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'''Old Togarmite''' or '''Classical Togarmite''' (''Θėgammīθ''; Modern: ''Þėgamiþ ȝyþik'') is the ancestor of Modern [[Togarmite]]. It is the liturgical language of (L-Balkan religion).
{{Infobox language
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|name = Old Togarmite
|image =
|setting = [[Verse:Lõis|Lõis]]
|nativename = θėgarmī́θ
|pronunciation = /tʰɛːgamˈmiːtʰ/
|region =
|states =
|speakers =
|date =
|familycolor=afroasiatic
|fam1=Afro-Asiatic
|fam2=Semitic
|fam3=Northwest Semitic
}}
 
 
'''Old Togarmite''' or '''Classical Togarmite''' (''θėgarmī́θ'' /tʰɛːgarˈmiːtʰ/ or ''an lasė́n an θėgarmī́θ'' /an laˈsɛːn an tʰɛːgarˈmiːtʰ/; Modern: ''Þėrmiþ ȝyþik'') is an ancient Semitic language with an Ancient Greek aesthetic; it is the ancestor of Modern [[Togarmite]].
 
==Todo==
 
Introduce dual number in nouns and pronouns but not in verbs
 
==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
*'''m n''' /m n/
*'''p t c č k ʔ ''' /p’ t’ ts’ tʃ’ k’ ʔ/
*'''b d j g''' /b d dʒ g/
*'''φ θ χ''' /pʰ tʰ kʰ/
*'''s š ħ h''' /s ʃ ħ h/
*'''z ž ȝ''' /z ʒ ʁ/
*'''w l r y''' /w l r j/
===Vowels===
===Vowels===
Old Togarmite had the following vowels:  
Old Togarmite had the following vowels:  


a ā e ē ė i ī ō ȯ u ū ay aw /a aː ɛ ɛː eː ɪ iː ɔː oː ʊ uː aj aw/
'''a ā e ė ē i ī ȯ ō u ū ay aw''' /a aː ɛ ɛː eː ɪ iː ɔː oː ʊ uː aj aw/
 
===Stress===
===Stress===
Final stress is common but less so than in Hebrew: Togarmite words generally resemble Hebrew pausal forms (e.g. OTog ''yismāȝū'' /jisˈmaːʁuː/ 'they will hear', cf. Tiberian Hebrew pausal variant /jiʃˈmɔːʕuː/ for ישמעו /jiʃmăˈʕuː/ 'they hear'.)
Stress is phonemic and not entirely predictable. Old Togarmite stress is a result of extensive analogical levelling from Proto-Semitic (particularly in verbs), and caused vowel lengthening as in Hebrew.
 
Final stress is common but less so than in Hebrew: Togarmite words often resemble Hebrew pausal forms with penultimate stress (e.g. OTog ''yasmā́ȝū'' /jasˈmaːʁuː/ 'they hear', cf. Tiberian Hebrew pausal variant /jiʃˈmɔːʕuː/ for ישמעו /jiʃmăˈʕuː/ 'they hear').


==Inflection==
==Inflection==
===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
*1sg: ʔanėχ
====Independent====
*2sg: ʔaθθa (m), ʔeθθi (f)
*1sg: ''ʔanė́χ''
*3sg: hū (m), hī (f)
*2sg: ''ʔáθθa'' (m), ''ʔéθθi'' (f)
*1pl: naħnė
*3sg: ''hū'' (m), ''hī'' (f)
*2pl: ʔaθθum (m), ʔeθθin (f)
*1pl: ''náħnė''
*3pl: hum (m), hin (f)
*2pl: ''ʔáθθum'' (m), ''ʔéθθin'' (f)
*3pl: ''hōm'' (m), ''hēn'' (f)
 
====Object====
*1sg: ''-nī''
*2sg: ''-χa'' (f), ''-χi'' (f)
*3sg: ''-uh''/''-hu'' (m), ''-ā''/''-hā'' (f)
*1pl: ''-nė''
*2pl: ''-χum'' (m), ''-χin'' (f)
*3pl: ''-um''/''-hum'' (m), ''-in''/''-hin'' (f)
 
Object suffixes immediately follow the verb, and certain vowels are inserted before affixes that begin in a consonant:
* 1s perfect: ''žaχárθ'''u'''χa'' 'I remember you'
* 3ms perfect: ''χabbḗr'''a'''nī'' 'he has made me great'
* prefix conjugation forms with no suffix: ''yuχabbḗr'''u'''nī'' 'he makes me great'; ''χabbḗr'''u'''nī'' 'make me great!'
 
====Inflected prepositions====


===Nouns===
===Nouns===
Nouns have singular and plural numbers and three states as in Hebrew and Aramaic. The formation of the construct follows a rather complex set of rules as in Tiberian Hebrew.
Nouns have singular and plural numbers and three states as in Hebrew and Aramaic. Both definite nouns and definite adjectives are marked with the particle ''an''. The formation of the construct follows a rather complex set of rules, often involving a stress shift.
 
A noun in the construct state is presumed to be definite. Only the last noun in a construct noun phrase can have its definiteness changed by adding ''an'' before it: ''bėθ báȝle'' 'a master's house' and ''bėθ an báȝle'' 'the master's house' are both definite.
====Masculine nouns====
====Masculine nouns====
''ȝėlām'' = world
''ȝėlā́m'' = world
*indefinite: ''ȝėlām, ȝėlāmīn''
*absolute: ''ȝėlā́m, ȝėlamī́n''
*definite: ''ȝėlāman, ȝėlāmīl''
*construct: ''ȝė́lam, ȝėlā́mė''
*construct: ''ȝėlam, ȝėlamė''
*definite: ''an ȝėlā́m, an ȝėlamī́n''
 
Possessive forms are formed by adding possessive suffixes to construct forms:
 
singular: ''báyθī, báyθaχ, báyθeχ, báyθū, báyθā, báyθenė, báyθeχum, báyθeχin, báyθōm, báyθēn''
 
plural: ''bėθáy, bėθáyχa, bėθáyχe, bėθáyyū, bėθáyyā, bėθáynė, bėθáyχum, bėθáyχin, bėθáyyum, bėθáyyin''
 
====Feminine -(a)θ nouns====
====Feminine -(a)θ nouns====
''ȝasūraθ'' = noblewoman
''ȝasū́raθ'' = noblewoman
*indefinite: ''ȝasūraθ, ȝasūrėθ''
*indefinite: ''ȝasū́raθ, ȝasūrė́θ''
*definite: ''ȝasūraθan, ȝasūrėθīl''
*construct: ''ȝasū́raθ, ȝasū́rėθ''
*construct: ''ȝasūraθ, ȝasūrėθ''
*definite: ''an ȝasū́raθ, an ȝasūrė́θ''
 
''warášθ'' = last will
*indefinite: ''warášθ, warašė́θ''
*construct: ''warášθ, warā́šėθ''
*definite: ''an warášθ, an warašė́θ''


===Adjectives===
===Adjectives===
Declension of ''tėb'' 'good':
Declension of ''tėb'' 'good' (modifying ''yawm'' (m.) 'day' and ''φarīθ'' (f.) 'fruit' respectively):
*''yawm tėb'' = a good day
 
*''yawman tėban'' = the good day
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
*''yawmėθ tėbīn'' = good days
|+ '''Attributive declension for hard-stem adjectives'''
*''yawmėθil tėbīl'' = the good days
! number
*''φarīθ tėbθ'' = a good fruit
!colspan=2| singular
*''φarīθan tėbθan'' = the good fruit
!colspan=2| plural
*''φariyėθ tėbėθ'' = good fruits
|-
*''φariyėθil tėbėθil'' = the good fruits
! gender
(Attributive adjectives cannot take the construct state)
! m. !! f. !! m. !! f.
|-
! indef.
| ''yawm tėb''
| ''φarī́θ tė́baθ''
| ''yawmė́θ tėbī́n''
| ''φariyė́θ tėbė́θ''  
|-
! def.
| ''an yawm an tė́b''
| ''an φarī́θ an tė́baθ''
| ''an yawmė́θ an tėbī́n''
| ''an φariyė́θ an tėbė́θ''
|}


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
Old Togarmite verbs are divided into 7 binyanim:  
:''See [[Togarmite/Old/Gzarot]] for common verb irregularities..''
Old Togarmite verbs are divided into 8 binyanim:  
#''φaȝāl/nuφȝāl'' - G/N-stem
#''φaȝāl/nuφȝāl'' - G/N-stem
#''φaȝȝēl/φuȝȝāl'' - D-stem
#''φaȝȝēl/φuȝȝāl'' - D-stem
#''φėȝēl/φūȝāl'' - L-stem
#''haφȝēl/hassuφȝāl'' - Š-stem
#''haφȝēl/hassuφȝāl'' - Š-stem
#''haφθaȝāl'' - tG/Gt-stem
#''haφθaȝāl'' - tG/Gt-stem
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#''θaφaȝȝēl/θaφuȝȝāl'' - tD-stem
#''θaφaȝȝēl/θaφuȝȝāl'' - tD-stem
#''hastaφȝēl/hastuφȝāl'' - Št-stem
#''hastaφȝēl/hastuφȝāl'' - Št-stem
Togarmite finite verbs have 7 morphological tenses:
*perfect: like the English perfect
*present: present, continuing or habitual action
*future: future action or completed in the future; gnomic tense
*subjunctive: for sequences of tenses
*optative: for sequences of tenses; less strong wishes
*jussive: demands; wishes
*imperative: direct commands
====Binyan 1A: ''φaȝāl''====
====Binyan 1A: ''φaȝāl''====
Semantics: basic action
Semantics: basic action
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|-
|-
! past
! past
| ''χaθábθī''
| ''χaθábθ''
| ''χaθábθa''
| ''χaθábθa''
| ''χaθábθi''
| ''χaθábθi''
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| ''χaθábθin''
| ''χaθábθin''
| ''χaθā́bū''
| ''χaθā́bū''
| ''χaθā́bė''
| ''χaθábna''
|-
! subjunctive
| ''waχaθábθī''
| ''waχaθábθa''
| ''waχaθábθi''
| ''waχaθā́b''
| ''waχaθā́baθ''
| ''waχaθábnė''
| ''waχaθábθum''
| ''waχaθábθin''
| ''waχaθā́bū''
| ''waχaθā́bė''
|-
|-
! present
! present
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| ''naχθṓb''
| ''naχθṓb''
| ''θaχθṓbū''
| ''θaχθṓbū''
| ''θaχθṓbna''
| ''θaχθúbna''
| ''yaχθṓbū''
| ''yaχθṓbū''
| ''yaχθṓbna''
| ''yaχθúbna''
|-
|-
! optative
! optative
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| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''χuθṓb!''
| ''χuθṓb!''
| ''χúθbī!''
| ''χuθṓbī!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''χúθbū!''
| ''χuθṓbū!''
| ''χuθṓbna!''
| ''χuθṓbna!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
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|-
|-
! passive participle
! passive participle
|colspan=10| ''maχθū́b''
|colspan=10| ''χaθū́b''
|-
|-
! verbal noun
! verbal noun
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|}
|}


Example: ''hamā́l'' 'to suffer', ''žaχā́r'' 'to remember'
Example: ''ħamā́l'' 'to suffer', ''žaχā́r'' 'to remember'


====Binyan 1P: ''nufȝāl''====
====Binyan 1P: ''nuφȝāl''====
Semantics: passive of Binyan 1; change of state
Semantics: passive of Binyan 1; change of state
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
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|-
|-
! past
! past
| ''nugdálθī''
| ''nugdálθ''
| ''nugdálθa''
| ''nugdálθa''
| ''nugdálθi''
| ''nugdálθi''
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| ''nugdálθin''
| ''nugdálθin''
| ''nugdā́lū''
| ''nugdā́lū''
| ''nugdā́lė''
| ''nugdálna''
|-
! subjunctive
| ''wanugdálθī''
| ''wanugdálθa''
| ''wanugdálθi''
| ''wanugdā́l''
| ''wanugdā́laθ''
| ''wanugdálnė''
| ''wanugdálθum''
| ''wanugdálθin''
| ''wanugdā́lū''
| ''wanugdā́lė''
|-
|-
! present
! present
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*''šabbḗr'' 'to shatter' (intensive of ''š-b-r'' 'to break')
*''šabbḗr'' 'to shatter' (intensive of ''š-b-r'' 'to break')
*''žaχχḗr'' 'to record' (causative of ''ž-χ-r'' 'to remember')
*''žaχχḗr'' 'to record' (causative of ''ž-χ-r'' 'to remember')
*''hassḗb'' 'to consider' (applicative of ''h-s-b'' 'to think')  
*''ħassḗb'' 'to consider' (applicative of ''ħ-s-b'' 'to think')  
*''šayyḗr'' 'to sing the praises of' (applicative of ''š(-y-)r'' 'to sing')
*''sayyḗr'' 'to sing the praises of' (applicative of ''s(-y-)r'' 'to sing')
*''žāhḗb'' 'to gild' (denominative of ''žahāb'' 'gold')
*''žāhḗb'' 'to gild' (denominative of ''žahāb'' 'gold')
*''nabbḗʔ'' 'to prophesy, to call out' (from Hebrew נביא ''nâbiʔ'')
*''nabbḗʔ'' 'to prophesy, to call out' (from Hebrew נביא ''nâbiʔ'')
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|-
|-
! past
! past
| ''žaχχírθī''
| ''žaχχírθ''
| ''žaχχírθa''
| ''žaχχírθa''
| ''žaχχírθi''
| ''žaχχírθi''
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| ''žaχχírθin''
| ''žaχχírθin''
| ''žaχχḗrū''
| ''žaχχḗrū''
| ''žaχχḗrė''
| ''žaχχírna''
|-
! subjunctive
| ''wažaχχírθī''
| ''wažaχχírθa''
| ''wažaχχírθi''
| ''wažaχχḗr''
| ''wažaχχḗraθ''
| ''wažaχχírnė''
| ''wažaχχírθum''
| ''wažaχχírθin''
| ''wažaχχḗrū''
| ''wažaχχḗrė''
|-
|-
! present
! present
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|-
|-
! past
! past
| ''žuχχárθī''
| ''žuχχárθ''
| ''žuχχárθa''
| ''žuχχárθa''
| ''žuχχárθi''
| ''žuχχárθi''
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| ''žuχχárθin''
| ''žuχχárθin''
| ''žuχχā́rū''
| ''žuχχā́rū''
| ''žuχχā́rė''
| ''žuχχárna''
|-
! subjunctive
| ''wažuχχárθī''
| ''wažuχχárθa''
| ''wažuχχárθi''
| ''wažuχχā́r''
| ''wažuχχā́raθ''
| ''wažuχχárnė''
| ''wažuχχárθum''
| ''wažuχχárθin''
| ''wažuχχā́rū''
| ''wažuχχā́rė''
|-
|-
! present
! present
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{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Binyan 3A conjugation: ''hakdēs'' 'to dedicate, to set apart'
|+ Binyan 3A conjugation: ''hakdḗs'' 'to dedicate, to set apart'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
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|-
|-
! past
! past
| ''hakdisθī''
| ''hakdísθ''
| ''hakdisθa''
| ''hakdísθa''
| ''hakdisθi''
| ''hakdísθi''
| ''hakdēs''
| ''hakdḗs''
| ''hakdēsaθ''
| ''hakdḗsaθ''
| ''hakdisnė''
| ''hakdísnė''
| ''hakdisθum''
| ''hakdísθum''
| ''hakdisθin''
| ''hakdísθin''
| ''hakdēsū''
| ''hakdḗsū''
| ''hakdēsė''
| ''hakdísna''
|-
! subjunctive
| ''wakdisθī''
| ''wakdisθa''
| ''wakdisθi''
| ''wakdēs''
| ''wakdēsaθ''
| ''wakdisnė''
| ''wakdisθum''
| ''wakdisθin''
| ''wakdēsū''
| ''wakdēsė''
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''ʔakėdēs''
| ''ʔakėdḗs''
| ''θakėdēs''
| ''θakėdḗs''
| ''θakėdēsī''
| ''θakėdḗsī''
| ''yakėdēs''
| ''yakėdḗs''
| ''yakėdēsī''
| ''yakėdḗsī''
| ''nakėdēs''
| ''nakėdḗs''
| ''θakėdēsū''
| ''θakėdḗsū''
| ''θakėdisna''
| ''θakėdísna''
| ''yakėdēsū''
| ''yakėdḗsū''
| ''yakėdisna''
| ''yakėdísna''
|-
|-
! future
! future
| ''ʔakdēs''
| ''ʔakdḗs''
| ''θakdēs''
| ''θakdḗs''
| ''θakdēsī''
| ''θakdḗsī''
| ''yakdēs''
| ''yakdḗs''
| ''yakdēsī''
| ''yakdḗsī''
| ''nakdēs''
| ''nakdḗs''
| ''θakdēsū''
| ''θakdḗsū''
| ''θakdisna''
| ''θakdísna''
| ''yakdēsū''
| ''yakdḗsū''
| ''yakdisna''
| ''yakdísna''
|-
|-
! optative
! optative
| ''ʔakdisanna''
| ''ʔakdisánna''
| ''θakdisanna''
| ''θakdisánna''
| ''θakdisinna''
| ''θakdisínna''
| ''yakdisanna''
| ''yakdisánna''
| ''yakdisinna''
| ''yakdisínna''
| ''nakdisanna''
| ''nakdisánna''
| ''θakdisunna''
| ''θakdisúnna''
| ''θakdisnanna''
| ''θakdisnánna''
| ''yakdisunna''
| ''yakdisúnna''
| ''yakdisnanna''
| ''yakdisnánna''
|-na''
|-
! jussive
| ''ʔákdis''
| ''θákdis''
| ''θákdisī''
| ''yákdis''
| ''yákdisī''
| ''nákdis''
| ''θákdisū''
| ''θákdisna''
| ''yákdisū''
| ''yákdisna''
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''hakdēs!''
| ''hakdḗs!''
| ''hakdēsī!''
| ''hakdḗsī!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''hakdēsū!''
| ''hakdḗsū!''
| ''hakdisna!''
| ''hakdísna!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
|-
|-
! participle
! participle
|colspan=10| ''makdēs''
|colspan=10| ''makdḗs''
|-
|-
! verbal noun
! verbal noun
|colspan=10| ''hakdūs''
|colspan=10| ''hakdū́s''
|}
|}


====Binyan 3P: ''huφȝāl, hissuφȝāl''====
====Binyan 3P: ''huφȝāl, hissuφȝāl''====
A variant of this binyan is ''hissuφȝāl'', from older *in-suφȝāl.
A variant of this binyan is ''hissuφȝāl'', from older *in-suφȝāl.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Binyan 3P conjugation: ''hukdās'' 'to be dedicated, to be set apart'
|+ Binyan 3A conjugation: ''hukdā́s'' 'to be dedicated, to be set apart'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
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|-
|-
! past
! past
| ''hukdasθī''
| ''hukdásθ''
| ''hukdasθa''
| ''hukdásθa''
| ''hukdasθi''
| ''hukdásθi''
| ''hukdās''
| ''hukdā́s''
| ''hukdāsaθ''
| ''hukdā́saθ''
| ''hukdasnė''
| ''hukdásnė''
| ''hukdasθum''
| ''hukdásθum''
| ''hukdasθin''
| ''hukdásθin''
| ''hukdāsū''
| ''hukdā́sū''
| ''hukdāsė''
| ''hukdásna''
|-
! subjunctive
| ''wukdasθī''
| ''wukdasθa''
| ''wukdasθi''
| ''wukdās''
| ''wukdāsaθ''
| ''wukdasnė''
| ''wukdasθum''
| ''wukdasθin''
| ''wukdāsū''
| ''wukdāsė''
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''ʔukėdās''
| ''ʔukėdā́s''
| ''θukėdās''
| ''θukėdā́s''
| ''θukėdāsī''
| ''θukėdā́sī''
| ''yukėdās''
| ''yukėdā́s''
| ''yukėdāsī''
| ''yukėdā́sī''
| ''nukėdās''
| ''nukėdā́s''
| ''θukėdāsū''
| ''θukėdā́sū''
| ''θukėdasna''
| ''θukėdásna''
| ''yukėdāsū''
| ''yukėdā́sū''
| ''yukėdasna''
| ''yukėdásna''
|-
|-
! future
! future
| ''ʔukdās''
| ''ʔukdā́s''
| ''θukdās''
| ''θukdā́s''
| ''θukdāsī''
| ''θukdā́sī''
| ''yukdās''
| ''yukdā́s''
| ''yukdāsī''
| ''yukdā́sī''
| ''nukdās''
| ''nukdā́s''
| ''θukdāsū''
| ''θukdā́sū''
| ''θukdasna''
| ''θukdásna''
| ''yukdāsū''
| ''yukdā́sū''
| ''yukdasna''
| ''yukdásna''
|-
|-
! optative
! optative
| ''ʔukdasanna''
| ''ʔukdasánna''
| ''θukdasanna''
| ''θukdasánna''
| ''θukdasinna''
| ''θukdasínna''
| ''yukdasanna''
| ''yukdasánna''
| ''yukdasinna''
| ''yukdasínna''
| ''nukdasanna''
| ''nukdasánna''
| ''θukdasunna''
| ''θukdasúnna''
| ''θukdasnanna''
| ''θukdasnánna''
| ''yukdasunna''
| ''yukdasúnna''
| ''yukdasnanna''
| ''yukdasnánna''
|-
! jussive
| ''ʔúkdas''
| ''θúkdas''
| ''θúkdasī''
| ''yúkdas''
| ''yúkdasī''
| ''núkdas''
| ''θúkdasū''
| ''θúkdasna''
| ''yúkdasū''
| ''yúkdasna''
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
Line 664: Line 705:
|-
|-
! participle
! participle
|colspan=10| ''mukdās''
|colspan=10| ''mukdā́s''
|-
|-
! verbal noun
! verbal noun
Line 670: Line 711:
|}
|}


====Binyan 4: ''haφθaȝāl''====
====Binyan 4: ''heθφaȝāl''====
Semantics: reflexive, reciprocal, event or change of state
Semantics: reflexive, reciprocal, event or change of state


''haždaχar'' = 'to come to mind'
Metathesis happens when C1 ∈ {s, š, c, z, ž, j, ħ, ȝ}: ''θs θš θc θz θž θj θħ θȝ'' > ''st št ct zd žd jd ħt ȝd''.


====Binyan 5: ''niφθuȝāl''====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Binyan 4A conjugation: ''heθlaħā́m'' 'to be at war'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
! style="width: 75px; " | 2ms
! style="width: 75px; " | 2fs
! style="width: 75px; " | 3ms
! style="width: 75px; " | 3fs
! style="width: 75px; " | 1p
! style="width: 75px; " | 2mp
! style="width: 75px; " | 2fp
! style="width: 75px; " | 3mp
! style="width: 75px; " | 3fp
|-
! past
| ''heθlaħámθ''
| ''heθlaħámθa''
| ''heθlaħámθi''
| ''heθlaħā́m''
| ''heθlaħā́maθ''
| ''heθlaħámnė''
| ''heθlaħámθum''
| ''heθlaħámθin''
| ''heθlaħā́mū''
| ''heθlaħámna''
|-
! present
| ''ʔeθlėħā́m''
| ''θeθlėħā́m''
| ''θeθlėħā́mī''
| ''yeθlėħā́m''
| ''yeθlėħā́mī''
| ''neθlėħā́m''
| ''θeθlėħā́mū''
| ''θeθlėħámna''
| ''yeθlėħā́mū''
| ''yeθlėħámna''
|-
! future
| ''ʔeθlaħā́m''
| ''θeθlaħā́m''
| ''θeθlaħā́mī''
| ''yeθlaħā́m''
| ''yeθlaħā́mī''
| ''neθlaħā́m''
| ''θeθlaħā́mū''
| ''θeθlaħámna''
| ''yeθlaħā́mū''
| ''yeθlaħámna''
|-
! optative
| ''ʔeθlaħamánna''
| ''θeθlaħamánna''
| ''θeθlaħamínna''
| ''yeθlaħamánna''
| ''yeθlaħamínna''
| ''neθlaħamánna''
| ''θeθlaħamúnna''
| ''θeθlaħamnánna''
| ''yeθlaħamánna''
| ''yeθlaħamnánna''
|-
! jussive
| ''ʔéθlaħam''
| ''θéθlaħam''
| ''θéθlaħamī''
| ''yéθlaħam''
| ''yéθlaħamī''
| ''néθlaħam''
| ''θéθlaħamū''
| ''θéθlaħamna''
| ''yéθlaħamū''
| ''yéθlaħamna''
|-
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''heθlaħā́m!''
| ''heθlaħā́mī!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''heθlaħā́mū!''
| ''heθlaħámna!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
|-
! active participle
|colspan=10| ''meθlaħā́m''
|-
! verbal noun
|colspan=10| ''heθlaħū́m''
|}
 
====Binyan 5: ''niθφuȝāl''====
Semantics: reflexive or change of state
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Binyan 4A conjugation: ''niθluħā́m'' 'to go to war'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
! style="width: 75px; " | 2ms
! style="width: 75px; " | 2fs
! style="width: 75px; " | 3ms
! style="width: 75px; " | 3fs
! style="width: 75px; " | 1p
! style="width: 75px; " | 2mp
! style="width: 75px; " | 2fp
! style="width: 75px; " | 3mp
! style="width: 75px; " | 3fp
|-
! past
| ''niθluħámθ''
| ''niθluħámθa''
| ''niθluħámθi''
| ''niθluħā́m''
| ''niθluħā́maθ''
| ''niθluħámnė''
| ''niθluħámθum''
| ''niθluħámθin''
| ''niθluħā́mū''
| ''niθluħámna''
|-
! present
| ''ʔeθθulėħā́m''
| ''θeθθulėħā́m''
| ''θeθθulėħā́mī''
| ''yeθθulėħā́m''
| ''yeθθulėħā́mī''
| ''neθθulėħā́m''
| ''θeθθulėħā́mū́''
| ''θeθθulėħámna''
| ''yeθθulėħā́mū''
| ''yeθθulėħámna''
|-
! future
| ''ʔeθθulħā́m''
| ''θeθθulħā́m''
| ''θeθθulħā́mī''
| ''yeθθulħā́m''
| ''yeθθulħā́mī''
| ''neθθulħā́m''
| ''θeθθulħā́mū́''
| ''θeθθulħámna''
| ''yeθθulħā́mū''
| ''yeθθulħámna''
|-
! optative
| ''ʔeθθulħamánna''
| ''θeθθulħamánna''
| ''θeθθulħamínna''
| ''yeθθulħamánna''
| ''yeθθulħamínna''
| ''neθθulħamánna''
| ''θeθθulħamúnna''
| ''θeθθulħamnánna''
| ''yeθθulħamánna''
| ''yeθθulħamnánna''
|-
! jussive
| ''ʔeθθúlħam''
| ''θeθθúlħam''
| ''θeθθúlħamī''
| ''yeθθúlħam''
| ''yeθθúlħamī''
| ''neθθúlħam''
| ''θeθθúlħamū''
| ''θeθθúlħamna''
| ''yeθθúlħamū''
| ''yeθθúlħamna''
|-
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''heθθulħā́m!''
| ''heθθulħā́mī!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''heθθulħā́mū!''
| ''heθθulħámna!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
|-
! active participle
|colspan=10| ''meθθulħā́m''
|-
! verbal noun
|colspan=10| ''niθlaħė́m''
|}


====Binyan 6A: ''θaφaȝȝēl''====
====Binyan 6A: ''θaφaȝȝēl''====
Line 681: Line 909:


Example: ''θažaχχēr'' 'to resent, to desire revenge on'
Example: ''θažaχχēr'' 'to resent, to desire revenge on'
Conjugation is similar to Binyan 2, just with the prefix θa- added.


====Binyan 6P: ''θaφuȝȝāl''====
====Binyan 6P: ''θaφuȝȝāl''====


====Binyan 7A: ''hastaφȝēl''====
====Binyan 7A: ''hastaφȝēl''====
Semantics: "to make oneself X", tends to form verbs involving conscious decision.
Semantics: "to make oneself X"; "to take it upon oneself to X"; tends to form verbs involving conscious decision.


Examples:  
Examples:  
*''hastacȝēd'' 'to dare, to venture'
*''hastamȝḗl'' 'to dare, to venture'
*''hastažχēr'' 'to make note of'
*''hastažχḗr'' 'to make note of'
*''hastaχθēb'' 'to copy, to transcribe'
*''hastaχθḗb'' 'to copy, to transcribe'
*''hastaχlė'' 'to commit suicide'




{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Binyan 7A conjugation: ''hastatȝēm'' 'to attempt'
|+ Binyan 7A conjugation: ''hastatȝḗm'' 'to attempt'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
Line 708: Line 939:
|-
|-
! past
! past
| ''hastatȝimθī''
| ''hastatȝímθ''
| ''hastatȝimθa''
| ''hastatȝímθa''
| ''hastatȝimθi''
| ''hastatȝímθi''
| ''hastatȝēm''
| ''hastatȝḗm''
| ''hastatȝēmaθ''
| ''hastatȝḗmaθ''
| ''hastatȝimnė''
| ''hastatȝímnė''
| ''hastatȝimtum''
| ''hastatȝímtum''
| ''hastatȝimtin''
| ''hastatȝímtin''
| ''hastatȝēmū''
| ''hastatȝḗmū''
| ''hastatȝēmė''
| ''hastatȝímna''
|-
|-
! subjunctive
! subjunctive
| ''wastatȝimθī''
| ''wastatȝímθī''
| ''wastatȝimθa''
| ''wastatȝímθa''
| ''wastatȝimθi''
| ''wastatȝímθi''
| ''wastatȝēm''
| ''wastatȝḗm''
| ''wastatȝēmaθ''
| ''wastatȝḗmaθ''
| ''wastatȝimnė''
| ''wastatȝímnė''
| ''wastatȝimtum''
| ''wastatȝímtum''
| ''wastatȝimtin''
| ''wastatȝímtin''
| ''wastatȝēmū''
| ''wastatȝḗmū''
| ''wastatȝēmė''
| ''wastatȝímna''
|-
! present
| ''ʔastatėȝēm''
| ''θastatėȝēm''
| ''θastatėȝēmī''
| ''yastatėȝēm''
| ''yastatėȝēmī''
| ''nastatėȝēm''
| ''θastatėȝēmū''
| ''θastatėȝimna''
| ''yastatėȝēmū''
| ''yastatėȝimna''
|-
|-
! future
! future
| ''ʔastatȝēm''
| ''ʔastatȝḗm''
| ''θastatȝēm''
| ''θastatȝḗm''
| ''θastatȝēmī''
| ''θastatȝḗmī''
| ''yastatȝēm''
| ''yastatȝḗm''
| ''yastatȝēmī''
| ''yastatȝḗmī''
| ''nastatȝēm''
| ''nastatȝḗm''
| ''θastatȝēmū''
| ''θastatȝḗmū''
| ''θastatȝimna''
| ''θastatȝímna''
| ''yastatȝēmū''
| ''yastatȝḗmū''
| ''yastatȝimna''
| ''yastatȝímna''
|-
|-
! optative
! optative
| ''ʔastatȝimanna''
| ''ʔastatȝimánna''
| ''θastatȝimanna''
| ''θastatȝimánna''
| ''θastatȝiminna''
| ''θastatȝimínna''
| ''yastatȝimanna''
| ''yastatȝimánna''
| ''yastatȝiminna''
| ''yastatȝimínna''
| ''nastatȝimanna''
| ''nastatȝimánna''
| ''θastatȝimunna''
| ''θastatȝimúnna''
| ''θastatȝimnanna''
| ''θastatȝímnanna''
| ''yastatȝimunna''
| ''yastatȝimúnna''
| ''yastatȝimnanna''
| ''yastatȝímnanna''
|-
! jussive
| ''ʔastátȝim''
| ''θastátȝim''
| ''θastátȝimī''
| ''yastátȝim''
| ''yastátȝimī''
| ''nastátȝim''
| ''θastátȝimū''
| ''θastátȝímna''
| ''yastátȝimū''
| ''yastátȝimna''
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''hastatȝēm!''
| ''hastatȝḗm!''
| ''hastatȝēmī!''
| ''hastatȝḗmī!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''hastatȝēmū!''
| ''hastatȝḗmū!''
| ''hastatȝimna!''
| ''hastatȝímna!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
|-
|-
! participle
! participle
|colspan=10| ''mustatȝēm''
|colspan=10| ''mustatȝḗm''
|-
|-
! verbal noun
! verbal noun
|colspan=10| ''hastatȝūm''
|colspan=10| ''hastatȝū́m''
|}
|}


====Binyan 7P: ''hastuφȝāl''====
====Binyan 7P: ''hastuφȝāl''====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Binyan 7A conjugation: ''hastutȝām'' 'to be attempted'
|+ Binyan 7A conjugation: ''hastutȝā́m'' 'to be attempted'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
Line 802: Line 1,033:
|-
|-
! past
! past
| ''hastutȝamtī''
| ''hastutȝámθ''
| ''hastutȝamta''
| ''hastutȝámθa''
| ''hastutȝamti''
| ''hastutȝámθi''
| ''hastutȝām''
| ''hastutȝā́m''
| ''hastutȝāmaθ''
| ''hastutȝā́maθ''
| ''hastutȝamnė''
| ''hastutȝámnė''
| ''hastutȝamtum''
| ''hastutȝámθum''
| ''hastutȝamtin''
| ''hastutȝámθin''
| ''hastutȝāmū''
| ''hastutȝā́mū''
| ''hastutȝāmė''
| ''hastutȝámna''
|-
! subjunctive
| ''wastutȝamtī''
| ''wastutȝamta''
| ''wastutȝamti''
| ''wastutȝām''
| ''wastutȝāmaθ''
| ''wastutȝamnė''
| ''wastutȝamtum''
| ''wastutȝamtin''
| ''wastutȝāmū''
| ''wastutȝāmė''
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''ʔastutėȝām''
| ''ʔastutėȝā́m''
| ''θastutėȝām''
| ''θastutėȝā́m''
| ''θastutėȝāmī''
| ''θastutėȝā́mī''
| ''yastutėȝām''
| ''yastutėȝā́m''
| ''yastutėȝāmī''
| ''yastutėȝā́mī''
| ''nastutėȝām''
| ''nastutėȝā́m''
| ''θastutėȝāmū''
| ''θastutėȝā́mū''
| ''θastutėȝamna''
| ''θastutėȝámna''
| ''yastutėȝāmū''
| ''yastutėȝā́mū''
| ''yastutėȝamna''
| ''yastutėȝámna''
|-
|-
! future
! future
| ''ʔastutȝām''
| ''ʔastutȝā́m''
| ''θastutȝām''
| ''θastutȝā́m''
| ''θastutȝāmī''
| ''θastutȝā́mī''
| ''yastutȝām''
| ''yastutȝā́m''
| ''yastutȝāmī''
| ''yastutȝā́mī''
| ''nastutȝām''
| ''nastutȝā́m''
| ''θastutȝāmū''
| ''θastutȝā́mū''
| ''θastutȝamna''
| ''θastutȝámna''
| ''yastutȝāmū''
| ''yastutȝā́mū''
| ''yastutȝamna''
| ''yastutȝámna''
|-
! optative
| ''ʔastutȝamánna''
| ''θastutȝamánna''
| ''θastutȝamínna''
| ''yastutȝamánna''
| ''yastutȝamínna''
| ''nastutȝamánna''
| ''θastutȝamúnna''
| ''θastutȝamnánna''
| ''yastutȝamúnna''
| ''yastutȝamnánna''
|-
|-
! optative
! optative
| ''ʔastutȝamanna''
| ''ʔastútȝam''
| ''θastutȝamanna''
| ''θastútȝam''
| ''θastutȝaminna''
| ''θastútȝamī''
| ''yastutȝamanna''
| ''yastútȝam''
| ''yastutȝaminna''
| ''yastútȝamī''
| ''nastutȝamanna''
| ''nastútȝam''
| ''θastutȝamunna''
| ''θastútȝam''
| ''θastutȝamnanna''
| ''θastútȝamna''
| ''yastutȝamunna''
| ''yastutȝamū''
| ''yastutȝamnanna''
| ''yastútȝamna''
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
Line 865: Line 1,096:
|-
|-
! participle
! participle
|colspan=10| ''mustutȝām''
|colspan=10| ''mustutȝā́m''
|-
|-
! verbal noun
! verbal noun
Line 872: Line 1,103:


===Numerals===
===Numerals===
update
Numerals ending in 3 through 9 or 10 display the Semitic gender polarity: masculine nouns are marked with -θ while feminine nouns are unmarked.
# m. ʔaħad, f. ʔaħāθ
# m. ʔaħā́d, f. ʔaħā́θ
# m. ʔiśnaim, f. ʔiśθaim, construct ʔiśnē, ʔiśθē
# m. šenáyn, f. šeθθáyn, construct šenė, šeθθė
# m. śalēśθ-, f. śalēś-
# m. šalė́šaθ, f. šalė́š
# m. ʔarbaȝθ-, f. ʔarbaȝ-
# m. ʔarbáȝθ, f. ʔarbáȝ
# m. çamiššaθ-, f. çamišš-
# m. ħámsaθ, f. ħámse
# m. siććaθ, f. sićć-
# m. síθšaθ, f. síθše
# m. sabȝaθ, f. sabȝ-
# m. sábȝaθ, f. sábȝe
# m. śamēnīθ-, f. śamēniy-
# m. samė́nīθ, f. samė́ni
# m. þisȝaθ-, f. þisȝ-
# m. θísȝaθ, f. θísȝe
# m. ȝaśraθ-, f. ȝaśr-
# m. ȝášraθ, f. ȝášre


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
Line 889: Line 1,120:
==Sample texts==
==Sample texts==
===Schleicher===
===Schleicher===
''Χabšan wa-φarasīnan''
''An χabše wan φarasīn''


''Χabš, žī law lė yihwē šamr, φarasīn raʔė:''
''Χabše, žė lė hawė šamre lawh, φarasīn raʔė: yagōr ʔaħād marχabaθ šakūlaθ, wa-yaħmōl ʔaħād ħemle χabūr, wa-yaħmōl ʔaħād ħaφīzan ʔinės. Yāmār an χabše: Mār lī an lēb, bi-riʔėθī ʔinės rėχib φarasīn. Yāmārū an φarasīn: Sumaʕ an χabše! Mār lanė an lēb bi-riʔėθinė žīnė: ʔinės an baʕle yaʕšē lawh malbasaθ ħamūmaθ mēn šamre an χabšīn. Wa-lėš len-χabše šamre. Bi-šimėʕ an χabše žīnė, yamnāȝ ʔilė an šadi.''


yagrur ʔaħadum minhumū markʰabatʰam þakūlam, wa-yaħmil ʔaħadum ħimlam gadālam, wa-yaħmil mahīram aħadum ʔināšam. Wa-yakūl han-kʰabłu: Marra lī han-libbu, bi-raʔātʰī ʔināšam rākʰibam pʰarašīm. Wa-yakūlū han-pʰarašū: Šamaʕ han-kʰabła! Marra lanā han-libbu, bi-raʔātʰinā ðā: ʔināšum han-baʕlu yaʕłiyu lahu malbašatʰam ħamīmatʰam min tłamri han-kʰabłī. Wa-lā li-han-kʰabłi tłamrum. Bi-šamāʕi han-kʰabłi ðā, yabraħ ʔila han-ładiyi.
[[Category:Semitic languages]]
[[Category:Semitic languages]]
IlL
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