@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-'''Old Togarmite''' or '''Classical Togarmite''' (''Θėgammīθ''; Modern: ''Þėgamiþ ȝyþik'') is the ancestor of Modern [[Togarmite]]. It is the liturgical language of (L-Balkan religion).
+{{Infobox language
+|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
+|name = Old Togarmite
+|image =
+|setting = [[Verse:Lõis|Lõis]]
+|nativename = θėgarmī́θ
+|pronunciation = /tʰɛːgamˈmiːtʰ/
+|region =
+|states =
+|speakers =
+|date =
+|familycolor=afroasiatic
+|fam1=Afro-Asiatic
+|fam2=Semitic
+|fam3=Northwest Semitic
+}}
+'''Old Togarmite''' or '''Classical Togarmite''' (''θėgarmī́θ'' /tʰɛːgarˈmiːtʰ/ or ''an lasė́n an θėgarmī́θ'' /an laˈsɛːn an tʰɛːgarˈmiːtʰ/; Modern: ''Þėrmiþ ȝyþik'') is an ancient Semitic language with an Ancient Greek aesthetic; it is the ancestor of Modern [[Togarmite]].
+==Todo==
+Introduce dual number in nouns and pronouns but not in verbs
 ==Phonology==
+===Consonants===
+*'''m n''' /m n/
+*'''p t c č k ʔ ''' /p’ t’ ts’ tʃ’ k’ ʔ/
+*'''b d j g''' /b d dʒ g/
+*'''φ θ χ''' /pʰ tʰ kʰ/
+*'''s š ħ h''' /s ʃ ħ h/
+*'''z ž ȝ''' /z ʒ ʁ/
+*'''w l r y''' /w l r j/
 ===Vowels===
 Old Togarmite had the following vowels:
-a ā e ē ė i ī ō ȯ u ū ay aw /a aː ɛ ɛː eː ɪ iː ɔː oː ʊ uː aj aw/
+'''a ā e ė ē i ī ȯ ō u ū ay aw''' /a aː ɛ ɛː eː ɪ iː ɔː oː ʊ uː aj aw/
+===Stress===
+Stress is phonemic and not entirely predictable. Old Togarmite stress is a result of extensive analogical levelling from Proto-Semitic (particularly in verbs), and caused vowel lengthening as in Hebrew.
+Final stress is common but less so than in Hebrew: Togarmite words often resemble Hebrew pausal forms with penultimate stress (e.g. OTog ''yasmā́ȝū'' /jasˈmaːʁuː/ 'they hear', cf. Tiberian Hebrew pausal variant /jiʃˈmɔːʕuː/ for ישמעו /jiʃmăˈʕuː/ 'they hear').
 ==Inflection==
 ===Pronouns===
-*1sg: ʔanėχ
+====Independent====
-*2sg: ʔaθθa (m), ʔaθθi (f)
+*1sg: ''ʔanė́χ''
-*3sg: hū (m), hī (f)
+*2sg: ''ʔáθθa'' (m), ''ʔéθθi'' (f)
-*1pl: naħnė
+*3sg: ''hū'' (m), ''hī'' (f)
-*2pl: ʔaθθum (m), ʔaθθin (f)
+*1pl: ''náħnė''
-*3pl: hōm (m), hēn (f)
+*2pl: ''ʔáθθum'' (m), ''ʔéθθin'' (f)
+*3pl: ''hōm'' (m), ''hēn'' (f)
+====Object====
+*1sg: ''-nī''
+*2sg: ''-χa'' (f), ''-χi'' (f)
+*3sg: ''-uh''/''-hu'' (m), ''-ā''/''-hā'' (f)
+*1pl: ''-nė''
+*2pl: ''-χum'' (m), ''-χin'' (f)
+*3pl: ''-um''/''-hum'' (m), ''-in''/''-hin'' (f)
+Object suffixes immediately follow the verb, and certain vowels are inserted before affixes that begin in a consonant:
+* 1s perfect: ''žaχárθ'''u'''χa'' 'I remember you'
+* 3ms perfect: ''χabbḗr'''a'''nī'' 'he has made me great'
+* prefix conjugation forms with no suffix: ''yuχabbḗr'''u'''nī'' 'he makes me great'; ''χabbḗr'''u'''nī'' 'make me great!'
+====Inflected prepositions====
 ===Nouns===
+Nouns have singular and plural numbers and three states as in Hebrew and Aramaic. Both definite nouns and definite adjectives are marked with the particle ''an''. The formation of the construct follows a rather complex set of rules, often involving a stress shift.
+A noun in the construct state is presumed to be definite. Only the last noun in a construct noun phrase can have its definiteness changed by adding ''an'' before it: ''bėθ báȝle'' 'a master's house' and ''bėθ an báȝle'' 'the master's house' are both definite.
+====Masculine nouns====
+''ȝėlā́m'' = world
+*absolute: ''ȝėlā́m, ȝėlamī́n''
+*construct: ''ȝė́lam, ȝėlā́mė''
+*definite: ''an ȝėlā́m, an ȝėlamī́n''
+Possessive forms are formed by adding possessive suffixes to construct forms:
+singular: ''báyθī, báyθaχ, báyθeχ, báyθū, báyθā, báyθenė, báyθeχum, báyθeχin, báyθōm, báyθēn''
+plural: ''bėθáy, bėθáyχa, bėθáyχe, bėθáyyū, bėθáyyā, bėθáynė, bėθáyχum, bėθáyχin, bėθáyyum, bėθáyyin''
+====Feminine -(a)θ nouns====
+''ȝasū́raθ'' = noblewoman
+*indefinite: ''ȝasū́raθ, ȝasūrė́θ''
+*construct: ''ȝasū́raθ, ȝasū́rėθ''
+*definite: ''an ȝasū́raθ, an ȝasūrė́θ''
+''warášθ'' = last will
+*indefinite: ''warášθ, warašė́θ''
+*construct: ''warášθ, warā́šėθ''
+*definite: ''an warášθ, an warašė́θ''
 ===Adjectives===
-Declension of ''tėb'' 'good':
+Declension of ''tėb'' 'good' (modifying ''yawm'' (m.) 'day' and ''φarīθ'' (f.) 'fruit' respectively):
-*''yawm tėb'' = a good day
-*''yawman tėban'' = the good day
+{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
-*''yawmėþ tėbīn'' = good days
+|+ '''Attributive declension for hard-stem adjectives'''
-*''yawmėþil tėbīl'' = the good days
+! number
-*''φarīθ tėbθ'' = a good fruit
+!colspan=2| singular
-*''φarīθan tėbθan'' = the good fruit
+!colspan=2| plural
-*''φariyėθ tėbėθ'' = good fruits
+|-
-*''φariyėθil tėbėθil'' = the good fruits
+! gender
-(Attributive adjectives cannot take the construct state)
+! m. !! f. !! m. !! f.
+|-
+! indef.
+| ''yawm tėb''
+| ''φarī́θ tė́baθ''
+| ''yawmė́θ tėbī́n''
+| ''φariyė́θ tėbė́θ''
+|-
+! def.
+| ''an yawm an tė́b''
+| ''an φarī́θ an tė́baθ''
+| ''an yawmė́θ an tėbī́n''
+| ''an φariyė́θ an tėbė́θ''
+|}
 ===Verbs===
-Old Togarmite verbs are divided into 6 binyanim:
+:''See [[Togarmite/Old/Gzarot]] for common verb irregularities..''
-#''φaȝal/hiφφuȝāl'' - G/N-stem
+Old Togarmite verbs are divided into 8 binyanim:
+#''φaȝāl/nuφȝāl'' - G/N-stem
 #''φaȝȝēl/φuȝȝāl'' - D-stem
+#''φėȝēl/φūȝāl'' - L-stem
 #''haφȝēl/hassuφȝāl'' - Š-stem
-#''haθφaȝal/haθφuȝāl'' - tG/Gt-stem
+#''haφθaȝāl'' - tG/Gt-stem
+#''niφθuȝāl'' - Nt-stem
 #''θaφaȝȝēl/θaφuȝȝāl'' - tD-stem
 #''hastaφȝēl/hastuφȝāl'' - Št-stem
+Togarmite finite verbs have 7 morphological tenses:
+*perfect: like the English perfect
+*present: present, continuing or habitual action
+*future: future action or completed in the future; gnomic tense
+*subjunctive: for sequences of tenses
+*optative: for sequences of tenses; less strong wishes
+*jussive: demands; wishes
+*imperative: direct commands
 ====Binyan 1A: ''φaȝāl''====
 Semantics: basic action
 {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
-|+ Binyan 1 conjugation: ''χaθāb'' 'to write'
+|+ Binyan 1A conjugation: ''χaθā́b'' 'to write'
 ! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
 ! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
@@ Line 54: / Line 158: @@
 |-
 ! past
-| ''χaθabθī''
+| ''χaθábθ''
-| ''χaθabθa''
+| ''χaθábθa''
-| ''χaθabθi''
+| ''χaθábθi''
-| ''χaθāb''
+| ''χaθā́b''
-| ''χaθabθ''
+| ''χaθā́baθ''
-| ''χaθabnė''
+| ''χaθábnė''
-| ''χaθabθum''
+| ''χaθábθum''
-| ''χaθabθin''
+| ''χaθábθin''
-| ''χaθābū''
+| ''χaθā́bū''
-| ''χaθābė''
+| ''χaθábna''
-|-
-! subjunctive
-| ''waχaθabθī''
-| ''waχaθabθa''
-| ''waχaθabθi''
-| ''waχaθāb''
-| ''waχaθabθ''
-| ''waχaθabnė''
-| ''waχaθabθum''
-| ''waχaθabθin''
-| ''waχaθābū''
-| ''waχaθābė''
 |-
 ! present
-| ''ʔaχėθōb''
+| ''ʔaχėθṓb''
-| ''θaχėθōb''
+| ''θaχėθṓb''
-| ''θaχėθōbī''
+| ''θaχėθṓbī''
-| ''yaχėθōb''
+| ''yaχėθṓb''
-| ''yaχėθōbī''
+| ''yaχėθṓbī''
-| ''naχėθōb''
+| ''naχėθṓb''
-| ''θaχėθōbū''
+| ''θaχėθṓbū''
-| ''θaχėθōbna''
+| ''θaχėθṓbna''
-| ''yaχėθōbū''
+| ''yaχėθṓbū''
-| ''yaχėθōbna''
+| ''yaχėθṓbna''
 |-
 ! future
-| ''ʔaχθōb''
+| ''ʔaχθṓb''
-| ''θaχθōb''
+| ''θaχθṓb''
-| ''θaχθōbī''
+| ''θaχθṓbī''
-| ''yaχθōb''
+| ''yaχθṓb''
-| ''yaχθōbī''
+| ''yaχθṓbī''
-| ''naχθōb''
+| ''naχθṓb''
-| ''θaχθōbū''
+| ''θaχθṓbū''
-| ''θaχθōbna''
+| ''θaχθúbna''
-| ''yaχθōbū''
+| ''yaχθṓbū''
-| ''yaχθōbna''
+| ''yaχθúbna''
 |-
 ! optative
-| ''ʔaχθubanna''
+| ''ʔaχθubánna''
-| ''θaχθubanna''
+| ''θaχθubánna''
-| ''θaχθubīnna''
+| ''θaχθubínna''
-| ''yaχθubanna''
+| ''yaχθubánna''
-| ''yaχθubīnna''
+| ''yaχθubínna''
-| ''naχθubanna''
+| ''naχθubánna''
-| ''θaχθubūnna''
+| ''θaχθubúnna''
-| ''θaχθubnanna''
+| ''θaχθubnánna''
-| ''yaχθubūnna''
+| ''yaχθubúnna''
-| ''yaχθubnanna''
+| ''yaχθubnánna''
+|-
+! jussive
+| ''ʔáχθub''
+| ''θáχθub''
+| ''θáχθubī''
+| ''yáχθub''
+| ''yáχθubī''
+| ''náχθub''
+| ''θáχθubū''
+| ''θáχθubna''
+| ''yáχθubū''
+| ''yáχθubna''
 |-
 ! imperative
 | ''-''
-| ''χuθōb!''
+| ''χuθṓb!''
-| ''χuθbī!''
+| ''χuθṓbī!''
 | ''-''
 | ''-''
 | ''-''
-| ''χuθbū!''
+| ''χuθṓbū!''
-| ''χuθōbna!''
+| ''χuθṓbna!''
 | ''-''
 | ''-''
 |-
 ! active participle
-|colspan=10| ''χėθēb''
+|colspan=10| ''χėθḗb''
 |-
 ! passive participle
-|colspan=10| ''maχθūb''
+|colspan=10| ''χaθū́b''
 |-
 ! verbal noun
-|colspan=10| ''χiθėb''
+|colspan=10| ''χiθė́b''
 |}
-Example: ''hamāl'' 'to suffer', ''žaχār'' 'to remember'
+Example: ''ħamā́l'' 'to suffer', ''žaχā́r'' 'to remember'
-====Binyan 1P: ''nufȝāl''====
+====Binyan 1P: ''nuφȝāl''====
+Semantics: passive of Binyan 1; change of state
 {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
-|+ Binyan 1 conjugation: ''nugdāl'' 'to grow'
+|+ Binyan 1P conjugation: ''nugdā́l'' 'to grow'
 ! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
 ! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
@@ Line 153: / Line 258: @@
 |-
 ! past
-| ''nugdalθī''
+| ''nugdálθ''
-| ''nugdalθa''
+| ''nugdálθa''
-| ''nugdalθi''
+| ''nugdálθi''
-| ''nugdāl''
+| ''nugdā́l''
-| ''nugdalθ''
+| ''nugdā́laθ''
-| ''nugdalnė''
+| ''nugdálnė''
-| ''nugdalθum''
+| ''nugdálθum''
-| ''nugdalθin''
+| ''nugdálθin''
-| ''nugdalū''
+| ''nugdā́lū''
-| ''nugdalė''
+| ''nugdálna''
-|-
-! subjunctive
-| ''wanugdalθī''
-| ''wanugdalθa''
-| ''wanugdalθi''
-| ''wanugdāl''
-| ''wanugdalθ''
-| ''wanugdalnė''
-| ''wanugdalθum''
-| ''wanugdalθin''
-| ''wanugdalū''
-| ''wanugdalė''
 |-
 ! present
-| ''ʔiggėdāl''
+| ''ʔuggėdā́l''
-| ''θiggėdāl''
+| ''θuggėdā́l''
-| ''θiggėdalī''
+| ''θuggėdā́lī''
-| ''yiggėdāl''
+| ''yuggėdā́l''
-| ''yiggėdālī''
+| ''yuggėdā́lī''
-| ''niggėdāl''
+| ''nuggėdā́l''
-| ''θiggėdalū''
+| ''θuggėdā́lū''
-| ''θiggėdalė''
+| ''θuggėdálna''
-| ''yiggėdalū''
+| ''yuggėdā́lū''
-| ''yiggėdalė''
+| ''yuggėdálna''
 |-
 ! future
-| ''ʔiggudāl''
+| ''ʔuggadā́l''
-| ''θiggudāl''
+| ''θuggadā́l''
-| ''θiggudalī''
+| ''θuggadā́lī''
-| ''yiggudāl''
+| ''yuggadā́l''
-| ''yiggudālī''
+| ''yuggadā́lī''
-| ''niggudāl''
+| ''nuggadā́l''
-| ''θiggudalū''
+| ''θuggadā́lū''
-| ''θiggudalė''
+| ''θuggadálna''
-| ''yiggudalū''
+| ''yuggadā́lū''
-| ''yiggudalė''
+| ''yuggadálna''
 |-
 ! optative
-| ''aχθubanna''
+| ''ʔuggadalánna''
-| ''θaχθubanna''
+| ''θuggadalánna''
-| ''θaχθubīnna''
+| ''θuggadalínna''
-| ''yaχθubanna''
+| ''yuggadalánna''
-| ''yaχθubīnna''
+| ''yuggadalínna''
-| ''naχθubanna''
+| ''nuggadalánna''
-| ''θaχθubūnna''
+| ''θuggadalúnna''
-| ''θaχθubnanna''
+| ''θuggadalnánna''
-| ''yaχθubūnna''
+| ''yuggadalúnna''
-| ''yaχθubnanna''
+| ''yuggadalnánna''
+|-
+! jussive
+| ''ʔúggadal''
+| ''θúggadal''
+| ''θúggadalī''
+| ''yúggadal''
+| ''yúggadalī''
+| ''núggadal''
+| ''θúggadalū''
+| ''θúggadalna''
+| ''yúggadalū''
+| ''yúggadalna''
 |-
 ! imperative
 | ''-''
-| ''χuθōb!''
+| ''huggadā́l!''
-| ''χuθbī!''
+| ''huggadā́lī!''
 | ''-''
 | ''-''
 | ''-''
-| ''χuθbū!''
+| ''huggadā́lū!''
-| ''χuθōbna!''
+| ''huggadálna!''
 | ''-''
 | ''-''
 |-
-! active participle
+! participle
-|colspan=10| ''χėθēb''
+|colspan=10| ''muggadā́l''
-|-
-! passive participle
-|colspan=10| ''maχθūb''
 |-
 ! verbal noun
-|colspan=10| ''χiθėb''
+|colspan=10| ''nugdė́l''
 |}
-future tense: ''hiφφuȝalθī, hiφφuȝalθa, hiφφuȝalθi, hiφφuȝāl, hiφφuȝālθ, hiφφuȝalnē, hiφφuȝalθum, hiφφuȝalθin, hiφφuȝalū, hiφφuȝalē''
-present tense: ''ʔiφφāȝēl, tiφφāȝēl, tiφφāȝilī, yiφφāȝēl, yiφφāȝilī, niφφāȝēl, tiφφāȝilū, tiφφāȝelna, yiφφāȝilū, yiφφāȝelna''
-past tense: ''ʔiφφuȝāl, tiφφuȝāl, tiφφuȝalī, yiφφuȝāl, yiφφuȝalī, niφφuȝāl, tiφφuȝalū, tiφφuȝalna, yiφφuȝalū, yiφφuȝalna''
-imperative: ''hiφφuȝāl! hiφφuȝalī! hiφφuȝalū! hiφφuȝalna!''
-participle: ''miφφuȝāl''
-VN: ''hiφφuȝālθ''
 ====Binyan 2A: ''φaȝȝēl''====
-Semantics: causative, transitive, applicative, denominal verbs including 4-consonant verbs
+Semantics: intensive, causative, applicative, denominal verbs including 4-consonant verbs and loan verbs.
 Examples:
-*''žaχχēr'' 'to record'
+*''šabbḗr'' 'to shatter' (intensive of ''š-b-r'' 'to break')
-*''nahhēh'' 'to put an object on ("to beput")'
+*''žaχχḗr'' 'to record' (causative of ''ž-χ-r'' 'to remember')
-*''nabbēʔ'' 'to prophesy, to call out'
+*''ħassḗb'' 'to consider' (applicative of ''ħ-s-b'' 'to think')
-*''θargēm'' 'to translate'
+*''sayyḗr'' 'to sing the praises of' (applicative of ''s(-y-)r'' 'to sing')
+*''žāhḗb'' 'to gild' (denominative of ''žahāb'' 'gold')
+*''nabbḗʔ'' 'to prophesy, to call out' (from Hebrew נביא ''nâbiʔ'')
+*''θargḗm'' 'to translate' (from Aramaic תרגום ''targum'')
+*''lammḗs'' 'to give charitably; to give alms' (from ''lammū́sīn'' 'alms', from Greek ''eleēmosynē'')
+*''raθθḗm'' 'to count' (the root r-θ-m was borrowed from Greek ''arithmos'' 'number')
-future tense: ''φaȝȝilθī, φaȝȝilθa, φaȝȝilθi, φaȝȝēl, φaȝȝēlθ, φaȝȝilnē, φaȝȝilθum, φaȝȝilθin, φaȝȝilū, φaȝȝilē''
+{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
+|+ Binyan 2A conjugation: ''žaχχḗr'' 'to record; to cause to remember'
-present tense: ''ʔaφāȝaȝēl, taφāȝaȝēl, taφāȝaȝilī, yaφāȝaȝēl, yaφāȝaȝilī, naφāȝaȝēl, taφāȝaȝilū, taφāȝaȝelna, yaφāȝaȝilū, yaφāȝaȝelna''
+! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
+! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
-past tense: ''ʔaφaȝȝēl, taφaȝȝēl, taφaȝȝilī, yaφaȝȝēl, yaφaȝȝilī, naφaȝȝēl, taφaȝȝilū, taφaȝȝelna, yaφaȝȝilū, yaφaȝȝelna''
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2ms
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2fs
-imperative: ''φaȝȝēl! φaȝȝilī! φaȝȝilū! φaȝȝelna!''
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3ms
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3fs
-participle: ''muφaȝȝēl''
+! style="width: 75px; " | 1p
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2mp
-verbal noun: ''φaȝȝūl''
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2fp
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3mp
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3fp
+|-
+! past
+| ''žaχχírθ''
+| ''žaχχírθa''
+| ''žaχχírθi''
+| ''žaχχḗr''
+| ''žaχχḗraθ''
+| ''žaχχírnė''
+| ''žaχχírθum''
+| ''žaχχírθin''
+| ''žaχχḗrū''
+| ''žaχχírna''
+|-
+! present
+| ''ʔažaχėχḗr''
+| ''θažaχėχḗr''
+| ''θažaχėχḗrī''
+| ''yažaχėχḗr''
+| ''yažaχėχḗrī''
+| ''nažaχėχḗr''
+| ''θažaχėχḗrū''
+| ''θažaχėχírna''
+| ''yažaχėχḗrū''
+| ''yažaχėχírna''
+|-
+! future
+| ''ʔažaχχḗr''
+| ''θažaχχḗr''
+| ''θažaχχḗrī''
+| ''yažaχχḗr''
+| ''yažaχχḗrī''
+| ''nažaχχḗr''
+| ''θažaχχḗrū''
+| ''θažaχχírna''
+| ''yažaχχḗrū''
+| ''yažaχχírna''
+|-
+! optative
+| ''ʔažaχχiránna''
+| ''θažaχχiránna''
+| ''θažaχχirínna''
+| ''yažaχχiránna''
+| ''yažaχχirínna''
+| ''nažaχχiránna''
+| ''θažaχχirúnna''
+| ''θažaχχirnánna''
+| ''yažaχχirúnna''
+| ''yažaχχirnánna''
+|-
+! jussive
+| ''ʔažáχχir''
+| ''θažáχχir''
+| ''θažáχχirī''
+| ''yažáχχir''
+| ''yažáχχirī''
+| ''nažáχχir''
+| ''θažáχχirū''
+| ''θažáχχirna''
+| ''yažáχχirū''
+| ''yažáχχirna''
+|-
+! imperative
+| ''-''
+| ''žaχχḗr!''
+| ''žaχχḗrī!''
+| ''-''
+| ''-''
+| ''-''
+| ''žaχχḗrū!''
+| ''žaχχírna!''
+| ''-''
+| ''-''
+|-
+! participle
+|colspan=10| ''mužaχχḗr''
+|-
+! verbal noun
+|colspan=10| ''žaχχū́r, žiχχárθ''
+|}
 ====Binyan 2P: ''φuȝȝāl''====
+{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
+|+ Binyan 2P conjugation: ''žuχχā́r'' 'to be recorded'
+! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
+! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2ms
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2fs
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3ms
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3fs
+! style="width: 75px; " | 1p
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2mp
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2fp
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3mp
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3fp
+|-
+! past
+| ''žuχχárθ''
+| ''žuχχárθa''
+| ''žuχχárθi''
+| ''žuχχā́r''
+| ''žuχχā́raθ''
+| ''žuχχárnė''
+| ''žuχχárθum''
+| ''žuχχárθin''
+| ''žuχχā́rū''
+| ''žuχχárna''
+|-
+! present
+| ''ʔažuχėχā́r''
+| ''θažuχėχā́r''
+| ''θažuχėχā́rī''
+| ''yažuχėχā́r''
+| ''yažuχėχā́rī''
+| ''nažuχėχā́r''
+| ''θažuχėχā́rū''
+| ''θažuχėχárna''
+| ''yažuχėχā́rū''
+| ''yažuχėχárna''
+|-
+! future
+| ''ʔažuχχā́r''
+| ''θažuχχā́r''
+| ''θažuχχā́rī''
+| ''yažuχχā́r''
+| ''yažuχχā́rī''
+| ''nažuχχā́r''
+| ''θažuχχā́rū''
+| ''θažuχχárna''
+| ''yažuχχā́rū''
+| ''yažuχχárna''
+|-
+! optative
+| ''ʔažuχχaránna''
+| ''θažuχχaránna''
+| ''θažuχχarínna''
+| ''yažuχχaránna''
+| ''yažuχχarínna''
+| ''nažuχχaránna''
+| ''θažuχχarúnna''
+| ''θažuχχarnánna''
+| ''yažuχχarúnna''
+| ''yažuχχarnánna''
+|-
+! jussive
+| ''ʔažúχχar''
+| ''θažúχχar''
+| ''θažúχχarī''
+| ''yažúχχar''
+| ''yažúχχarī''
+| ''nažúχχar''
+| ''θažúχχarū''
+| ''θažúχχarna''
+| ''yažuχχarū''
+| ''yažúχχarna''
+|-
+! imperative
+|colspan=10|''Verbs of this binyan have no imperatives.''
+|-
+! participle
+|colspan=10| ''mužuχχā́r''
+|-
+! verbal noun
+|colspan=10|''Verbs of this binyan have no verbal nouns.''
+|}
 ====Binyan 3A: ''haφȝēl''====
 Semantics: causative
-Example: ''hažχēr'' 'to remind'
+{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
+|+ Binyan 3A conjugation: ''hakdḗs'' 'to dedicate, to set apart'
+! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
+! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2ms
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2fs
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3ms
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3fs
+! style="width: 75px; " | 1p
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2mp
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2fp
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3mp
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3fp
+|-
+! past
+| ''hakdísθ''
+| ''hakdísθa''
+| ''hakdísθi''
+| ''hakdḗs''
+| ''hakdḗsaθ''
+| ''hakdísnė''
+| ''hakdísθum''
+| ''hakdísθin''
+| ''hakdḗsū''
+| ''hakdísna''
+|-
+! present
+| ''ʔakėdḗs''
+| ''θakėdḗs''
+| ''θakėdḗsī''
+| ''yakėdḗs''
+| ''yakėdḗsī''
+| ''nakėdḗs''
+| ''θakėdḗsū''
+| ''θakėdísna''
+| ''yakėdḗsū''
+| ''yakėdísna''
+|-
+! future
+| ''ʔakdḗs''
+| ''θakdḗs''
+| ''θakdḗsī''
+| ''yakdḗs''
+| ''yakdḗsī''
+| ''nakdḗs''
+| ''θakdḗsū''
+| ''θakdísna''
+| ''yakdḗsū''
+| ''yakdísna''
+|-
+! optative
+| ''ʔakdisánna''
+| ''θakdisánna''
+| ''θakdisínna''
+| ''yakdisánna''
+| ''yakdisínna''
+| ''nakdisánna''
+| ''θakdisúnna''
+| ''θakdisnánna''
+| ''yakdisúnna''
+| ''yakdisnánna''
+|-
+! jussive
+| ''ʔákdis''
+| ''θákdis''
+| ''θákdisī''
+| ''yákdis''
+| ''yákdisī''
+| ''nákdis''
+| ''θákdisū''
+| ''θákdisna''
+| ''yákdisū''
+| ''yákdisna''
+|-
+! imperative
+| ''-''
+| ''hakdḗs!''
+| ''hakdḗsī!''
+| ''-''
+| ''-''
+| ''-''
+| ''hakdḗsū!''
+| ''hakdísna!''
+| ''-''
+| ''-''
+|-
+! participle
+|colspan=10| ''makdḗs''
+|-
+! verbal noun
+|colspan=10| ''hakdū́s''
+|}
+====Binyan 3P: ''huφȝāl, hissuφȝāl''====
+A variant of this binyan is ''hissuφȝāl'', from older *in-suφȝāl.
-====Binyan 3P: ''hassuφȝāl''====
+{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
+|+ Binyan 3A conjugation: ''hukdā́s'' 'to be dedicated, to be set apart'
+! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
+! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2ms
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2fs
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3ms
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3fs
+! style="width: 75px; " | 1p
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2mp
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2fp
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3mp
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3fp
+|-
+! past
+| ''hukdásθ''
+| ''hukdásθa''
+| ''hukdásθi''
+| ''hukdā́s''
+| ''hukdā́saθ''
+| ''hukdásnė''
+| ''hukdásθum''
+| ''hukdásθin''
+| ''hukdā́sū''
+| ''hukdásna''
+|-
+! present
+| ''ʔukėdā́s''
+| ''θukėdā́s''
+| ''θukėdā́sī''
+| ''yukėdā́s''
+| ''yukėdā́sī''
+| ''nukėdā́s''
+| ''θukėdā́sū''
+| ''θukėdásna''
+| ''yukėdā́sū''
+| ''yukėdásna''
+|-
+! future
+| ''ʔukdā́s''
+| ''θukdā́s''
+| ''θukdā́sī''
+| ''yukdā́s''
+| ''yukdā́sī''
+| ''nukdā́s''
+| ''θukdā́sū''
+| ''θukdásna''
+| ''yukdā́sū''
+| ''yukdásna''
+|-
+! optative
+| ''ʔukdasánna''
+| ''θukdasánna''
+| ''θukdasínna''
+| ''yukdasánna''
+| ''yukdasínna''
+| ''nukdasánna''
+| ''θukdasúnna''
+| ''θukdasnánna''
+| ''yukdasúnna''
+| ''yukdasnánna''
+|-
+! jussive
+| ''ʔúkdas''
+| ''θúkdas''
+| ''θúkdasī''
+| ''yúkdas''
+| ''yúkdasī''
+| ''núkdas''
+| ''θúkdasū''
+| ''θúkdasna''
+| ''yúkdasū''
+| ''yúkdasna''
+|-
+! imperative
+|colspan=10| ''Verbs of this binyan have no imperatives.''
+|-
+! participle
+|colspan=10| ''mukdā́s''
+|-
+! verbal noun
+|colspan=10| ''Verbs of this binyan have no imperatives.''
+|}
-====Binyan 4A: ''haφθaȝal''====
+====Binyan 4: ''heθφaȝāl''====
 Semantics: reflexive, reciprocal, event or change of state
-''haždaχar'' = 'to come to mind'
+Metathesis happens when C1 ∈ {s, š, c, z, ž, j, ħ, ȝ}: ''θs θš θc θz θž θj θħ θȝ'' > ''st št ct zd žd jd ħt ȝd''.
-====Binyan 4P: ''haφθuȝāl''====
+{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
+|+ Binyan 4A conjugation: ''heθlaħā́m'' 'to be at war'
+! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
+! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2ms
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2fs
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3ms
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3fs
+! style="width: 75px; " | 1p
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2mp
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2fp
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3mp
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3fp
+|-
+! past
+| ''heθlaħámθ''
+| ''heθlaħámθa''
+| ''heθlaħámθi''
+| ''heθlaħā́m''
+| ''heθlaħā́maθ''
+| ''heθlaħámnė''
+| ''heθlaħámθum''
+| ''heθlaħámθin''
+| ''heθlaħā́mū''
+| ''heθlaħámna''
+|-
+! present
+| ''ʔeθlėħā́m''
+| ''θeθlėħā́m''
+| ''θeθlėħā́mī''
+| ''yeθlėħā́m''
+| ''yeθlėħā́mī''
+| ''neθlėħā́m''
+| ''θeθlėħā́mū''
+| ''θeθlėħámna''
+| ''yeθlėħā́mū''
+| ''yeθlėħámna''
+|-
+! future
+| ''ʔeθlaħā́m''
+| ''θeθlaħā́m''
+| ''θeθlaħā́mī''
+| ''yeθlaħā́m''
+| ''yeθlaħā́mī''
+| ''neθlaħā́m''
+| ''θeθlaħā́mū''
+| ''θeθlaħámna''
+| ''yeθlaħā́mū''
+| ''yeθlaħámna''
+|-
+! optative
+| ''ʔeθlaħamánna''
+| ''θeθlaħamánna''
+| ''θeθlaħamínna''
+| ''yeθlaħamánna''
+| ''yeθlaħamínna''
+| ''neθlaħamánna''
+| ''θeθlaħamúnna''
+| ''θeθlaħamnánna''
+| ''yeθlaħamánna''
+| ''yeθlaħamnánna''
+|-
+! jussive
+| ''ʔéθlaħam''
+| ''θéθlaħam''
+| ''θéθlaħamī''
+| ''yéθlaħam''
+| ''yéθlaħamī''
+| ''néθlaħam''
+| ''θéθlaħamū''
+| ''θéθlaħamna''
+| ''yéθlaħamū''
+| ''yéθlaħamna''
+|-
+! imperative
+| ''-''
+| ''heθlaħā́m!''
+| ''heθlaħā́mī!''
+| ''-''
+| ''-''
+| ''-''
+| ''heθlaħā́mū!''
+| ''heθlaħámna!''
+| ''-''
+| ''-''
+|-
+! active participle
+|colspan=10| ''meθlaħā́m''
+|-
+! verbal noun
+|colspan=10| ''heθlaħū́m''
+|}
-====Binyan 5A: ''θaφaȝȝēl''====
+====Binyan 5: ''niθφuȝāl''====
-Semantics: "outward/other-oriented" actions
+Semantics: reflexive or change of state
-Verbs of this binyan do not ''always'' have passives.
+{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
+|+ Binyan 4A conjugation: ''niθluħā́m'' 'to go to war'
+! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
+! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2ms
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2fs
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3ms
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3fs
+! style="width: 75px; " | 1p
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2mp
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2fp
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3mp
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3fp
+|-
+! past
+| ''niθluħámθ''
+| ''niθluħámθa''
+| ''niθluħámθi''
+| ''niθluħā́m''
+| ''niθluħā́maθ''
+| ''niθluħámnė''
+| ''niθluħámθum''
+| ''niθluħámθin''
+| ''niθluħā́mū''
+| ''niθluħámna''
+|-
+! present
+| ''ʔeθθulėħā́m''
+| ''θeθθulėħā́m''
+| ''θeθθulėħā́mī''
+| ''yeθθulėħā́m''
+| ''yeθθulėħā́mī''
+| ''neθθulėħā́m''
+| ''θeθθulėħā́mū́''
+| ''θeθθulėħámna''
+| ''yeθθulėħā́mū''
+| ''yeθθulėħámna''
+|-
+! future
+| ''ʔeθθulħā́m''
+| ''θeθθulħā́m''
+| ''θeθθulħā́mī''
+| ''yeθθulħā́m''
+| ''yeθθulħā́mī''
+| ''neθθulħā́m''
+| ''θeθθulħā́mū́''
+| ''θeθθulħámna''
+| ''yeθθulħā́mū''
+| ''yeθθulħámna''
+|-
+! optative
+| ''ʔeθθulħamánna''
+| ''θeθθulħamánna''
+| ''θeθθulħamínna''
+| ''yeθθulħamánna''
+| ''yeθθulħamínna''
+| ''neθθulħamánna''
+| ''θeθθulħamúnna''
+| ''θeθθulħamnánna''
+| ''yeθθulħamánna''
+| ''yeθθulħamnánna''
+|-
+! jussive
+| ''ʔeθθúlħam''
+| ''θeθθúlħam''
+| ''θeθθúlħamī''
+| ''yeθθúlħam''
+| ''yeθθúlħamī''
+| ''neθθúlħam''
+| ''θeθθúlħamū''
+| ''θeθθúlħamna''
+| ''yeθθúlħamū''
+| ''yeθθúlħamna''
+|-
+! imperative
+| ''-''
+| ''heθθulħā́m!''
+| ''heθθulħā́mī!''
+| ''-''
+| ''-''
+| ''-''
+| ''heθθulħā́mū!''
+| ''heθθulħámna!''
+| ''-''
+| ''-''
+|-
+! active participle
+|colspan=10| ''meθθulħā́m''
+|-
+! verbal noun
+|colspan=10| ''niθlaħė́m''
+|}
+====Binyan 6A: ''θaφaȝȝēl''====
+Semantics: "back-and-forth" actions
 Example: ''θažaχχēr'' 'to resent, to desire revenge on'
-====Binyan 5P: ''θaφuȝȝāl''====
+Conjugation is similar to Binyan 2, just with the prefix θa- added.
-====Binyan 6: ''niφθa3āl''====
+====Binyan 6P: ''θaφuȝȝāl''====
 ====Binyan 7A: ''hastaφȝēl''====
-Semantics: "to make oneself X"
+Semantics: "to make oneself X"; "to take it upon oneself to X"; tends to form verbs involving conscious decision.
 Examples:
-*''hastažχēr'' 'to make note of'
+*''hastamȝḗl'' 'to dare, to venture'
-*''hastaχθēb'' 'to copy, to transcribe'
+*''hastažχḗr'' 'to make note of'
+*''hastaχθḗb'' 'to copy, to transcribe'
+*''hastaχlė'' 'to commit suicide'
+{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
+|+ Binyan 7A conjugation: ''hastatȝḗm'' 'to attempt'
+! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
+! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2ms
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2fs
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3ms
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3fs
+! style="width: 75px; " | 1p
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2mp
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2fp
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3mp
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3fp
+|-
+! past
+| ''hastatȝímθ''
+| ''hastatȝímθa''
+| ''hastatȝímθi''
+| ''hastatȝḗm''
+| ''hastatȝḗmaθ''
+| ''hastatȝímnė''
+| ''hastatȝímtum''
+| ''hastatȝímtin''
+| ''hastatȝḗmū''
+| ''hastatȝímna''
+|-
+! subjunctive
+| ''wastatȝímθī''
+| ''wastatȝímθa''
+| ''wastatȝímθi''
+| ''wastatȝḗm''
+| ''wastatȝḗmaθ''
+| ''wastatȝímnė''
+| ''wastatȝímtum''
+| ''wastatȝímtin''
+| ''wastatȝḗmū''
+| ''wastatȝímna''
+|-
+! future
+| ''ʔastatȝḗm''
+| ''θastatȝḗm''
+| ''θastatȝḗmī''
+| ''yastatȝḗm''
+| ''yastatȝḗmī''
+| ''nastatȝḗm''
+| ''θastatȝḗmū''
+| ''θastatȝímna''
+| ''yastatȝḗmū''
+| ''yastatȝímna''
+|-
+! optative
+| ''ʔastatȝimánna''
+| ''θastatȝimánna''
+| ''θastatȝimínna''
+| ''yastatȝimánna''
+| ''yastatȝimínna''
+| ''nastatȝimánna''
+| ''θastatȝimúnna''
+| ''θastatȝímnanna''
+| ''yastatȝimúnna''
+| ''yastatȝímnanna''
+|-
+! jussive
+| ''ʔastátȝim''
+| ''θastátȝim''
+| ''θastátȝimī''
+| ''yastátȝim''
+| ''yastátȝimī''
+| ''nastátȝim''
+| ''θastátȝimū''
+| ''θastátȝímna''
+| ''yastátȝimū''
+| ''yastátȝimna''
+|-
+! imperative
+| ''-''
+| ''hastatȝḗm!''
+| ''hastatȝḗmī!''
+| ''-''
+| ''-''
+| ''-''
+| ''hastatȝḗmū!''
+| ''hastatȝímna!''
+| ''-''
+| ''-''
+|-
+! participle
+|colspan=10| ''mustatȝḗm''
+|-
+! verbal noun
+|colspan=10| ''hastatȝū́m''
+|}
 ====Binyan 7P: ''hastuφȝāl''====
+{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
+|+ Binyan 7A conjugation: ''hastutȝā́m'' 'to be attempted'
+! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
+! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2ms
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2fs
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3ms
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3fs
+! style="width: 75px; " | 1p
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2mp
+! style="width: 75px; " | 2fp
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3mp
+! style="width: 75px; " | 3fp
+|-
+! past
+| ''hastutȝámθ''
+| ''hastutȝámθa''
+| ''hastutȝámθi''
+| ''hastutȝā́m''
+| ''hastutȝā́maθ''
+| ''hastutȝámnė''
+| ''hastutȝámθum''
+| ''hastutȝámθin''
+| ''hastutȝā́mū''
+| ''hastutȝámna''
+|-
+! present
+| ''ʔastutėȝā́m''
+| ''θastutėȝā́m''
+| ''θastutėȝā́mī''
+| ''yastutėȝā́m''
+| ''yastutėȝā́mī''
+| ''nastutėȝā́m''
+| ''θastutėȝā́mū''
+| ''θastutėȝámna''
+| ''yastutėȝā́mū''
+| ''yastutėȝámna''
+|-
+! future
+| ''ʔastutȝā́m''
+| ''θastutȝā́m''
+| ''θastutȝā́mī''
+| ''yastutȝā́m''
+| ''yastutȝā́mī''
+| ''nastutȝā́m''
+| ''θastutȝā́mū''
+| ''θastutȝámna''
+| ''yastutȝā́mū''
+| ''yastutȝámna''
+|-
+! optative
+| ''ʔastutȝamánna''
+| ''θastutȝamánna''
+| ''θastutȝamínna''
+| ''yastutȝamánna''
+| ''yastutȝamínna''
+| ''nastutȝamánna''
+| ''θastutȝamúnna''
+| ''θastutȝamnánna''
+| ''yastutȝamúnna''
+| ''yastutȝamnánna''
+|-
+! optative
+| ''ʔastútȝam''
+| ''θastútȝam''
+| ''θastútȝamī''
+| ''yastútȝam''
+| ''yastútȝamī''
+| ''nastútȝam''
+| ''θastútȝam''
+| ''θastútȝamna''
+| ''yastutȝamū''
+| ''yastútȝamna''
+|-
+! imperative
+|colspan=10| ''Verbs of this binyan have no imperatives.''
+|-
+! participle
+|colspan=10| ''mustutȝā́m''
+|-
+! verbal noun
+|colspan=10| ''Verbs of this binyan have no verbal nouns.''
+|}
 ===Numerals===
-# m. ʔaħad, f. ʔaħāθ
+Numerals ending in 3 through 9 or 10 display the Semitic gender polarity: masculine nouns are marked with -θ while feminine nouns are unmarked.
-# m. ʔiśnaim, f. ʔiśθaim, construct ʔiśnē, ʔiśθē
+# m. ʔaħā́d, f. ʔaħā́θ
-# m. śalēśθ-, f. śalēś-
+# m. šenáyn, f. šeθθáyn, construct šenė, šeθθė
-# m. ʔarbaȝθ-, f. ʔarbaȝ-
+# m. šalė́šaθ, f. šalė́š
-# m. çamiššaθ-, f. çamišš-
+# m. ʔarbáȝθ, f. ʔarbáȝ
-# m. siććaθ, f. sićć-
+# m. ħámsaθ, f. ħámse
-# m. sabȝaθ, f. sabȝ-
+# m. síθšaθ, f. síθše
-# m. śamēnīθ-, f. śamēniy-
+# m. sábȝaθ, f. sábȝe
-# m. þisȝaθ-, f. þisȝ-
+# m. samė́nīθ, f. samė́ni
-# m. ȝaśraθ-, f. ȝaśr-
+# m. θísȝaθ, f. θísȝe
+# m. ȝášraθ, f. ȝášre
 ==Syntax==
@@ Line 321: / Line 1,120: @@
 ==Sample texts==
 ===Schleicher===
-''Χabšan wa-φarasīnan''
+''An χabše wan φarasīn''
-''Χabš, žī law lē yihwē šamr, φarasīn yarʔ:''
+''Χabše, žė lė hawė šamre lawh, φarasīn raʔė: yagōr ʔaħād marχabaθ šakūlaθ, wa-yaħmōl ʔaħād ħemle χabūr, wa-yaħmōl ʔaħād ħaφīzan ʔinės. Yāmār an χabše: Mār lī an lēb, bi-riʔėθī ʔinės rėχib φarasīn. Yāmārū an φarasīn: Sumaʕ an χabše! Mār lanė an lēb bi-riʔėθinė žīnė: ʔinės an baʕle yaʕšē lawh malbasaθ ħamūmaθ mēn šamre an χabšīn. Wa-lėš len-χabše šamre. Bi-šimėʕ an χabše žīnė, yamnāȝ ʔilė an šadi.''
-yagrur ʔaħadum minhumū markʰabatʰam þakūlam, wa-yaħmil ʔaħadum ħimlam gadālam, wa-yaħmil mahīram aħadum ʔināšam. Wa-yakūl han-kʰabłu: Marra lī han-libbu, bi-raʔātʰī ʔināšam rākʰibam pʰarašīm. Wa-yakūlū han-pʰarašū: Šamaʕ han-kʰabła! Marra lanā han-libbu, bi-raʔātʰinā ðā: ʔināšum han-baʕlu yaʕłiyu lahu malbašatʰam ħamīmatʰam min tłamri han-kʰabłī. Wa-lā li-han-kʰabłi tłamrum. Bi-šamāʕi han-kʰabłi ðā, yabraħ ʔila han-ładiyi.
 [[Category:Semitic languages]]

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Revision as of 15:22, 13 October 2021