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'''Old Togarmite''' or '''Classical Togarmite''' (''Θėgammīθ''; Modern: ''Þėgamiþ ȝyþik'') is the ancestor of Modern [[Togarmite]]. It is the liturgical language of (L-Balkan religion).
{{Infobox language
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|name = Old Togarmite
|image =
|setting = [[Verse:Lõis|Lõis]]
|nativename = θėgarmī́θ
|pronunciation = /tʰɛːgamˈmiːtʰ/
|region =
|states =
|speakers =
|date =
|familycolor=afroasiatic
|fam1=Afro-Asiatic
|fam2=Semitic
|fam3=Northwest Semitic
}}
 
 
'''Old Togarmite''' or '''Classical Togarmite''' (''θėgarmī́θ'' /tʰɛːgarˈmiːtʰ/ or ''an lasė́n an θėgarmī́θ'' /an laˈsɛːn an tʰɛːgarˈmiːtʰ/; Modern: ''Þėrmiþ ȝyþik'') is an ancient Semitic language with an Ancient Greek aesthetic; it is the ancestor of Modern [[Togarmite]].
 
==Todo==
 
Introduce dual number in nouns and pronouns but not in verbs
 
==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
*'''m n''' /m n/
*'''p t c č k ʔ ''' /p’ t’ ts’ tʃ’ k’ ʔ/
*'''b d j g''' /b d dʒ g/
*'''φ θ χ''' /pʰ tʰ kʰ/
*'''s š ħ h''' /s ʃ ħ h/
*'''z ž ȝ''' /z ʒ ʁ/
*'''w l r y''' /w l r j/
===Vowels===
===Vowels===
Old Togarmite had the following vowels:  
Old Togarmite had the following vowels:  


a ā e ē ė i ī ō ȯ u ū ay aw /a aː ɛ ɛː eː ɪ iː ɔː oː ʊ uː aj aw/
'''a ā e ė ē i ī ȯ ō u ū ay aw''' /a aː ɛ ɛː eː ɪ iː ɔː oː ʊ uː aj aw/
 
===Stress===
===Stress===
Final stress is common but less so than in Hebrew: Togarmite words generally resemble Hebrew pausal forms (e.g. OTog ''yismāȝū'' /jisˈmaːʁuː/ 'they will hear', cf. Tiberian Hebrew pausal variant /jiʃˈmɔːʕuː/ for ישמעו /jiʃmăˈʕuː/ 'they hear'.)
Stress is phonemic and not entirely predictable. Old Togarmite stress is a result of extensive analogical levelling from Proto-Semitic (particularly in verbs), and caused vowel lengthening as in Hebrew.
 
Final stress is common but less so than in Hebrew: Togarmite words often resemble Hebrew pausal forms with penultimate stress (e.g. OTog ''yasmā́ȝū'' /jasˈmaːʁuː/ 'they hear', cf. Tiberian Hebrew pausal variant /jiʃˈmɔːʕuː/ for ישמעו /jiʃmăˈʕuː/ 'they hear').


==Inflection==
==Inflection==
===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
*1sg: ʔanėχ
====Independent====
*2sg: ʔaθθa (m), ʔeθθi (f)
*1sg: ''ʔanė́χ''
*3sg: hū (m), hī (f)
*2sg: ''ʔáθθa'' (m), ''ʔéθθi'' (f)
*1pl: naħnė
*3sg: ''hū'' (m), ''hī'' (f)
*2pl: ʔaθθum (m), ʔeθθin (f)
*1pl: ''náħnė''
*3pl: hum (m), hin (f)
*2pl: ''ʔáθθum'' (m), ''ʔéθθin'' (f)
*3pl: ''hōm'' (m), ''hēn'' (f)
 
====Object====
*1sg: ''-nī''
*2sg: ''-χa'' (f), ''-χi'' (f)
*3sg: ''-uh''/''-hu'' (m), ''-ā''/''-hā'' (f)
*1pl: ''-nė''
*2pl: ''-χum'' (m), ''-χin'' (f)
*3pl: ''-um''/''-hum'' (m), ''-in''/''-hin'' (f)
 
Object suffixes immediately follow the verb, and certain vowels are inserted before affixes that begin in a consonant:
* 1s perfect: ''žaχárθ'''u'''χa'' 'I remember you'
* 3ms perfect: ''χabbḗr'''a'''nī'' 'he has made me great'
* prefix conjugation forms with no suffix: ''yuχabbḗr'''u'''nī'' 'he makes me great'; ''χabbḗr'''u'''nī'' 'make me great!'
 
====Inflected prepositions====


===Nouns===
===Nouns===
Nouns have singular and plural numbers and three states as in Hebrew and Aramaic. The formation of the construct follows a rather complex set of rules as in Tiberian Hebrew.
Nouns have singular and plural numbers and three states as in Hebrew and Aramaic. Both definite nouns and definite adjectives are marked with the particle ''an''. The formation of the construct follows a rather complex set of rules, often involving a stress shift.
 
A noun in the construct state is presumed to be definite. Only the last noun in a construct noun phrase can have its definiteness changed by adding ''an'' before it: ''bėθ báȝle'' 'a master's house' and ''bėθ an báȝle'' 'the master's house' are both definite.
====Masculine nouns====
====Masculine nouns====
''ȝėlām'' = world
''ȝėlā́m'' = world
*indefinite: ''ȝėlām, ȝėlāmīn''
*absolute: ''ȝėlā́m, ȝėlamī́n''
*definite: ''ȝėlāman, ȝėlāmīl''
*construct: ''ȝė́lam, ȝėlā́mė''
*construct: ''ȝėlam, ȝėlamė''
*definite: ''an ȝėlā́m, an ȝėlamī́n''
 
Possessive forms are formed by adding possessive suffixes to construct forms:
 
singular: ''báyθī, báyθaχ, báyθeχ, báyθū, báyθā, báyθenė, báyθeχum, báyθeχin, báyθōm, báyθēn''
 
plural: ''bėθáy, bėθáyχa, bėθáyχe, bėθáyyū, bėθáyyā, bėθáynė, bėθáyχum, bėθáyχin, bėθáyyum, bėθáyyin''
 
====Feminine -(a)θ nouns====
====Feminine -(a)θ nouns====
''ȝasūraθ'' = noblewoman
''ȝasū́raθ'' = noblewoman
*indefinite: ''ȝasūraθ, ȝasūrėθ''
*indefinite: ''ȝasū́raθ, ȝasūrė́θ''
*definite: ''ȝasūraθan, ȝasūrėθīl''
*construct: ''ȝasū́raθ, ȝasū́rėθ''
*construct: ''ȝasūraθ, ȝasūrėθ''
*definite: ''an ȝasū́raθ, an ȝasūrė́θ''
 
''warášθ'' = last will
*indefinite: ''warášθ, warašė́θ''
*construct: ''warášθ, warā́šėθ''
*definite: ''an warášθ, an warašė́θ''


===Adjectives===
===Adjectives===
Declension of ''tėb'' 'good':
Declension of ''tėb'' 'good' (modifying ''yawm'' (m.) 'day' and ''φarīθ'' (f.) 'fruit' respectively):
*''yawm tėb'' = a good day
 
*''yawman tėban'' = the good day
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
*''yawmėθ tėbīn'' = good days
|+ '''Attributive declension for hard-stem adjectives'''
*''yawmėθil tėbīl'' = the good days
! number
*''φarīθ tėbθ'' = a good fruit
!colspan=2| singular
*''φarīθan tėbθan'' = the good fruit
!colspan=2| plural
*''φariyėθ tėbėθ'' = good fruits
|-
*''φariyėθil tėbėθil'' = the good fruits
! gender
(Attributive adjectives cannot take the construct state)
! m. !! f. !! m. !! f.
|-
! indef.
| ''yawm tėb''
| ''φarī́θ tė́baθ''
| ''yawmė́θ tėbī́n''
| ''φariyė́θ tėbė́θ''  
|-
! def.
| ''an yawm an tė́b''
| ''an φarī́θ an tė́baθ''
| ''an yawmė́θ an tėbī́n''
| ''an φariyė́θ an tėbė́θ''
|}


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
Old Togarmite verbs are divided into 6 binyanim:  
:''See [[Togarmite/Old/Gzarot]] for common verb irregularities..''
#''φaȝal/hiφφuȝāl'' - G/N-stem
Old Togarmite verbs are divided into 8 binyanim:  
#''φaȝāl/nuφȝāl'' - G/N-stem
#''φaȝȝēl/φuȝȝāl'' - D-stem
#''φaȝȝēl/φuȝȝāl'' - D-stem
#''φėȝēl/φūȝāl'' - L-stem
#''haφȝēl/hassuφȝāl'' - Š-stem
#''haφȝēl/hassuφȝāl'' - Š-stem
#''haθφaȝal/haθφuȝāl'' - tG/Gt-stem
#''haφθaȝāl'' - tG/Gt-stem
#''niφθuȝāl'' - Nt-stem
#''θaφaȝȝēl/θaφuȝȝāl'' - tD-stem
#''θaφaȝȝēl/θaφuȝȝāl'' - tD-stem
#''hastaφȝēl/hastuφȝāl'' - Št-stem
#''hastaφȝēl/hastuφȝāl'' - Št-stem
Togarmite finite verbs have 7 morphological tenses:
*perfect: like the English perfect
*present: present, continuing or habitual action
*future: future action or completed in the future; gnomic tense
*subjunctive: for sequences of tenses
*optative: for sequences of tenses; less strong wishes
*jussive: demands; wishes
*imperative: direct commands
====Binyan 1A: ''φaȝāl''====
====Binyan 1A: ''φaȝāl''====
Semantics: basic action
Semantics: basic action


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Binyan 1A conjugation: ''χaθāb'' 'to write'
|+ Binyan 1A conjugation: ''χaθā́b'' 'to write'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
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|-
|-
! past
! past
| ''χaθabθī''
| ''χaθábθ''
| ''χaθabθa''
| ''χaθábθa''
| ''χaθabθi''
| ''χaθábθi''
| ''χaθāb''
| ''χaθā́b''
| ''χaθābaθ''
| ''χaθā́baθ''
| ''χaθabnė''
| ''χaθábnė''
| ''χaθabθum''
| ''χaθábθum''
| ''χaθabθin''
| ''χaθábθin''
| ''χaθābū''
| ''χaθā́bū''
| ''χaθābė''
| ''χaθábna''
|-
! subjunctive
| ''waχaθabθī''
| ''waχaθabθa''
| ''waχaθabθi''
| ''waχaθāb''
| ''waχaθābaθ''
| ''waχaθabnė''
| ''waχaθabθum''
| ''waχaθabθin''
| ''waχaθābū''
| ''waχaθābė''
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''ʔaχėθōb''
| ''ʔaχėθṓb''
| ''θaχėθōb''
| ''θaχėθṓb''
| ''θaχėθōbī''
| ''θaχėθṓbī''
| ''yaχėθōb''
| ''yaχėθṓb''
| ''yaχėθōbī''
| ''yaχėθṓbī''
| ''naχėθōb''
| ''naχėθṓb''
| ''θaχėθōbū''
| ''θaχėθṓbū''
| ''θaχėθōbna''
| ''θaχėθṓbna''
| ''yaχėθōbū''
| ''yaχėθṓbū''
| ''yaχėθōbna''
| ''yaχėθṓbna''
|-
|-
! future
! future
| ''ʔaχθōb''
| ''ʔaχθṓb''
| ''θaχθōb''
| ''θaχθṓb''
| ''θaχθōbī''
| ''θaχθṓbī''
| ''yaχθōb''
| ''yaχθṓb''
| ''yaχθōbī''
| ''yaχθṓbī''
| ''naχθōb''
| ''naχθṓb''
| ''θaχθōbū''
| ''θaχθṓbū''
| ''θaχθōbna''
| ''θaχθúbna''
| ''yaχθōbū''
| ''yaχθṓbū''
| ''yaχθōbna''
| ''yaχθúbna''
|-
|-
! optative
! optative
| ''ʔaχθubanna''
| ''ʔaχθubánna''
| ''θaχθubanna''
| ''θaχθubánna''
| ''θaχθubīnna''
| ''θaχθubínna''
| ''yaχθubanna''
| ''yaχθubánna''
| ''yaχθubīnna''
| ''yaχθubínna''
| ''naχθubanna''
| ''naχθubánna''
| ''θaχθubūnna''
| ''θaχθubúnna''
| ''θaχθubnanna''
| ''θaχθubnánna''
| ''yaχθubūnna''
| ''yaχθubúnna''
| ''yaχθubnanna''
| ''yaχθubnánna''
|-
! jussive
| ''ʔáχθub''
| ''θáχθub''
| ''θáχθubī''
| ''yáχθub''
| ''yáχθubī''
| ''náχθub''
| ''θáχθubū''
| ''θáχθubna''
| ''yáχθubū''
| ''yáχθubna''
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''χuθōb!''
| ''χuθṓb!''
| ''χuθbī!''
| ''χuθṓbī!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''χuθbū!''
| ''χuθṓbū!''
| ''χuθōbna!''
| ''χuθṓbna!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
|-
|-
! active participle
! active participle
|colspan=10| ''χėθēb''
|colspan=10| ''χėθḗb''
|-
|-
! passive participle
! passive participle
|colspan=10| ''maχθūb''
|colspan=10| ''χaθū́b''
|-
|-
! verbal noun
! verbal noun
|colspan=10| ''χiθėb''
|colspan=10| ''χiθė́b''
|}
|}


Example: ''hamāl'' 'to suffer', ''žaχār'' 'to remember'
Example: ''ħamā́l'' 'to suffer', ''žaχā́r'' 'to remember'


====Binyan 1P: ''nufȝāl''====
====Binyan 1P: ''nuφȝāl''====
Semantics: passive of Binyan 1; change of state
Semantics: passive of Binyan 1; change of state
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Binyan 1P conjugation: ''nugdāl'' 'to grow'
|+ Binyan 1P conjugation: ''nugdā́l'' 'to grow'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
Line 168: Line 258:
|-
|-
! past
! past
| ''nugdalθī''
| ''nugdálθ''
| ''nugdalθa''
| ''nugdálθa''
| ''nugdalθi''
| ''nugdálθi''
| ''nugdāl''
| ''nugdā́l''
| ''nugdālaθ''
| ''nugdā́laθ''
| ''nugdalnė''
| ''nugdálnė''
| ''nugdalθum''
| ''nugdálθum''
| ''nugdalθin''
| ''nugdálθin''
| ''nugdālū''
| ''nugdā́lū''
| ''nugdālė''
| ''nugdálna''
|-
! subjunctive
| ''wanugdalθī''
| ''wanugdalθa''
| ''wanugdalθi''
| ''wanugdāl''
| ''wanugdālaθ''
| ''wanugdalnė''
| ''wanugdalθum''
| ''wanugdalθin''
| ''wanugdālū''
| ''wanugdālė''
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''ʔaggėdāl''
| ''ʔuggėdā́l''
| ''θaggėdāl''
| ''θuggėdā́l''
| ''θaggėdalī''
| ''θuggėdā́lī''
| ''yaggėdāl''
| ''yuggėdā́l''
| ''yaggėdālī''
| ''yuggėdā́lī''
| ''naggėdāl''
| ''nuggėdā́l''
| ''θaggėdālū''
| ''θuggėdā́lū''
| ''θaggėdalna''
| ''θuggėdálna''
| ''yaggėdālū''
| ''yuggėdā́lū''
| ''yaggėdalna''
| ''yuggėdálna''
|-
|-
! future
! future
| ''ʔaggudāl''
| ''ʔuggadā́l''
| ''θaggudāl''
| ''θuggadā́l''
| ''θaggudālī''
| ''θuggadā́lī''
| ''yaggudāl''
| ''yuggadā́l''
| ''yaggudālī''
| ''yuggadā́lī''
| ''naggudāl''
| ''nuggadā́l''
| ''θaggudālū''
| ''θuggadā́lū''
| ''θaggudalna''
| ''θuggadálna''
| ''yaggudālū''
| ''yuggadā́lū''
| ''yaggudalna''
| ''yuggadálna''
|-
|-
! optative
! optative
| ''ʔaggudalanna''
| ''ʔuggadalánna''
| ''θaggudalanna''
| ''θuggadalánna''
| ''θaggudalīnna''
| ''θuggadalínna''
| ''yaggudalanna''
| ''yuggadalánna''
| ''yaggudalīnna''
| ''yuggadalínna''
| ''naggudalanna''
| ''nuggadalánna''
| ''θaggudalūnna''
| ''θuggadalúnna''
| ''θaggudalnanna''
| ''θuggadalnánna''
| ''yaggudalūnna''
| ''yuggadalúnna''
| ''yaggudalnanna''
| ''yuggadalnánna''
|-
! jussive
| ''ʔúggadal''
| ''θúggadal''
| ''θúggadalī''
| ''yúggadal''
| ''yúggadalī''
| ''núggadal''
| ''θúggadalū''
| ''θúggadalna''
| ''yúggadalū''
| ''yúggadalna''
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''higgudāl!''
| ''huggadā́l!''
| ''higgudālī!''
| ''huggadā́lī!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''higgudālū!''
| ''huggadā́lū!''
| ''higgudalna!''
| ''huggadálna!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
|-
|-
! participle
! participle
|colspan=10| ''muggudāl''
|colspan=10| ''muggadā́l''
|-
|-
! verbal noun
! verbal noun
|colspan=10| ''nugdėl, higgadūl''
|colspan=10| ''nugdė́l''
|}
|}


====Binyan 2A: ''φaȝȝēl''====
====Binyan 2A: ''φaȝȝēl''====
Semantics: causative, transitive, applicative, denominal verbs including 4-consonant verbs
Semantics: intensive, causative, applicative, denominal verbs including 4-consonant verbs and loan verbs.


Examples:  
Examples:  
*''žaχχēr'' 'to record'
*''šabbḗr'' 'to shatter' (intensive of ''š-b-r'' 'to break')
*''nahhēh'' 'to put an object on ("to beput")'
*''žaχχḗr'' 'to record' (causative of ''ž-χ-r'' 'to remember')
*''nabbēʔ'' 'to prophesy, to call out'
*''ħassḗb'' 'to consider' (applicative of ''ħ-s-b'' 'to think')  
*''θargēm'' 'to translate'
*''sayyḗr'' 'to sing the praises of' (applicative of ''s(-y-)r'' 'to sing')
*''raθθēm'' 'to count' (the root r-θ-m borrowed from Greek ''arithmos'' 'number')
*''žāhḗb'' 'to gild' (denominative of ''žahāb'' 'gold')
*''nabbḗʔ'' 'to prophesy, to call out' (from Hebrew נביא ''nâbiʔ'')
*''θargḗm'' 'to translate' (from Aramaic תרגום ''targum'')
*''lammḗs'' 'to give charitably; to give alms' (from ''lammū́sīn'' 'alms', from Greek ''eleēmosynē'')
*''raθθḗm'' 'to count' (the root r-θ-m was borrowed from Greek ''arithmos'' 'number')


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Binyan 2A conjugation: ''žaχχēr'' 'to record; to cause to remember'
|+ Binyan 2A conjugation: ''žaχχḗr'' 'to record; to cause to remember'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
Line 271: Line 365:
|-
|-
! past
! past
| ''žaχχirθī''
| ''žaχχírθ''
| ''žaχχirθa''
| ''žaχχírθa''
| ''žaχχirθi''
| ''žaχχírθi''
| ''žaχχēr''
| ''žaχχḗr''
| ''žaχχēraθ''
| ''žaχχḗraθ''
| ''žaχχirnė''
| ''žaχχírnė''
| ''žaχχirθum''
| ''žaχχírθum''
| ''žaχχirθin''
| ''žaχχírθin''
| ''žaχχērū''
| ''žaχχḗrū''
| ''žaχχērė''
| ''žaχχírna''
|-
! subjunctive
| ''wažaχχirθī''
| ''wažaχχirθa''
| ''wažaχχirθi''
| ''wažaχχēr''
| ''wažaχχēraθ''
| ''wažaχχirnė''
| ''wažaχχirθum''
| ''wažaχχirθin''
| ''wažaχχērū''
| ''wažaχχērė''
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''ʔužχėχēr''
| ''ʔažaχėχḗr''
| ''θužχėχēr''
| ''θažaχėχḗr''
| ''θužχėχērī''
| ''θažaχėχḗrī''
| ''yužχėχēr''
| ''yažaχėχḗr''
| ''yužχėχērī''
| ''yažaχėχḗrī''
| ''nužχėχēr''
| ''nažaχėχḗr''
| ''θužχėχērū''
| ''θažaχėχḗrū''
| ''θužχėχirna''
| ''θažaχėχírna''
| ''yužχėχērū''
| ''yažaχėχḗrū''
| ''yužχėχirna''
| ''yažaχėχírna''
|-
|-
! future
! future
| ''ʔužaχχēr''
| ''ʔažaχχḗr''
| ''θužaχχēr''
| ''θažaχχḗr''
| ''θužaχχērī''
| ''θažaχχḗrī''
| ''yužaχχēr''
| ''yažaχχḗr''
| ''yužaχχērī''
| ''yažaχχḗrī''
| ''nužaχχēr''
| ''nažaχχḗr''
| ''θužaχχērū''
| ''θažaχχḗrū''
| ''θužaχχirna''
| ''θažaχχírna''
| ''yužaχχērū''
| ''yažaχχḗrū''
| ''yužaχχirna''
| ''yažaχχírna''
|-
|-
! optative
! optative
| ''ʔužaχχiranna''
| ''ʔažaχχiránna''
| ''θužaχχiranna''
| ''θažaχχiránna''
| ''θužaχχirīnna''
| ''θažaχχirínna''
| ''yužaχχiranna''
| ''yažaχχiránna''
| ''yužaχχirīnna''
| ''yažaχχirínna''
| ''nužaχχiranna''
| ''nažaχχiránna''
| ''θužaχχirūnna''
| ''θažaχχirúnna''
| ''θužaχχirnanna''
| ''θažaχχirnánna''
| ''yužaχχirūnna''
| ''yažaχχirúnna''
| ''yužaχχirnanna''
| ''yažaχχirnánna''
|-
! jussive
| ''ʔažáχχir''
| ''θažáχχir''
| ''θažáχχirī''
| ''yažáχχir''
| ''yažáχχirī''
| ''nažáχχir''
| ''θažáχχirū''
| ''θažáχχirna''
| ''yažáχχirū''
| ''yažáχχirna''
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''žaχχēr!''
| ''žaχχḗr!''
| ''žaχχērī!''
| ''žaχχḗrī!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''žaχχērū!''
| ''žaχχḗrū!''
| ''žaχχirna!''
| ''žaχχírna!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
|-
|-
! participle
! participle
|colspan=10| ''mužaχχēr''
|colspan=10| ''mužaχχḗr''
|-
|-
! verbal noun
! verbal noun
|colspan=10| ''žaχχūr, žaχχarθ''
|colspan=10| ''žaχχū́r, žiχχárθ''
|}
|}


====Binyan 2P: ''φuȝȝāl''====
====Binyan 2P: ''φuȝȝāl''====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Binyan 2P conjugation: ''žuχχār'' 'to be recorded'
|+ Binyan 2P conjugation: ''žuχχā́r'' 'to be recorded'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
Line 365: Line 459:
|-
|-
! past
! past
| ''žuχχarθī''
| ''žuχχárθ''
| ''žuχχarθa''
| ''žuχχárθa''
| ''žuχχarθi''
| ''žuχχárθi''
| ''žuχχār''
| ''žuχχā́r''
| ''žuχχāraθ''
| ''žuχχā́raθ''
| ''žuχχarnė''
| ''žuχχárnė''
| ''žuχχarθum''
| ''žuχχárθum''
| ''žuχχarθin''
| ''žuχχárθin''
| ''žuχχārū''
| ''žuχχā́rū''
| ''žuχχārė''
| ''žuχχárna''
|-
! subjunctive
| ''wažuχχarθī''
| ''wažuχχarθa''
| ''wažuχχarθi''
| ''wažuχχār''
| ''wažuχχāraθ''
| ''wažuχχarnė''
| ''wažuχχarθum''
| ''wažuχχarθin''
| ''wažuχχārū''
| ''wažuχχārė''
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''ʔužχėχār''
| ''ʔažuχėχā́r''
| ''θužχėχār''
| ''θažuχėχā́r''
| ''θužχėχārī''
| ''θažuχėχā́rī''
| ''yužχėχār''
| ''yažuχėχā́r''
| ''yužχėχārī''
| ''yažuχėχā́rī''
| ''nužχėχār''
| ''nažuχėχā́r''
| ''θužχėχārū''
| ''θažuχėχā́rū''
| ''θužχėχarna''
| ''θažuχėχárna''
| ''yužχėχārū''
| ''yažuχėχā́rū''
| ''yužχėχarna''
| ''yažuχėχárna''
|-
|-
! future
! future
| ''ʔužuχχār''
| ''ʔažuχχā́r''
| ''θužuχχār''
| ''θažuχχā́r''
| ''θužuχχārī''
| ''θažuχχā́rī''
| ''yužuχχār''
| ''yažuχχā́r''
| ''yužuχχārī''
| ''yažuχχā́rī''
| ''nužuχχār''
| ''nažuχχā́r''
| ''θužuχχārū''
| ''θažuχχā́rū''
| ''θužuχχarna''
| ''θažuχχárna''
| ''yužuχχārū''
| ''yažuχχā́rū''
| ''yužuχχarna''
| ''yažuχχárna''
|-
|-
! optative
! optative
| ''ʔužuχχaranna''
| ''ʔažuχχaránna''
| ''θužuχχaranna''
| ''θažuχχaránna''
| ''θužuχχarīnna''
| ''θažuχχarínna''
| ''yužuχχaranna''
| ''yažuχχaránna''
| ''yužuχχarīnna''
| ''yažuχχarínna''
| ''nužuχχaranna''
| ''nažuχχaránna''
| ''θužuχχarūnna''
| ''θažuχχarúnna''
| ''θužuχχarnanna''
| ''θažuχχarnánna''
| ''yužuχχarūnna''
| ''yažuχχarúnna''
| ''yužuχχarnanna''
| ''yažuχχarnánna''
|-
! jussive
| ''ʔažúχχar''
| ''θažúχχar''
| ''θažúχχarī''
| ''yažúχχar''
| ''yažúχχarī''
| ''nažúχχar''
| ''θažúχχarū''
| ''θažúχχarna''
| ''yažuχχarū''
| ''yažúχχarna''
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
Line 428: Line 522:
|-
|-
! participle
! participle
|colspan=10| ''mužuχχār''
|colspan=10| ''mužuχχā́r''
|-
|-
! verbal noun
! verbal noun
Line 438: Line 532:


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Binyan 3A conjugation: ''hakdēs'' 'to sanctify, to dedicate, to set apart'
|+ Binyan 3A conjugation: ''hakdḗs'' 'to dedicate, to set apart'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
Line 452: Line 546:
|-
|-
! past
! past
| ''hakdisθī''
| ''hakdísθ''
| ''hakdisθa''
| ''hakdísθa''
| ''hakdisθi''
| ''hakdísθi''
| ''hakdēs''
| ''hakdḗs''
| ''hakdēsaθ''
| ''hakdḗsaθ''
| ''hakdisnė''
| ''hakdísnė''
| ''hakdisθum''
| ''hakdísθum''
| ''hakdisθin''
| ''hakdísθin''
| ''hakdēsū''
| ''hakdḗsū''
| ''hakdēsė''
| ''hakdísna''
|-
! subjunctive
| ''wakdisθī''
| ''wakdisθa''
| ''wakdisθi''
| ''wakdēs''
| ''wakdēsaθ''
| ''wakdisnė''
| ''wakdisθum''
| ''wakdisθin''
| ''wakdēsū''
| ''wakdēsė''
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''ʔakėdēs''
| ''ʔakėdḗs''
| ''θakėdēs''
| ''θakėdḗs''
| ''θakėdēsī''
| ''θakėdḗsī''
| ''yakėdēs''
| ''yakėdḗs''
| ''yakėdēsī''
| ''yakėdḗsī''
| ''nakėdēs''
| ''nakėdḗs''
| ''θakėdēsū''
| ''θakėdḗsū''
| ''θakėdisna''
| ''θakėdísna''
| ''yakėdēsū''
| ''yakėdḗsū''
| ''yakėdisna''
| ''yakėdísna''
|-
|-
! future
! future
| ''ʔakdēs''
| ''ʔakdḗs''
| ''θakdēs''
| ''θakdḗs''
| ''θakdēsī''
| ''θakdḗsī''
| ''yakdēs''
| ''yakdḗs''
| ''yakdēsī''
| ''yakdḗsī''
| ''nakdēs''
| ''nakdḗs''
| ''θakdēsū''
| ''θakdḗsū''
| ''θakdisna''
| ''θakdísna''
| ''yakdēsū''
| ''yakdḗsū''
| ''yakdisna''
| ''yakdísna''
|-
|-
! optative
! optative
| ''ʔakdisanna''
| ''ʔakdisánna''
| ''θakdisanna''
| ''θakdisánna''
| ''θakdisīnna''
| ''θakdisínna''
| ''yakdisanna''
| ''yakdisánna''
| ''yakdisīnna''
| ''yakdisínna''
| ''nakdisanna''
| ''nakdisánna''
| ''θakdisūnna''
| ''θakdisúnna''
| ''θakdisnanna''
| ''θakdisnánna''
| ''yakdisūnna''
| ''yakdisúnna''
| ''yakdisnanna''
| ''yakdisnánna''
|-na''
|-
! jussive
| ''ʔákdis''
| ''θákdis''
| ''θákdisī''
| ''yákdis''
| ''yákdisī''
| ''nákdis''
| ''θákdisū''
| ''θákdisna''
| ''yákdisū''
| ''yákdisna''
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''hakdēs!''
| ''hakdḗs!''
| ''hakdēsī!''
| ''hakdḗsī!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''hakdēsū!''
| ''hakdḗsū!''
| ''hakdisna!''
| ''hakdísna!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
|-
|-
! participle
! participle
|colspan=10| ''makdēs''
|colspan=10| ''makdḗs''
|-
|-
! verbal noun
! verbal noun
|colspan=10| ''hakdūs''
|colspan=10| ''hakdū́s''
|}
|}


====Binyan 3P: ''huφȝāl, hissuφȝāl''====
====Binyan 3P: ''huφȝāl, hissuφȝāl''====
A variant of this binyan is ''hissuφȝāl'', from older *in-suφȝāl.
A variant of this binyan is ''hissuφȝāl'', from older *in-suφȝāl.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Binyan 3P conjugation: ''hukdās'' 'to be sanctified, to be dedicated, to be set apart'
|+ Binyan 3A conjugation: ''hukdā́s'' 'to be dedicated, to be set apart'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
Line 548: Line 642:
|-
|-
! past
! past
| ''hukdasθī''
| ''hukdásθ''
| ''hukdasθa''
| ''hukdásθa''
| ''hukdasθi''
| ''hukdásθi''
| ''hukdās''
| ''hukdā́s''
| ''hukdāsaθ''
| ''hukdā́saθ''
| ''hukdasnė''
| ''hukdásnė''
| ''hukdasθum''
| ''hukdásθum''
| ''hukdasθin''
| ''hukdásθin''
| ''hukdāsū''
| ''hukdā́sū''
| ''hukdāsė''
| ''hukdásna''
|-
! subjunctive
| ''wahukdasθī''
| ''wahukdasθa''
| ''wahukdasθi''
| ''wahukdās''
| ''wahukdāsaθ''
| ''wahukdasnė''
| ''wahukdasθum''
| ''wahukdasθin''
| ''wahukdāsū''
| ''wahukdāsė''
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''ʔukėdās''
| ''ʔukėdā́s''
| ''θukėdās''
| ''θukėdā́s''
| ''θukėdāsī''
| ''θukėdā́sī''
| ''yukėdās''
| ''yukėdā́s''
| ''yukėdāsī''
| ''yukėdā́sī''
| ''nukėdās''
| ''nukėdā́s''
| ''θukėdāsū''
| ''θukėdā́sū''
| ''θukėdasna''
| ''θukėdásna''
| ''yukėdāsū''
| ''yukėdā́sū''
| ''yukėdasna''
| ''yukėdásna''
|-
|-
! future
! future
| ''ʔukdās''
| ''ʔukdā́s''
| ''θukdās''
| ''θukdā́s''
| ''θukdāsī''
| ''θukdā́sī''
| ''yukdās''
| ''yukdā́s''
| ''yukdāsī''
| ''yukdā́sī''
| ''nukdās''
| ''nukdā́s''
| ''θukdāsū''
| ''θukdā́sū''
| ''θukdasna''
| ''θukdásna''
| ''yukdāsū''
| ''yukdā́sū''
| ''yukdasna''
| ''yukdásna''
|-
|-
! optative
! optative
| ''ʔukdasanna''
| ''ʔukdasánna''
| ''θukdasanna''
| ''θukdasánna''
| ''θukdasīnna''
| ''θukdasínna''
| ''yukdasanna''
| ''yukdasánna''
| ''yukdasīnna''
| ''yukdasínna''
| ''nukdasanna''
| ''nukdasánna''
| ''θukdasūnna''
| ''θukdasúnna''
| ''θukdasnanna''
| ''θukdasnánna''
| ''yukdasūnna''
| ''yukdasúnna''
| ''yukdasnanna''
| ''yukdasnánna''
|-
! jussive
| ''ʔúkdas''
| ''θúkdas''
| ''θúkdasī''
| ''yúkdas''
| ''yúkdasī''
| ''núkdas''
| ''θúkdasū''
| ''θúkdasna''
| ''yúkdasū''
| ''yúkdasna''
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
Line 611: Line 705:
|-
|-
! participle
! participle
|colspan=10| ''mukdās''
|colspan=10| ''mukdā́s''
|-
|-
! verbal noun
! verbal noun
Line 617: Line 711:
|}
|}


====Binyan 4A: ''haφθaȝal''====
====Binyan 4: ''heθφaȝāl''====
Semantics: reflexive, reciprocal, event or change of state
Semantics: reflexive, reciprocal, event or change of state


''haždaχar'' = 'to come to mind'
Metathesis happens when C1 ∈ {s, š, c, z, ž, j, ħ, ȝ}: ''θs θš θc θz θž θj θħ θȝ'' > ''st št ct zd žd jd ħt ȝd''.
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Binyan 4A conjugation: ''heθlaħā́m'' 'to be at war'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
! style="width: 75px; " | 2ms
! style="width: 75px; " | 2fs
! style="width: 75px; " | 3ms
! style="width: 75px; " | 3fs
! style="width: 75px; " | 1p
! style="width: 75px; " | 2mp
! style="width: 75px; " | 2fp
! style="width: 75px; " | 3mp
! style="width: 75px; " | 3fp
|-
! past
| ''heθlaħámθ''
| ''heθlaħámθa''
| ''heθlaħámθi''
| ''heθlaħā́m''
| ''heθlaħā́maθ''
| ''heθlaħámnė''
| ''heθlaħámθum''
| ''heθlaħámθin''
| ''heθlaħā́mū''
| ''heθlaħámna''
|-
! present
| ''ʔeθlėħā́m''
| ''θeθlėħā́m''
| ''θeθlėħā́mī''
| ''yeθlėħā́m''
| ''yeθlėħā́mī''
| ''neθlėħā́m''
| ''θeθlėħā́mū''
| ''θeθlėħámna''
| ''yeθlėħā́mū''
| ''yeθlėħámna''
|-
! future
| ''ʔeθlaħā́m''
| ''θeθlaħā́m''
| ''θeθlaħā́mī''
| ''yeθlaħā́m''
| ''yeθlaħā́mī''
| ''neθlaħā́m''
| ''θeθlaħā́mū''
| ''θeθlaħámna''
| ''yeθlaħā́mū''
| ''yeθlaħámna''
|-
! optative
| ''ʔeθlaħamánna''
| ''θeθlaħamánna''
| ''θeθlaħamínna''
| ''yeθlaħamánna''
| ''yeθlaħamínna''
| ''neθlaħamánna''
| ''θeθlaħamúnna''
| ''θeθlaħamnánna''
| ''yeθlaħamánna''
| ''yeθlaħamnánna''
|-
! jussive
| ''ʔéθlaħam''
| ''θéθlaħam''
| ''θéθlaħamī''
| ''yéθlaħam''
| ''yéθlaħamī''
| ''néθlaħam''
| ''θéθlaħamū''
| ''θéθlaħamna''
| ''yéθlaħamū''
| ''yéθlaħamna''
|-
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''heθlaħā́m!''
| ''heθlaħā́mī!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''heθlaħā́mū!''
| ''heθlaħámna!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
|-
! active participle
|colspan=10| ''meθlaħā́m''
|-
! verbal noun
|colspan=10| ''heθlaħū́m''
|}


====Binyan 4P: ''haφθuȝāl''====
====Binyan 5: ''niθφuȝāl''====
Semantics: reflexive or change of state


====Binyan 5A: ''θaφaȝȝēl''====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
Semantics: "outward/other-oriented" actions
|+ Binyan 4A conjugation: ''niθluħā́m'' 'to go to war'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
! style="width: 75px; " | 2ms
! style="width: 75px; " | 2fs
! style="width: 75px; " | 3ms
! style="width: 75px; " | 3fs
! style="width: 75px; " | 1p
! style="width: 75px; " | 2mp
! style="width: 75px; " | 2fp
! style="width: 75px; " | 3mp
! style="width: 75px; " | 3fp
|-
! past
| ''niθluħámθ''
| ''niθluħámθa''
| ''niθluħámθi''
| ''niθluħā́m''
| ''niθluħā́maθ''
| ''niθluħámnė''
| ''niθluħámθum''
| ''niθluħámθin''
| ''niθluħā́mū''
| ''niθluħámna''
|-
! present
| ''ʔeθθulėħā́m''
| ''θeθθulėħā́m''
| ''θeθθulėħā́mī''
| ''yeθθulėħā́m''
| ''yeθθulėħā́mī''
| ''neθθulėħā́m''
| ''θeθθulėħā́mū́''
| ''θeθθulėħámna''
| ''yeθθulėħā́mū''
| ''yeθθulėħámna''
|-
! future
| ''ʔeθθulħā́m''
| ''θeθθulħā́m''
| ''θeθθulħā́mī''
| ''yeθθulħā́m''
| ''yeθθulħā́mī''
| ''neθθulħā́m''
| ''θeθθulħā́mū́''
| ''θeθθulħámna''
| ''yeθθulħā́mū''
| ''yeθθulħámna''
|-
! optative
| ''ʔeθθulħamánna''
| ''θeθθulħamánna''
| ''θeθθulħamínna''
| ''yeθθulħamánna''
| ''yeθθulħamínna''
| ''neθθulħamánna''
| ''θeθθulħamúnna''
| ''θeθθulħamnánna''
| ''yeθθulħamánna''
| ''yeθθulħamnánna''
|-
! jussive
| ''ʔeθθúlħam''
| ''θeθθúlħam''
| ''θeθθúlħamī''
| ''yeθθúlħam''
| ''yeθθúlħamī''
| ''neθθúlħam''
| ''θeθθúlħamū''
| ''θeθθúlħamna''
| ''yeθθúlħamū''
| ''yeθθúlħamna''
|-
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''heθθulħā́m!''
| ''heθθulħā́mī!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''heθθulħā́mū!''
| ''heθθulħámna!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
|-
! active participle
|colspan=10| ''meθθulħā́m''
|-
! verbal noun
|colspan=10| ''niθlaħė́m''
|}


Verbs of this binyan do not ''always'' have passives.
====Binyan 6A: ''θaφaȝȝēl''====
Semantics: "back-and-forth" actions


Example: ''θažaχχēr'' 'to resent, to desire revenge on'
Example: ''θažaχχēr'' 'to resent, to desire revenge on'


====Binyan 5P: ''θaφuȝȝāl''====
Conjugation is similar to Binyan 2, just with the prefix θa- added.


====Binyan 6: ''niφθaȝāl''====
====Binyan 6P: ''θaφuȝȝāl''====


====Binyan 7A: ''hastaφȝēl''====
====Binyan 7A: ''hastaφȝēl''====
Semantics: "to make oneself X"
Semantics: "to make oneself X"; "to take it upon oneself to X"; tends to form verbs involving conscious decision.


Examples:  
Examples:  
*''hastacȝēd'' 'to dare, to venture'
*''hastamȝḗl'' 'to dare, to venture'
*''hastažχēr'' 'to make note of'
*''hastažχḗr'' 'to make note of'
*''hastaχθēb'' 'to copy, to transcribe'
*''hastaχθḗb'' 'to copy, to transcribe'
*''hastaχlė'' 'to commit suicide'




{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Binyan 3A conjugation: ''hastacȝēd'' 'to dare, to venture'
|+ Binyan 7A conjugation: ''hastatȝḗm'' 'to attempt'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
Line 659: Line 939:
|-
|-
! past
! past
| ''hastacȝidtī''
| ''hastatȝímθ''
| ''hastacȝidta''
| ''hastatȝímθa''
| ''hastacȝidti''
| ''hastatȝímθi''
| ''hastacȝēd''
| ''hastatȝḗm''
| ''hastacȝēdaθ''
| ''hastatȝḗmaθ''
| ''hastacȝidnė''
| ''hastatȝímnė''
| ''hastacȝidtum''
| ''hastatȝímtum''
| ''hastacȝidtin''
| ''hastatȝímtin''
| ''hastacȝēdū''
| ''hastatȝḗmū''
| ''tastacȝēdė''
| ''hastatȝímna''
|-
|-
! subjunctive
! subjunctive
| ''wastacȝidtī''
| ''wastatȝímθī''
| ''wastacȝidta''
| ''wastatȝímθa''
| ''wastacȝidti''
| ''wastatȝímθi''
| ''wastacȝēd''
| ''wastatȝḗm''
| ''wastacȝēdaθ''
| ''wastatȝḗmaθ''
| ''wastacȝidnė''
| ''wastatȝímnė''
| ''wastacȝidtum''
| ''wastatȝímtum''
| ''wastacȝidtin''
| ''wastatȝímtin''
| ''wastacȝēdū''
| ''wastatȝḗmū''
| ''wastacȝēdė''
| ''wastatȝímna''
|-
! present
| ''ʔakėdēs''
| ''θakėdēs''
| ''θakėdēsī''
| ''yakėdēs''
| ''yakėdēsī''
| ''nakėdēs''
| ''θakėdēsū''
| ''θakėdisna''
| ''yakėdēsū''
| ''yakėdisna''
|-
|-
! future
! future
| ''ʔakdēs''
| ''ʔastatȝḗm''
| ''θakdēs''
| ''θastatȝḗm''
| ''θakdēsī''
| ''θastatȝḗmī''
| ''yakdēs''
| ''yastatȝḗm''
| ''yakdēsī''
| ''yastatȝḗmī''
| ''nakdēs''
| ''nastatȝḗm''
| ''θakdēsū''
| ''θastatȝḗmū''
| ''θakdisna''
| ''θastatȝímna''
| ''yakdēsū''
| ''yastatȝḗmū''
| ''yakdisna''
| ''yastatȝímna''
|-
|-
! optative
! optative
| ''ʔakdisanna''
| ''ʔastatȝimánna''
| ''θakdisanna''
| ''θastatȝimánna''
| ''θakdisīnna''
| ''θastatȝimínna''
| ''yakdisanna''
| ''yastatȝimánna''
| ''yakdisīnna''
| ''yastatȝimínna''
| ''nakdisanna''
| ''nastatȝimánna''
| ''θakdisūnna''
| ''θastatȝimúnna''
| ''θakdisnanna''
| ''θastatȝímnanna''
| ''yakdisūnna''
| ''yastatȝimúnna''
| ''yakdisnanna''
| ''yastatȝímnanna''
|-na''
|-
! jussive
| ''ʔastátȝim''
| ''θastátȝim''
| ''θastátȝimī''
| ''yastátȝim''
| ''yastátȝimī''
| ''nastátȝim''
| ''θastátȝimū''
| ''θastátȝímna''
| ''yastátȝimū''
| ''yastátȝimna''
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''hakdēs!''
| ''hastatȝḗm!''
| ''hakdēsī!''
| ''hastatȝḗmī!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''hakdēsū!''
| ''hastatȝḗmū!''
| ''hakdisna!''
| ''hastatȝímna!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
|-
|-
! participle
! participle
|colspan=10| ''makdēs''
|colspan=10| ''mustatȝḗm''
|-
|-
! verbal noun
! verbal noun
|colspan=10| ''hakdūs''
|colspan=10| ''hastatȝū́m''
|}
|}


====Binyan 7P: ''hastuφȝāl''====
====Binyan 7P: ''hastuφȝāl''====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Binyan 7A conjugation: ''hastutȝā́m'' 'to be attempted'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
! style="width: 75px; " | 2ms
! style="width: 75px; " | 2fs
! style="width: 75px; " | 3ms
! style="width: 75px; " | 3fs
! style="width: 75px; " | 1p
! style="width: 75px; " | 2mp
! style="width: 75px; " | 2fp
! style="width: 75px; " | 3mp
! style="width: 75px; " | 3fp
|-
! past
| ''hastutȝámθ''
| ''hastutȝámθa''
| ''hastutȝámθi''
| ''hastutȝā́m''
| ''hastutȝā́maθ''
| ''hastutȝámnė''
| ''hastutȝámθum''
| ''hastutȝámθin''
| ''hastutȝā́mū''
| ''hastutȝámna''
|-
! present
| ''ʔastutėȝā́m''
| ''θastutėȝā́m''
| ''θastutėȝā́mī''
| ''yastutėȝā́m''
| ''yastutėȝā́mī''
| ''nastutėȝā́m''
| ''θastutėȝā́mū''
| ''θastutėȝámna''
| ''yastutėȝā́mū''
| ''yastutėȝámna''
|-
! future
| ''ʔastutȝā́m''
| ''θastutȝā́m''
| ''θastutȝā́mī''
| ''yastutȝā́m''
| ''yastutȝā́mī''
| ''nastutȝā́m''
| ''θastutȝā́mū''
| ''θastutȝámna''
| ''yastutȝā́mū''
| ''yastutȝámna''
|-
! optative
| ''ʔastutȝamánna''
| ''θastutȝamánna''
| ''θastutȝamínna''
| ''yastutȝamánna''
| ''yastutȝamínna''
| ''nastutȝamánna''
| ''θastutȝamúnna''
| ''θastutȝamnánna''
| ''yastutȝamúnna''
| ''yastutȝamnánna''
|-
! optative
| ''ʔastútȝam''
| ''θastútȝam''
| ''θastútȝamī''
| ''yastútȝam''
| ''yastútȝamī''
| ''nastútȝam''
| ''θastútȝam''
| ''θastútȝamna''
| ''yastutȝamū''
| ''yastútȝamna''
|-
! imperative
|colspan=10| ''Verbs of this binyan have no imperatives.''
|-
! participle
|colspan=10| ''mustutȝā́m''
|-
! verbal noun
|colspan=10| ''Verbs of this binyan have no verbal nouns.''
|}


===Numerals===
===Numerals===
# m. ʔaħad, f. ʔaħāθ
Numerals ending in 3 through 9 or 10 display the Semitic gender polarity: masculine nouns are marked with -θ while feminine nouns are unmarked.
# m. ʔiśnaim, f. ʔiśθaim, construct ʔiśnē, ʔiśθē
# m. ʔaħā́d, f. ʔaħā́θ
# m. śalēśθ-, f. śalēś-
# m. šenáyn, f. šeθθáyn, construct šenė, šeθθė
# m. ʔarbaȝθ-, f. ʔarbaȝ-
# m. šalė́šaθ, f. šalė́š
# m. çamiššaθ-, f. çamišš-
# m. ʔarbáȝθ, f. ʔarbáȝ
# m. siććaθ, f. sićć-
# m. ħámsaθ, f. ħámse
# m. sabȝaθ, f. sabȝ-
# m. síθšaθ, f. síθše
# m. śamēnīθ-, f. śamēniy-
# m. sábȝaθ, f. sábȝe
# m. þisȝaθ-, f. þisȝ-
# m. samė́nīθ, f. samė́ni
# m. ȝaśraθ-, f. ȝaśr-
# m. θísȝaθ, f. θísȝe
# m. ȝášraθ, f. ȝášre


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
Line 757: Line 1,120:
==Sample texts==
==Sample texts==
===Schleicher===
===Schleicher===
''Χabšan wa-φarasīnan''
''An χabše wan φarasīn''


''Χabš, žī law lė yihwē šamr, φarasīn raʔė:''
''Χabše, žė lė hawė šamre lawh, φarasīn raʔė: yagōr ʔaħād marχabaθ šakūlaθ, wa-yaħmōl ʔaħād ħemle χabūr, wa-yaħmōl ʔaħād ħaφīzan ʔinės. Yāmār an χabše: Mār lī an lēb, bi-riʔėθī ʔinės rėχib φarasīn. Yāmārū an φarasīn: Sumaʕ an χabše! Mār lanė an lēb bi-riʔėθinė žīnė: ʔinės an baʕle yaʕšē lawh malbasaθ ħamūmaθ mēn šamre an χabšīn. Wa-lėš len-χabše šamre. Bi-šimėʕ an χabše žīnė, yamnāȝ ʔilė an šadi.''


yagrur ʔaħadum minhumū markʰabatʰam þakūlam, wa-yaħmil ʔaħadum ħimlam gadālam, wa-yaħmil mahīram aħadum ʔināšam. Wa-yakūl han-kʰabłu: Marra lī han-libbu, bi-raʔātʰī ʔināšam rākʰibam pʰarašīm. Wa-yakūlū han-pʰarašū: Šamaʕ han-kʰabła! Marra lanā han-libbu, bi-raʔātʰinā ðā: ʔināšum han-baʕlu yaʕłiyu lahu malbašatʰam ħamīmatʰam min tłamri han-kʰabłī. Wa-lā li-han-kʰabłi tłamrum. Bi-šamāʕi han-kʰabłi ðā, yabraħ ʔila han-ładiyi.
[[Category:Semitic languages]]
[[Category:Semitic languages]]
IlL
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