@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-'''Old Togarmite''' or '''Classical Togarmite''' (''Θēgarmīθ''; Modern: ''Þėrmiþ ȝyþikt'') is the ancestor of Modern [[Togarmite]]. It is the liturgical language of (L-Balkan religion).
+{{Infobox language
+|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
+|name = Old Togarmite
+|image =
+|setting = [[Verse:Lõis|Lõis]]
+|nativename = θėgarmī́θ
+|pronunciation = /tʰɛːgamˈmiːtʰ/
+|region =
+|states =
+|speakers =
+|date =
+|familycolor=afroasiatic
+|fam1=Afro-Asiatic
+|fam2=Semitic
+|fam3=Northwest Semitic
+}}
+'''Old Togarmite''' or '''Classical Togarmite''' (''θėgarmī́θ'' /tʰɛːgarˈmiːtʰ/ or ''an lasė́n an θėgarmī́θ'' /an laˈsɛːn an tʰɛːgarˈmiːtʰ/; Modern: ''Þėrmiþ ȝyþik'') is an ancient Semitic language with an Ancient Greek aesthetic; it is the ancestor of Modern [[Togarmite]].
+==Todo==
+Introduce dual number in nouns and pronouns but not in verbs
+==Phonology==
+===Consonants===
+*'''m n''' /m n/
+*'''p t c č k ʔ ''' /p’ t’ ts’ tʃ’ k’ ʔ/
+*'''b d j g''' /b d dʒ g/
+*'''φ θ χ''' /pʰ tʰ kʰ/
+*'''s š ħ h''' /s ʃ ħ h/
+*'''z ž ȝ''' /z ʒ ʁ/
+*'''w l r y''' /w l r j/
+===Vowels===
+Old Togarmite had the following vowels:
+'''a ā e ė ē i ī ȯ ō u ū ay aw''' /a aː ɛ ɛː eː ɪ iː ɔː oː ʊ uː aj aw/
+===Stress===
+Stress is phonemic and not entirely predictable. Old Togarmite stress is a result of extensive analogical levelling from Proto-Semitic (particularly in verbs), and caused vowel lengthening as in Hebrew.
+Final stress is common but less so than in Hebrew: Togarmite words often resemble Hebrew pausal forms with penultimate stress (e.g. OTog ''yasmā́ȝū'' /jasˈmaːʁuː/ 'they hear', cf. Tiberian Hebrew pausal variant /jiʃˈmɔːʕuː/ for ישמעו /jiʃmăˈʕuː/ 'they hear').
 ==Inflection==
 ===Pronouns===
-*1sg: ʔanēχ
+====Independent====
-*2sg: ʔaθθa (m), ʔaθθi (f)
+*1sg: ''ʔanė́χ''
-*3sg: hū (m), hī (f)
+*2sg: ''ʔáθθa'' (m), ''ʔéθθi'' (f)
-*1pl: naħnē
+*3sg: ''hū'' (m), ''hī'' (f)
-*2pl: ʔaθθum (m), ʔaθθin (f)
+*1pl: ''náħnė''
-*3pl: hōm (m), hēn (f)
+*2pl: ''ʔáθθum'' (m), ''ʔéθθin'' (f)
+*3pl: ''hōm'' (m), ''hēn'' (f)
+====Object====
+*1sg: ''-nī''
+*2sg: ''-χa'' (f), ''-χi'' (f)
+*3sg: ''-uh''/''-hu'' (m), ''-ā''/''-hā'' (f)
+*1pl: ''-nė''
+*2pl: ''-χum'' (m), ''-χin'' (f)
+*3pl: ''-um''/''-hum'' (m), ''-in''/''-hin'' (f)
+Object suffixes immediately follow the verb, and certain vowels are inserted before affixes that begin in a consonant:
+* 1s perfect: ''žaχárθ'''u'''χa'' 'I remember you'
+* 3ms perfect: ''χabbḗr'''a'''nī'' 'he has made me great'
+* prefix conjugation forms with no suffix: ''yuχabbḗr'''u'''nī'' 'he makes me great'; ''χabbḗr'''u'''nī'' 'make me great!'
+====Inflected prepositions====
 ===Nouns===
-===Adjectives===
+Nouns have singular and plural numbers and three states as in Hebrew and Aramaic. Both definite nouns and definite adjectives are marked with the particle ''an''. The formation of the construct follows a rather complex set of rules, often involving a stress shift.
-Declension of ''tēb'' 'good':
-*''yōm tēb'' = a good day
+A noun in the construct state is presumed to be definite. Only the last noun in a construct noun phrase can have its definiteness changed by adding ''an'' before it: ''bėθ báȝle'' 'a master's house' and ''bėθ an báȝle'' 'the master's house' are both definite.
-*''yōman tēban'' = the good day
+====Masculine nouns====
-*''yōmēθ tēbīn'' = good days
+''ȝėlā́m'' = world
-*''yōmēθil tēbīl'' = the good days
+*absolute: ''ȝėlā́m, ȝėlamī́n''
-*''φarīθ tēbθ'' = a good fruit
+*construct: ''ȝė́lam, ȝėlā́mė''
-*''φarīθan tēbθan'' = the good fruit
+*definite: ''an ȝėlā́m, an ȝėlamī́n''
-*''φariyēθ tēbēθ'' = good fruits
-*''φariyēθil tēbēθil'' = the good fruits
-(Attributive adjectives cannot take the construct state)
-===Verbs===
+Possessive forms are formed by adding possessive suffixes to construct forms:
-====Binyan 1A: ''φaȝal''====
-future tense: ''φaȝalȝe, φaȝalȝa, φaȝalȝi, φaȝal, φaȝalȝ, φaȝalnē, φaȝalȝum, φaȝalȝin, φaȝalū, φaȝalē''
-present tense: ''ʔaφāȝal, taφāȝal, taφāȝalī, yaφāȝal, yaφāȝəlī, naφāȝal, taφāȝalū, taφāȝalē, yaφāȝalū, yaφāȝalē''
+singular: ''báyθī, báyθaχ, báyθeχ, báyθū, báyθā, báyθenė, báyθeχum, báyθeχin, báyθōm, báyθēn''
-past tense: ''ʔaφȝōl, taφȝōl, taφȝulī, yaφȝōl, yaφȝulī, naφȝōl, taφȝulū, taφȝulē, yaφȝulū, yaφȝulē''
+plural: ''bėθáy, bėθáyχa, bėθáyχe, bėθáyyū, bėθáyyā, bėθáynė, bėθáyχum, bėθáyχin, bėθáyyum, bėθáyyin''
-imperative: ''φaȝōl! φaȝlī! φaȝlū! φaȝlē!''
+====Feminine -(a)θ nouns====
+''ȝasū́raθ'' = noblewoman
+*indefinite: ''ȝasū́raθ, ȝasūrė́θ''
+*construct: ''ȝasū́raθ, ȝasū́rėθ''
+*definite: ''an ȝasū́raθ, an ȝasūrė́θ''
-participle: ''φēȝēl''
+''warášθ'' = last will
+*indefinite: ''warášθ, warašė́θ''
+*construct: ''warášθ, warā́šėθ''
+*definite: ''an warášθ, an warašė́θ''
-VN: ''φaȝēl''
+===Adjectives===
+Declension of ''tėb'' 'good' (modifying ''yawm'' (m.) 'day' and ''φarīθ'' (f.) 'fruit' respectively):
-Example: ''hamal'' 'to suffer', ''žaχar'' 'to remember'
+{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
+|+ '''Attributive declension for hard-stem adjectives'''
+! number
+!colspan=2| singular
+!colspan=2| plural
+|-
+! gender
+! m. !! f. !! m. !! f.
+|-
+! indef.
+| ''yawm tėb''
+| ''φarī́θ tė́baθ''
+| ''yawmė́θ tėbī́n''
+| ''φariyė́θ tėbė́θ''
+|-
+! def.
+| ''an yawm an tė́b''
+| ''an φarī́θ an tė́baθ''
+| ''an yawmė́θ an tėbī́n''
+| ''an φariyė́θ an tėbė́θ''
+|}
-====Binyan 1P: ''haχχuθāb''====
+===Verbs===
-future tense: ''haχχuθābθe, haχχuθābθa, haχχuθābθi, haχχuθāb, haχχuθābθ, haχχuθābnē, haχχuθābθum, haχχuθābθin, haχχuθābū, haχχuθābē''
+:''See [[Togarmite/Old/Gzarot]] for common verb irregularities..''
+Old Togarmite verbs are divided into 8 binyanim:
+#''φaȝāl/nuφȝāl'' - G/N-stem
+#''φaȝȝēl/φuȝȝāl'' - D-stem
+#''φėȝēl/φūȝāl'' - L-stem
+#''haφȝēl/hassuφȝāl'' - Š-stem
+#''haφθaȝāl'' - tG/Gt-stem
+#''niφθuȝāl'' - Nt-stem
+#''θaφaȝȝēl/θaφuȝȝāl'' - tD-stem
+#''hastaφȝēl/hastuφȝāl'' - Št-stem
-present tense: ''ʔiχχāθēb, tiχχāθēb, tiχχāθibī, yiχχāθēb, yiχχāθibī, niχχāθēb, tiχχāθibū, tiχχāθibē, yiχχāθibū, yiχχāθibē''
+Togarmite finite verbs have 7 morphological tenses:
+*perfect: like the English perfect
+*present: present, continuing or habitual action
+*future: future action or completed in the future; gnomic tense
+*subjunctive: for sequences of tenses
+*optative: for sequences of tenses; less strong wishes
+*jussive: demands; wishes
+*imperative: direct commands
+====Binyan 1A: ''φaȝāl''====
+Semantics: basic action
-past tense: ''ʔiχχuθāb, tiχχuθāb, tiχχuθabī, yiχχuθāb, yiχχuθabī, niχχuθāb, tiχχuθabū, tiχχuθabē, yiχχuθabū, yiχχuθabē''
+{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
+|+ Binyan 1A conjugation: ''χaθā́b'' 'to write'
+! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
+! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2ms
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2fs
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3ms
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3fs
+! style="width: 75px; " | 1p
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2mp
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2fp
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3mp
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3fp
+|-
+! past
+| ''χaθábθ''
+| ''χaθábθa''
+| ''χaθábθi''
+| ''χaθā́b''
+| ''χaθā́baθ''
+| ''χaθábnė''
+| ''χaθábθum''
+| ''χaθábθin''
+| ''χaθā́bū''
+| ''χaθábna''
+|-
+! present
+| ''ʔaχėθṓb''
+| ''θaχėθṓb''
+| ''θaχėθṓbī''
+| ''yaχėθṓb''
+| ''yaχėθṓbī''
+| ''naχėθṓb''
+| ''θaχėθṓbū''
+| ''θaχėθṓbna''
+| ''yaχėθṓbū''
+| ''yaχėθṓbna''
+|-
+! future
+| ''ʔaχθṓb''
+| ''θaχθṓb''
+| ''θaχθṓbī''
+| ''yaχθṓb''
+| ''yaχθṓbī''
+| ''naχθṓb''
+| ''θaχθṓbū''
+| ''θaχθúbna''
+| ''yaχθṓbū''
+| ''yaχθúbna''
+|-
+! optative
+| ''ʔaχθubánna''
+| ''θaχθubánna''
+| ''θaχθubínna''
+| ''yaχθubánna''
+| ''yaχθubínna''
+| ''naχθubánna''
+| ''θaχθubúnna''
+| ''θaχθubnánna''
+| ''yaχθubúnna''
+| ''yaχθubnánna''
+|-
+! jussive
+| ''ʔáχθub''
+| ''θáχθub''
+| ''θáχθubī''
+| ''yáχθub''
+| ''yáχθubī''
+| ''náχθub''
+| ''θáχθubū''
+| ''θáχθubna''
+| ''yáχθubū''
+| ''yáχθubna''
+|-
+! imperative
+| ''-''
+| ''χuθṓb!''
+| ''χuθṓbī!''
+| ''-''
+| ''-''
+| ''-''
+| ''χuθṓbū!''
+| ''χuθṓbna!''
+| ''-''
+| ''-''
+|-
+! active participle
+|colspan=10| ''χėθḗb''
+|-
+! passive participle
+|colspan=10| ''χaθū́b''
+|-
+! verbal noun
+|colspan=10| ''χiθė́b''
+|}
-imperative: ''hiχχuθāb! hiχχuθabī! hiχχuθabū! hiχχuθabē!''
+Example: ''ħamā́l'' 'to suffer', ''žaχā́r'' 'to remember'
-participle: ''miχχuθāb''
+====Binyan 1P: ''nuφȝāl''====
+Semantics: passive of Binyan 1; change of state
+{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
+|+ Binyan 1P conjugation: ''nugdā́l'' 'to grow'
+! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
+! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2ms
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2fs
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3ms
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3fs
+! style="width: 75px; " | 1p
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2mp
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2fp
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3mp
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3fp
+|-
+! past
+| ''nugdálθ''
+| ''nugdálθa''
+| ''nugdálθi''
+| ''nugdā́l''
+| ''nugdā́laθ''
+| ''nugdálnė''
+| ''nugdálθum''
+| ''nugdálθin''
+| ''nugdā́lū''
+| ''nugdálna''
+|-
+! present
+| ''ʔuggėdā́l''
+| ''θuggėdā́l''
+| ''θuggėdā́lī''
+| ''yuggėdā́l''
+| ''yuggėdā́lī''
+| ''nuggėdā́l''
+| ''θuggėdā́lū''
+| ''θuggėdálna''
+| ''yuggėdā́lū''
+| ''yuggėdálna''
+|-
+! future
+| ''ʔuggadā́l''
+| ''θuggadā́l''
+| ''θuggadā́lī''
+| ''yuggadā́l''
+| ''yuggadā́lī''
+| ''nuggadā́l''
+| ''θuggadā́lū''
+| ''θuggadálna''
+| ''yuggadā́lū''
+| ''yuggadálna''
+|-
+! optative
+| ''ʔuggadalánna''
+| ''θuggadalánna''
+| ''θuggadalínna''
+| ''yuggadalánna''
+| ''yuggadalínna''
+| ''nuggadalánna''
+| ''θuggadalúnna''
+| ''θuggadalnánna''
+| ''yuggadalúnna''
+| ''yuggadalnánna''
+|-
+! jussive
+| ''ʔúggadal''
+| ''θúggadal''
+| ''θúggadalī''
+| ''yúggadal''
+| ''yúggadalī''
+| ''núggadal''
+| ''θúggadalū''
+| ''θúggadalna''
+| ''yúggadalū''
+| ''yúggadalna''
+|-
+! imperative
+| ''-''
+| ''huggadā́l!''
+| ''huggadā́lī!''
+| ''-''
+| ''-''
+| ''-''
+| ''huggadā́lū!''
+| ''huggadálna!''
+| ''-''
+| ''-''
+|-
+! participle
+|colspan=10| ''muggadā́l''
+|-
+! verbal noun
+|colspan=10| ''nugdė́l''
+|}
-verbal noun: ''hiχχuθābθ''
+====Binyan 2A: ''φaȝȝēl''====
+Semantics: intensive, causative, applicative, denominal verbs including 4-consonant verbs and loan verbs.
-====Binyan 2A: ''χaθθēb''====
 Examples:
-*''žaχχēr'' 'to record'
+*''šabbḗr'' 'to shatter' (intensive of ''š-b-r'' 'to break')
-*''nabbēʔ'' 'to prophesy, to call out'
+*''žaχχḗr'' 'to record' (causative of ''ž-χ-r'' 'to remember')
+*''ħassḗb'' 'to consider' (applicative of ''ħ-s-b'' 'to think')
+*''sayyḗr'' 'to sing the praises of' (applicative of ''s(-y-)r'' 'to sing')
+*''žāhḗb'' 'to gild' (denominative of ''žahāb'' 'gold')
+*''nabbḗʔ'' 'to prophesy, to call out' (from Hebrew נביא ''nâbiʔ'')
+*''θargḗm'' 'to translate' (from Aramaic תרגום ''targum'')
+*''lammḗs'' 'to give charitably; to give alms' (from ''lammū́sīn'' 'alms', from Greek ''eleēmosynē'')
+*''raθθḗm'' 'to count' (the root r-θ-m was borrowed from Greek ''arithmos'' 'number')
+{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
+|+ Binyan 2A conjugation: ''žaχχḗr'' 'to record; to cause to remember'
+! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
+! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2ms
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2fs
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3ms
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3fs
+! style="width: 75px; " | 1p
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2mp
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2fp
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3mp
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3fp
+|-
+! past
+| ''žaχχírθ''
+| ''žaχχírθa''
+| ''žaχχírθi''
+| ''žaχχḗr''
+| ''žaχχḗraθ''
+| ''žaχχírnė''
+| ''žaχχírθum''
+| ''žaχχírθin''
+| ''žaχχḗrū''
+| ''žaχχírna''
+|-
+! present
+| ''ʔažaχėχḗr''
+| ''θažaχėχḗr''
+| ''θažaχėχḗrī''
+| ''yažaχėχḗr''
+| ''yažaχėχḗrī''
+| ''nažaχėχḗr''
+| ''θažaχėχḗrū''
+| ''θažaχėχírna''
+| ''yažaχėχḗrū''
+| ''yažaχėχírna''
+|-
+! future
+| ''ʔažaχχḗr''
+| ''θažaχχḗr''
+| ''θažaχχḗrī''
+| ''yažaχχḗr''
+| ''yažaχχḗrī''
+| ''nažaχχḗr''
+| ''θažaχχḗrū''
+| ''θažaχχírna''
+| ''yažaχχḗrū''
+| ''yažaχχírna''
+|-
+! optative
+| ''ʔažaχχiránna''
+| ''θažaχχiránna''
+| ''θažaχχirínna''
+| ''yažaχχiránna''
+| ''yažaχχirínna''
+| ''nažaχχiránna''
+| ''θažaχχirúnna''
+| ''θažaχχirnánna''
+| ''yažaχχirúnna''
+| ''yažaχχirnánna''
+|-
+! jussive
+| ''ʔažáχχir''
+| ''θažáχχir''
+| ''θažáχχirī''
+| ''yažáχχir''
+| ''yažáχχirī''
+| ''nažáχχir''
+| ''θažáχχirū''
+| ''θažáχχirna''
+| ''yažáχχirū''
+| ''yažáχχirna''
+|-
+! imperative
+| ''-''
+| ''žaχχḗr!''
+| ''žaχχḗrī!''
+| ''-''
+| ''-''
+| ''-''
+| ''žaχχḗrū!''
+| ''žaχχírna!''
+| ''-''
+| ''-''
+|-
+! participle
+|colspan=10| ''mužaχχḗr''
+|-
+! verbal noun
+|colspan=10| ''žaχχū́r, žiχχárθ''
+|}
-future tense: ''χaθθibθe, χaθθibθa, χaθθibθi, χaθθēb, χaθθēbθ, χaθθibnē, χaθθibθum, χaθθibθin, χaθθibū, χaθθibē''
+====Binyan 2P: ''φuȝȝāl''====
+{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
+|+ Binyan 2P conjugation: ''žuχχā́r'' 'to be recorded'
+! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
+! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2ms
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2fs
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3ms
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3fs
+! style="width: 75px; " | 1p
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2mp
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2fp
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3mp
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3fp
+|-
+! past
+| ''žuχχárθ''
+| ''žuχχárθa''
+| ''žuχχárθi''
+| ''žuχχā́r''
+| ''žuχχā́raθ''
+| ''žuχχárnė''
+| ''žuχχárθum''
+| ''žuχχárθin''
+| ''žuχχā́rū''
+| ''žuχχárna''
+|-
+! present
+| ''ʔažuχėχā́r''
+| ''θažuχėχā́r''
+| ''θažuχėχā́rī''
+| ''yažuχėχā́r''
+| ''yažuχėχā́rī''
+| ''nažuχėχā́r''
+| ''θažuχėχā́rū''
+| ''θažuχėχárna''
+| ''yažuχėχā́rū''
+| ''yažuχėχárna''
+|-
+! future
+| ''ʔažuχχā́r''
+| ''θažuχχā́r''
+| ''θažuχχā́rī''
+| ''yažuχχā́r''
+| ''yažuχχā́rī''
+| ''nažuχχā́r''
+| ''θažuχχā́rū''
+| ''θažuχχárna''
+| ''yažuχχā́rū''
+| ''yažuχχárna''
+|-
+! optative
+| ''ʔažuχχaránna''
+| ''θažuχχaránna''
+| ''θažuχχarínna''
+| ''yažuχχaránna''
+| ''yažuχχarínna''
+| ''nažuχχaránna''
+| ''θažuχχarúnna''
+| ''θažuχχarnánna''
+| ''yažuχχarúnna''
+| ''yažuχχarnánna''
+|-
+! jussive
+| ''ʔažúχχar''
+| ''θažúχχar''
+| ''θažúχχarī''
+| ''yažúχχar''
+| ''yažúχχarī''
+| ''nažúχχar''
+| ''θažúχχarū''
+| ''θažúχχarna''
+| ''yažuχχarū''
+| ''yažúχχarna''
+|-
+! imperative
+|colspan=10|''Verbs of this binyan have no imperatives.''
+|-
+! participle
+|colspan=10| ''mužuχχā́r''
+|-
+! verbal noun
+|colspan=10|''Verbs of this binyan have no verbal nouns.''
+|}
-present tense: ''ʔaχāθaθēb, taχāθaθēb, taχāθaθibī, yaχāθaθēb, yaχāθaθibī, naχāθaθēb, taχāθaθibū, taχāθaθibē, yaχāθaθibū, yaχāθaθibē''
+====Binyan 3A: ''haφȝēl''====
+Semantics: causative
-past tense: ''ʔaχaθθēb, taχaθθēb, taχaθθibī, yaχaθθēb, yaχaθθibī, naχaθθēb, taχaθθibū, taχaθθibē, yaχaθθibū, yaχaθθibē''
+{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
+|+ Binyan 3A conjugation: ''hakdḗs'' 'to dedicate, to set apart'
+! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
+! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2ms
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2fs
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3ms
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3fs
+! style="width: 75px; " | 1p
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2mp
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2fp
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3mp
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3fp
+|-
+! past
+| ''hakdísθ''
+| ''hakdísθa''
+| ''hakdísθi''
+| ''hakdḗs''
+| ''hakdḗsaθ''
+| ''hakdísnė''
+| ''hakdísθum''
+| ''hakdísθin''
+| ''hakdḗsū''
+| ''hakdísna''
+|-
+! present
+| ''ʔakėdḗs''
+| ''θakėdḗs''
+| ''θakėdḗsī''
+| ''yakėdḗs''
+| ''yakėdḗsī''
+| ''nakėdḗs''
+| ''θakėdḗsū''
+| ''θakėdísna''
+| ''yakėdḗsū''
+| ''yakėdísna''
+|-
+! future
+| ''ʔakdḗs''
+| ''θakdḗs''
+| ''θakdḗsī''
+| ''yakdḗs''
+| ''yakdḗsī''
+| ''nakdḗs''
+| ''θakdḗsū''
+| ''θakdísna''
+| ''yakdḗsū''
+| ''yakdísna''
+|-
+! optative
+| ''ʔakdisánna''
+| ''θakdisánna''
+| ''θakdisínna''
+| ''yakdisánna''
+| ''yakdisínna''
+| ''nakdisánna''
+| ''θakdisúnna''
+| ''θakdisnánna''
+| ''yakdisúnna''
+| ''yakdisnánna''
+|-
+! jussive
+| ''ʔákdis''
+| ''θákdis''
+| ''θákdisī''
+| ''yákdis''
+| ''yákdisī''
+| ''nákdis''
+| ''θákdisū''
+| ''θákdisna''
+| ''yákdisū''
+| ''yákdisna''
+|-
+! imperative
+| ''-''
+| ''hakdḗs!''
+| ''hakdḗsī!''
+| ''-''
+| ''-''
+| ''-''
+| ''hakdḗsū!''
+| ''hakdísna!''
+| ''-''
+| ''-''
+|-
+! participle
+|colspan=10| ''makdḗs''
+|-
+! verbal noun
+|colspan=10| ''hakdū́s''
+|}
-imperative: ''χaθθēb! χaθθibī! χaθθibū! χaθθibē!''
+====Binyan 3P: ''huφȝāl, hissuφȝāl''====
+A variant of this binyan is ''hissuφȝāl'', from older *in-suφȝāl.
-participle: ''muχaθθēb''
+{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
+|+ Binyan 3A conjugation: ''hukdā́s'' 'to be dedicated, to be set apart'
+! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
+! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2ms
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2fs
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3ms
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3fs
+! style="width: 75px; " | 1p
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2mp
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2fp
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3mp
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3fp
+|-
+! past
+| ''hukdásθ''
+| ''hukdásθa''
+| ''hukdásθi''
+| ''hukdā́s''
+| ''hukdā́saθ''
+| ''hukdásnė''
+| ''hukdásθum''
+| ''hukdásθin''
+| ''hukdā́sū''
+| ''hukdásna''
+|-
+! present
+| ''ʔukėdā́s''
+| ''θukėdā́s''
+| ''θukėdā́sī''
+| ''yukėdā́s''
+| ''yukėdā́sī''
+| ''nukėdā́s''
+| ''θukėdā́sū''
+| ''θukėdásna''
+| ''yukėdā́sū''
+| ''yukėdásna''
+|-
+! future
+| ''ʔukdā́s''
+| ''θukdā́s''
+| ''θukdā́sī''
+| ''yukdā́s''
+| ''yukdā́sī''
+| ''nukdā́s''
+| ''θukdā́sū''
+| ''θukdásna''
+| ''yukdā́sū''
+| ''yukdásna''
+|-
+! optative
+| ''ʔukdasánna''
+| ''θukdasánna''
+| ''θukdasínna''
+| ''yukdasánna''
+| ''yukdasínna''
+| ''nukdasánna''
+| ''θukdasúnna''
+| ''θukdasnánna''
+| ''yukdasúnna''
+| ''yukdasnánna''
+|-
+! jussive
+| ''ʔúkdas''
+| ''θúkdas''
+| ''θúkdasī''
+| ''yúkdas''
+| ''yúkdasī''
+| ''núkdas''
+| ''θúkdasū''
+| ''θúkdasna''
+| ''yúkdasū''
+| ''yúkdasna''
+|-
+! imperative
+|colspan=10| ''Verbs of this binyan have no imperatives.''
+|-
+! participle
+|colspan=10| ''mukdā́s''
+|-
+! verbal noun
+|colspan=10| ''Verbs of this binyan have no imperatives.''
+|}
-verbal noun: ''χaθθūb''
+====Binyan 4: ''heθφaȝāl''====
+Semantics: reflexive, reciprocal, event or change of state
-====Binyan 2P: ''χuθθāb''====
+Metathesis happens when C1 ∈ {s, š, c, z, ž, j, ħ, ȝ}: ''θs θš θc θz θž θj θħ θȝ'' > ''st št ct zd žd jd ħt ȝd''.
-====Binyan 3A: ''haχθēb''====
+{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
-Example: ''hažχēr'' 'to remind'
+|+ Binyan 4A conjugation: ''heθlaħā́m'' 'to be at war'
+! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
+! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2ms
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2fs
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3ms
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3fs
+! style="width: 75px; " | 1p
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2mp
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2fp
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3mp
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3fp
+|-
+! past
+| ''heθlaħámθ''
+| ''heθlaħámθa''
+| ''heθlaħámθi''
+| ''heθlaħā́m''
+| ''heθlaħā́maθ''
+| ''heθlaħámnė''
+| ''heθlaħámθum''
+| ''heθlaħámθin''
+| ''heθlaħā́mū''
+| ''heθlaħámna''
+|-
+! present
+| ''ʔeθlėħā́m''
+| ''θeθlėħā́m''
+| ''θeθlėħā́mī''
+| ''yeθlėħā́m''
+| ''yeθlėħā́mī''
+| ''neθlėħā́m''
+| ''θeθlėħā́mū''
+| ''θeθlėħámna''
+| ''yeθlėħā́mū''
+| ''yeθlėħámna''
+|-
+! future
+| ''ʔeθlaħā́m''
+| ''θeθlaħā́m''
+| ''θeθlaħā́mī''
+| ''yeθlaħā́m''
+| ''yeθlaħā́mī''
+| ''neθlaħā́m''
+| ''θeθlaħā́mū''
+| ''θeθlaħámna''
+| ''yeθlaħā́mū''
+| ''yeθlaħámna''
+|-
+! optative
+| ''ʔeθlaħamánna''
+| ''θeθlaħamánna''
+| ''θeθlaħamínna''
+| ''yeθlaħamánna''
+| ''yeθlaħamínna''
+| ''neθlaħamánna''
+| ''θeθlaħamúnna''
+| ''θeθlaħamnánna''
+| ''yeθlaħamánna''
+| ''yeθlaħamnánna''
+|-
+! jussive
+| ''ʔéθlaħam''
+| ''θéθlaħam''
+| ''θéθlaħamī''
+| ''yéθlaħam''
+| ''yéθlaħamī''
+| ''néθlaħam''
+| ''θéθlaħamū''
+| ''θéθlaħamna''
+| ''yéθlaħamū''
+| ''yéθlaħamna''
+|-
+! imperative
+| ''-''
+| ''heθlaħā́m!''
+| ''heθlaħā́mī!''
+| ''-''
+| ''-''
+| ''-''
+| ''heθlaħā́mū!''
+| ''heθlaħámna!''
+| ''-''
+| ''-''
+|-
+! active participle
+|colspan=10| ''meθlaħā́m''
+|-
+! verbal noun
+|colspan=10| ''heθlaħū́m''
+|}
-====Binyan 3P: ''hissuχθāb''====
+====Binyan 5: ''niθφuȝāl''====
+Semantics: reflexive or change of state
-====Binyan 4A: ''haθχaθab''====
+{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
-''haždaχar'' = 'to come to mind'
+|+ Binyan 4A conjugation: ''niθluħā́m'' 'to go to war'
-====Binyan 4P: ''haθχuθāb''====
+! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
+! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2ms
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2fs
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3ms
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3fs
+! style="width: 75px; " | 1p
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2mp
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2fp
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3mp
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3fp
+|-
+! past
+| ''niθluħámθ''
+| ''niθluħámθa''
+| ''niθluħámθi''
+| ''niθluħā́m''
+| ''niθluħā́maθ''
+| ''niθluħámnė''
+| ''niθluħámθum''
+| ''niθluħámθin''
+| ''niθluħā́mū''
+| ''niθluħámna''
+|-
+! present
+| ''ʔeθθulėħā́m''
+| ''θeθθulėħā́m''
+| ''θeθθulėħā́mī''
+| ''yeθθulėħā́m''
+| ''yeθθulėħā́mī''
+| ''neθθulėħā́m''
+| ''θeθθulėħā́mū́''
+| ''θeθθulėħámna''
+| ''yeθθulėħā́mū''
+| ''yeθθulėħámna''
+|-
+! future
+| ''ʔeθθulħā́m''
+| ''θeθθulħā́m''
+| ''θeθθulħā́mī''
+| ''yeθθulħā́m''
+| ''yeθθulħā́mī''
+| ''neθθulħā́m''
+| ''θeθθulħā́mū́''
+| ''θeθθulħámna''
+| ''yeθθulħā́mū''
+| ''yeθθulħámna''
+|-
+! optative
+| ''ʔeθθulħamánna''
+| ''θeθθulħamánna''
+| ''θeθθulħamínna''
+| ''yeθθulħamánna''
+| ''yeθθulħamínna''
+| ''neθθulħamánna''
+| ''θeθθulħamúnna''
+| ''θeθθulħamnánna''
+| ''yeθθulħamánna''
+| ''yeθθulħamnánna''
+|-
+! jussive
+| ''ʔeθθúlħam''
+| ''θeθθúlħam''
+| ''θeθθúlħamī''
+| ''yeθθúlħam''
+| ''yeθθúlħamī''
+| ''neθθúlħam''
+| ''θeθθúlħamū''
+| ''θeθθúlħamna''
+| ''yeθθúlħamū''
+| ''yeθθúlħamna''
+|-
+! imperative
+| ''-''
+| ''heθθulħā́m!''
+| ''heθθulħā́mī!''
+| ''-''
+| ''-''
+| ''-''
+| ''heθθulħā́mū!''
+| ''heθθulħámna!''
+| ''-''
+| ''-''
+|-
+! active participle
+|colspan=10| ''meθθulħā́m''
+|-
+! verbal noun
+|colspan=10| ''niθlaħė́m''
+|}
-====Binyan 5A: ''θaχaθθēb''====
+====Binyan 6A: ''θaφaȝȝēl''====
-Verbs of this binyan do not ''always'' have passives.
+Semantics: "back-and-forth" actions
 Example: ''θažaχχēr'' 'to resent, to desire revenge on'
-====Binyan 5P: ''θaχuθθāb''====
+Conjugation is similar to Binyan 2, just with the prefix θa- added.
+====Binyan 6P: ''θaφuȝȝāl''====
+====Binyan 7A: ''hastaφȝēl''====
+Semantics: "to make oneself X"; "to take it upon oneself to X"; tends to form verbs involving conscious decision.
+Examples:
+*''hastamȝḗl'' 'to dare, to venture'
+*''hastažχḗr'' 'to make note of'
+*''hastaχθḗb'' 'to copy, to transcribe'
+*''hastaχlė'' 'to commit suicide'
-====Binyan 6A: ''hastaχθēb''====
+{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
-Examples: ''ʔastažχēr'' 'to make note of'
+|+ Binyan 7A conjugation: ''hastatȝḗm'' 'to attempt'
+! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
+! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2ms
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2fs
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3ms
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3fs
+! style="width: 75px; " | 1p
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2mp
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2fp
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3mp
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3fp
+|-
+! past
+| ''hastatȝímθ''
+| ''hastatȝímθa''
+| ''hastatȝímθi''
+| ''hastatȝḗm''
+| ''hastatȝḗmaθ''
+| ''hastatȝímnė''
+| ''hastatȝímtum''
+| ''hastatȝímtin''
+| ''hastatȝḗmū''
+| ''hastatȝímna''
+|-
+! subjunctive
+| ''wastatȝímθī''
+| ''wastatȝímθa''
+| ''wastatȝímθi''
+| ''wastatȝḗm''
+| ''wastatȝḗmaθ''
+| ''wastatȝímnė''
+| ''wastatȝímtum''
+| ''wastatȝímtin''
+| ''wastatȝḗmū''
+| ''wastatȝímna''
+|-
+! future
+| ''ʔastatȝḗm''
+| ''θastatȝḗm''
+| ''θastatȝḗmī''
+| ''yastatȝḗm''
+| ''yastatȝḗmī''
+| ''nastatȝḗm''
+| ''θastatȝḗmū''
+| ''θastatȝímna''
+| ''yastatȝḗmū''
+| ''yastatȝímna''
+|-
+! optative
+| ''ʔastatȝimánna''
+| ''θastatȝimánna''
+| ''θastatȝimínna''
+| ''yastatȝimánna''
+| ''yastatȝimínna''
+| ''nastatȝimánna''
+| ''θastatȝimúnna''
+| ''θastatȝímnanna''
+| ''yastatȝimúnna''
+| ''yastatȝímnanna''
+|-
+! jussive
+| ''ʔastátȝim''
+| ''θastátȝim''
+| ''θastátȝimī''
+| ''yastátȝim''
+| ''yastátȝimī''
+| ''nastátȝim''
+| ''θastátȝimū''
+| ''θastátȝímna''
+| ''yastátȝimū''
+| ''yastátȝimna''
+|-
+! imperative
+| ''-''
+| ''hastatȝḗm!''
+| ''hastatȝḗmī!''
+| ''-''
+| ''-''
+| ''-''
+| ''hastatȝḗmū!''
+| ''hastatȝímna!''
+| ''-''
+| ''-''
+|-
+! participle
+|colspan=10| ''mustatȝḗm''
+|-
+! verbal noun
+|colspan=10| ''hastatȝū́m''
+|}
-====Binyan 6P: ''hastuχθāb''====
+====Binyan 7P: ''hastuφȝāl''====
+{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
+|+ Binyan 7A conjugation: ''hastutȝā́m'' 'to be attempted'
+! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
+! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2ms
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2fs
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3ms
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3fs
+! style="width: 75px; " | 1p
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2mp
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2fp
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3mp
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3fp
+|-
+! past
+| ''hastutȝámθ''
+| ''hastutȝámθa''
+| ''hastutȝámθi''
+| ''hastutȝā́m''
+| ''hastutȝā́maθ''
+| ''hastutȝámnė''
+| ''hastutȝámθum''
+| ''hastutȝámθin''
+| ''hastutȝā́mū''
+| ''hastutȝámna''
+|-
+! present
+| ''ʔastutėȝā́m''
+| ''θastutėȝā́m''
+| ''θastutėȝā́mī''
+| ''yastutėȝā́m''
+| ''yastutėȝā́mī''
+| ''nastutėȝā́m''
+| ''θastutėȝā́mū''
+| ''θastutėȝámna''
+| ''yastutėȝā́mū''
+| ''yastutėȝámna''
+|-
+! future
+| ''ʔastutȝā́m''
+| ''θastutȝā́m''
+| ''θastutȝā́mī''
+| ''yastutȝā́m''
+| ''yastutȝā́mī''
+| ''nastutȝā́m''
+| ''θastutȝā́mū''
+| ''θastutȝámna''
+| ''yastutȝā́mū''
+| ''yastutȝámna''
+|-
+! optative
+| ''ʔastutȝamánna''
+| ''θastutȝamánna''
+| ''θastutȝamínna''
+| ''yastutȝamánna''
+| ''yastutȝamínna''
+| ''nastutȝamánna''
+| ''θastutȝamúnna''
+| ''θastutȝamnánna''
+| ''yastutȝamúnna''
+| ''yastutȝamnánna''
+|-
+! optative
+| ''ʔastútȝam''
+| ''θastútȝam''
+| ''θastútȝamī''
+| ''yastútȝam''
+| ''yastútȝamī''
+| ''nastútȝam''
+| ''θastútȝam''
+| ''θastútȝamna''
+| ''yastutȝamū''
+| ''yastútȝamna''
+|-
+! imperative
+|colspan=10| ''Verbs of this binyan have no imperatives.''
+|-
+! participle
+|colspan=10| ''mustutȝā́m''
+|-
+! verbal noun
+|colspan=10| ''Verbs of this binyan have no verbal nouns.''
+|}
 ===Numerals===
-# m. ʔaħad, f. ʔaħāθ
+Numerals ending in 3 through 9 or 10 display the Semitic gender polarity: masculine nouns are marked with -θ while feminine nouns are unmarked.
-# m. ʔiśnaim, f. ʔiśθaim, construct ʔiśnē, ʔiśθē
+# m. ʔaħā́d, f. ʔaħā́θ
-# m. śalēśθ-, f. śalēś-
+# m. šenáyn, f. šeθθáyn, construct šenė, šeθθė
-# m. ʔarbaȝθ-, f. ʔarbaȝ-
+# m. šalė́šaθ, f. šalė́š
-# m. çamiššaθ-, f. çamišš-
+# m. ʔarbáȝθ, f. ʔarbáȝ
-# m. siććaθ, f. sićć-
+# m. ħámsaθ, f. ħámse
-# m. sabȝaθ, f. sabȝ-
+# m. síθšaθ, f. síθše
-# m. śamēnīθ-, f. śamēniy-
+# m. sábȝaθ, f. sábȝe
-# m. þisȝaθ-, f. þisȝ-
+# m. samė́nīθ, f. samė́ni
-# m. ȝaśraθ-, f. ȝaśr-
+# m. θísȝaθ, f. θísȝe
+# m. ȝášraθ, f. ȝášre
 ==Syntax==
 ==Vocabulary==
 ===Derivation===
+==Sample texts==
+===Schleicher===
+''An χabše wan φarasīn''
+''Χabše, žė lė hawė šamre lawh, φarasīn raʔė: yagōr ʔaħād marχabaθ šakūlaθ, wa-yaħmōl ʔaħād ħemle χabūr, wa-yaħmōl ʔaħād ħaφīzan ʔinės. Yāmār an χabše: Mār lī an lēb, bi-riʔėθī ʔinės rėχib φarasīn. Yāmārū an φarasīn: Sumaʕ an χabše! Mār lanė an lēb bi-riʔėθinė žīnė: ʔinės an baʕle yaʕšē lawh malbasaθ ħamūmaθ mēn šamre an χabšīn. Wa-lėš len-χabše šamre. Bi-šimėʕ an χabše žīnė, yamnāȝ ʔilė an šadi.''
+[[Category:Semitic languages]]

Togarmite/Old: Difference between revisions

Togarmite/Old (view source)

Revision as of 15:22, 13 October 2021