Yn γalt lu vė fytuh'' = The door is opening (being opened) | * ''Yn γalt lu vė fytuh'' = The door is opening (being opened) | ||
* ''Yn γalt vu fytuh'' = The door (was) opened | * ''Yn γalt vu fytuh'' = The door (was) opened | ||
* ''Yn γalt lež | * ''Yn γalt lež vuj fytuh'' = The door has been opened | ||
* ''Yn γalt fytuh'' = The door is open (lit. opened) | * ''Yn γalt fytuh'' = The door is open (lit. opened) | ||
** ''vė'' is not repeated for future + passive: both 'The door opens' and 'The door will open' are ''Yn γalt vė fytuh''. | ** ''vė'' is not repeated for future + passive: both 'The door opens' and 'The door will open' are ''Yn γalt vė fytuh''. | ||
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Some prepositions: | Some prepositions: | ||
*''in'' 'in' [from PSem *ina], ''in yn'' > ''nyn'' | *''in'' 'in' [from PSem *ina], ''in yn'' > ''nyn'' | ||
** ini, | ** ini, inak, inek, inau, ina, inė, inkøm, inaum | ||
*''ly'' (''l' '' before V) 'of (possessive)' | *''ly'' (''l' '' before V) 'of (possessive)' | ||
*'' | *''vy'' (''v' '' before V) 'by, at, with (instrumental), in (language)' | ||
** | ** vi, vak, vek, vau, va, vanė, vakøm, vaum | ||
*'' | *''šyðe'' 'out of' (from *śadiy-ah 'to the field') | ||
*''me'' (''men'' before V) 'from' | *''me'' (''men'' before V) 'from' | ||
** ''meni, | ** ''meni, menak, menek, menau, mena, menė, mekøm, menaum'' | ||
*''ȝem'' 'with (comitative)' | *''ȝem'' 'with (comitative)' | ||
** ''3emi, | ** ''3emi, 3emak, 3emek, 3emau, 3ema, 3emnė, 3emkøm, 3emaum'' | ||
*''ȝal'' 'on'; with definite article ''ȝlėn/ȝlėm'' | *''ȝal'' 'on'; with definite article ''ȝlėn/ȝlėm'' | ||
** ''3lei, | ** ''3lei, 3lėk, 3lėk, 3lėju, 3lėja, 3lėnė, 3lėkøm, 3lėjøm'' | ||
*'' | *''lið'' 'to' (from ''*la-yad'' 'to the hand of') | ||
*'' | *''løv'' 'into, in' (from ''*la-libb'') | ||
**'' | **''Nėk wamen løv žinė'' - I believe in this | ||
**''Hu | **''Hu tyhev løva'' - He fell in love with her | ||
*'' | *''ȝvar'' 'over' | ||
*'' | *''tat'' 'under' | ||
*'' | *''aržo'' 'down' (from *ʔarč̣-ah "earthward") | ||
*'' | *''ðarkyn'' 'along' | ||
*'' | *''vlėš'' 'without' | ||
===Syntax of prepositions=== | ===Syntax of prepositions=== | ||
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===Fractional=== | ===Fractional=== | ||
Fractional numerals are formed with the segolate pattern CøCCy (pl. CøCaCi). Compound numerals can be inflected as well, like in the case of ordinal numerals. The analogized form ''øhðy'' is used for numerals ending in "1". | Fractional numerals are formed with the segolate pattern CøCCy (pl. CøCaCi). Compound numerals can be inflected as well, like in the case of ordinal numerals. The analogized form ''øhðy'' is used for numerals ending in "1". | ||
*half = | *half = γøv (from *gunb- 'side') | ||
*3rd = šølšy | *3rd = šølšy | ||
*4th = røvȝy | *4th = røvȝy | ||
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''Yn kavš w' yn frasi'' | ''Yn kavš w' yn frasi'' | ||
''Kavš ly žė lė fė žamry ly jar frasi: hað γor maȝrevt šgul, hað mol hemly kvur, wy hað mol vennės vy fiz. Yn kavš mar: "Mrur li yn lev, | ''Kavš ly žė lė fė žamry ly jar frasi: hað γor maȝrevt šgul, hað mol hemly kvur, wy hað mol vennės vy fiz. Yn kavš mar: "Mrur li yn lev, oryn nėk wyrė vennės wyrkav frasi." Yn frasi mar: "Ažen, kavš! Mrur lanė yn lev oryn nan wyrė žinė: vennės, ym vol, woši lið afau mylvast mum me žamry lyn kavš. Wy lėš lyn kavš it žamry." Oryn yn kavš smaȝ žinė, hu mnaȝ lið yn šðe.'' | ||
Old Tog.: | Old Tog.: | ||
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{{rtl|כבש שלא היה לו צמר ראה סוסים: אחד גרר עגלה כבדה, אחד נשא עומס גדול, ואחד נשא בן אדם וזז מהר. אמר הכבש: "כואב לי לראות איך בן אדם רוכב סוסים." אמרו הסוסים: "הקשב, כבש, כואב לנו לראות זאת: בן אדם, האדון, עושה לעצמו בגד חמים מצמרו של הכבש. ולכבש אין צמר." לאחר ששמע זאת, ברח הכבש לתוך המישור.}} | {{rtl|כבש שלא היה לו צמר ראה סוסים: אחד גרר עגלה כבדה, אחד נשא עומס גדול, ואחד נשא בן אדם וזז מהר. אמר הכבש: "כואב לי לראות איך בן אדם רוכב סוסים." אמרו הסוסים: "הקשב, כבש, כואב לנו לראות זאת: בן אדם, האדון, עושה לעצמו בגד חמים מצמרו של הכבש. ולכבש אין צמר." לאחר ששמע זאת, ברח הכבש לתוך המישור.}} | ||
===Lysėn | ===Lysėn Tėrmi, lysėn tlul=== | ||
* ''Hað arž, rav arži; hað γalt, rav γalti!'' | |||
* '' | * ''Jaumyn nėk wyktav, amsyn nėk yktøv; jaumyn nėk wydȝam, amsyn nėk ydȝøm! '' | ||
* ''Jaumyn | |||
===A biology abstract=== | ===A biology abstract=== | ||
''Nan wymðøð yn tyγlim efgarjodeg metycrer lyn irišt TSP3 in '' | ''Nan wymðøð yn tyγlim efgarjodeg metycrer lyn irišt TSP3 in ''Vruchorjon sbonerču''. TSP3 wygaðeg ginas nahelan rėkes ly brødezenjon, mygėma vym migrosbørelada gødognėji lyn rivosøm bosadeðeg, wy kahus ly TSP3 rahivyn ma'man ly fėt ym mojan ly garčin gøvothrødeg. In tyktøvt žinė nan wystyðrek wyngad tyvhin kyli-ȝywur Rɪᴄᴇʀ-Jᴀʟɪɴꜱᴋɪ, žė rykės TSP3 lið yn ȝakuvan følochrøpsenas wygrė (p = 0.04) nyn øbodreløma ly gød ''Vrukorjon'' slim møran ety'yfusi aðenodoksen nyhut. Ly tymacu žinė vė fėt ramuzi mø'avjunė lið yn ðrės ly ðesglørøma sømvrøchi.'' | ||
We measure the nucleating eukaryotic folding of the TSP3 gene in ''Bruchorium sponercii''. TSP3 encodes a protezine-binding receptor kinase located at the cytotubular microsporellata of the quanticular ribosome, and malfunction of TSP3 is commonly believed to be the source of cybothrotic cancer. In this paper we prove using a Rɪᴇᴛᴢᴇʀ-Yᴀʟɪɴꜱᴋʏ double-blind test that TSP3 binding to the phyllochrypsinase inhibitor occurs (p = 0.04) in the hypotrellome of a healthy ''Bruchorium'' cell when adenotoxin concentrations are low. This research will have significant implications for the study of symbrychous descloroma. | We measure the nucleating eukaryotic folding of the TSP3 gene in ''Bruchorium sponercii''. TSP3 encodes a protezine-binding receptor kinase located at the cytotubular microsporellata of the quanticular ribosome, and malfunction of TSP3 is commonly believed to be the source of cybothrotic cancer. In this paper we prove using a Rɪᴇᴛᴢᴇʀ-Yᴀʟɪɴꜱᴋʏ double-blind test that TSP3 binding to the phyllochrypsinase inhibitor occurs (p = 0.04) in the hypotrellome of a healthy ''Bruchorium'' cell when adenotoxin concentrations are low. This research will have significant implications for the study of symbrychous descloroma. | ||
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II: The change in the momentum of a body is proportional to the force applied to the body; and the change occurs along the straight line on which that force is applied. | II: The change in the momentum of a body is proportional to the force applied to the body; and the change occurs along the straight line on which that force is applied. | ||
''III: Iš ly køl barkis it tybarkis is w' | ''III: Iš ly køl barkis it tybarkis is w' andethed.'' | ||
III: Every action has an equal and opposite reaction. | III: Every action has an equal and opposite reaction. | ||
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''Šaver in demaša zydarder!'' | ''Šaver in demaša zydarder!'' | ||
''Ym mγilut lym malk ȝlėn trøn lau'' | ''Ym mγilut lym malk ȝlėn trøn lau'' | ||
''Vė klilit γruf | ''Vė klilit γruf ðak vy γali jam.'' | ||
''Atøm, žė watė mancavta hė,'' | ''Atøm, žė watė mancavta hė,'' | ||
''Ȝavry hen yn Ylėh lawani ȝlėn arž.'' | ''Ȝavry hen yn Ylėh lawani ȝlėn arž.'' | ||
''Køl lanė møðawan ȝal ym barkisi lanė;'' | ''Køl lanė møðawan ȝal ym barkisi lanė;'' | ||
''Hamnė wyhėv lið yn ȝni, w' | ''Hamnė wyhėv lið yn ȝni, w' aγatheržijėt lið hajðuð.'' | ||
O how quickly the sculpture of life | O how quickly the sculpture of life | ||
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Iš volt žė hi šur | Iš volt žė hi šur | ||
Køl žė nėher že žahav | Køl žė nėher že žahav | ||
Wy hi | Wy hi wyzvan maȝlyt lið yn symeinit | ||
</poem> | </poem> | ||
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[[Category:Languages]] | [[Category:Languages]] | ||
[[Category:Semitic languages]] | [[Category:Semitic languages]] | ||
edits