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'''Old Togarmite''' or '''Classical Togarmite''' ('' | {{Infobox language | ||
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]] | |||
|name = Old Togarmite | |||
|image = | |||
|setting = [[Verse:Lõis|Lõis]] | |||
|nativename = θėgarmī́θ | |||
|pronunciation = /tʰɛːgamˈmiːtʰ/ | |||
|region = | |||
|states = | |||
|speakers = | |||
|date = | |||
|familycolor=afroasiatic | |||
|fam1=Afro-Asiatic | |||
|fam2=Semitic | |||
|fam3=Northwest Semitic | |||
}} | |||
'''Old Togarmite''' or '''Classical Togarmite''' (''θėgarmī́θ'' /tʰɛːgarˈmiːtʰ/ or ''an lasė́n an θėgarmī́θ'' /an laˈsɛːn an tʰɛːgarˈmiːtʰ/; Modern: ''Þėrmiþ ȝyþik'') is an ancient Semitic language with an Ancient Greek aesthetic; it is the ancestor of Modern [[Togarmite]]. | |||
==Todo== | |||
Introduce dual number in nouns and pronouns but not in verbs | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
*'''m n''' /m n/ | *'''m n''' /m n/ | ||
*'''p t c k | *'''p t c č k ʔ ''' /p’ t’ ts’ tʃ’ k’ ʔ/ | ||
*'''b d g''' /b d g/ | *'''b d j g''' /b d dʒ g/ | ||
*'''φ θ χ''' /pʰ tʰ kʰ/ | *'''φ θ χ''' /pʰ tʰ kʰ/ | ||
*'''s š ħ h''' /s ʃ | *'''s š ħ h''' /s ʃ ħ h/ | ||
*'''z ž ȝ''' /z ʒ ʁ/ | *'''z ž ȝ''' /z ʒ ʁ/ | ||
*'''w l r | *'''w l r y''' /w l r j/ | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
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===Stress=== | ===Stress=== | ||
Stress is phonemic and not entirely predictable. Old Togarmite stress is a result of | Stress is phonemic and not entirely predictable. Old Togarmite stress is a result of extensive analogical levelling from Proto-Semitic (particularly in verbs), and caused vowel lengthening as in Hebrew. | ||
Final stress is common but less so than in Hebrew: Togarmite words often resemble Hebrew pausal forms (e.g. OTog '' | Final stress is common but less so than in Hebrew: Togarmite words often resemble Hebrew pausal forms with penultimate stress (e.g. OTog ''yasmā́ȝū'' /jasˈmaːʁuː/ 'they hear', cf. Tiberian Hebrew pausal variant /jiʃˈmɔːʕuː/ for ישמעו /jiʃmăˈʕuː/ 'they hear'). | ||
==Inflection== | ==Inflection== | ||
===Pronouns=== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
*1sg: ʔanė́χ | ====Independent==== | ||
*2sg: ʔáθθa (m), | *1sg: ''ʔanė́χ'' | ||
*3sg: hū (m), hī (f) | *2sg: ''ʔáθθa'' (m), ''ʔéθθi'' (f) | ||
*1pl: náħnė | *3sg: ''hū'' (m), ''hī'' (f) | ||
*2pl: ʔáθθum (m), ʔéθθin (f) | *1pl: ''náħnė'' | ||
*3pl: hōm (m), hēn (f) | *2pl: ''ʔáθθum'' (m), ''ʔéθθin'' (f) | ||
*3pl: ''hōm'' (m), ''hēn'' (f) | |||
====Object==== | |||
*1sg: ''-nī'' | |||
*2sg: ''-χa'' (f), ''-χi'' (f) | |||
*3sg: ''-uh''/''-hu'' (m), ''-ā''/''-hā'' (f) | |||
*1pl: ''-nė'' | |||
*2pl: ''-χum'' (m), ''-χin'' (f) | |||
*3pl: ''-um''/''-hum'' (m), ''-in''/''-hin'' (f) | |||
Object suffixes immediately follow the verb, and certain vowels are inserted before affixes that begin in a consonant: | |||
* 1s perfect: ''žaχárθ'''u'''χa'' 'I remember you' | |||
* 3ms perfect: ''χabbḗr'''a'''nī'' 'he has made me great' | |||
* prefix conjugation forms with no suffix: ''yuχabbḗr'''u'''nī'' 'he makes me great'; ''χabbḗr'''u'''nī'' 'make me great!' | |||
====Inflected prepositions==== | |||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
Nouns have singular and plural numbers and three states as in Hebrew and Aramaic. The formation of the construct follows a rather complex set of rules | Nouns have singular and plural numbers and three states as in Hebrew and Aramaic. Both definite nouns and definite adjectives are marked with the particle ''an''. The formation of the construct follows a rather complex set of rules, often involving a stress shift. | ||
A noun in the construct state is presumed to be definite. Only the last noun in a construct noun phrase can have its definiteness changed by adding ''an'' before it: ''bėθ báȝle'' 'a master's house' and ''bėθ an báȝle'' 'the master's house' are both definite. | |||
====Masculine nouns==== | ====Masculine nouns==== | ||
''ȝėlā́m'' = world | ''ȝėlā́m'' = world | ||
* | *absolute: ''ȝėlā́m, ȝėlamī́n'' | ||
*construct: ''ȝė́lam, ȝėlā́mė'' | *construct: ''ȝė́lam, ȝėlā́mė'' | ||
*definite: ''an ȝėlā́m, an ȝėlamī́n'' | |||
Possessive forms: | Possessive forms are formed by adding possessive suffixes to construct forms: | ||
singular: ''báyθī, báyθaχ, báyθeχ, báyθū, báyθā, báyθenė, báyθeχum, báyθeχin, báyθōm, báyθēn'' | singular: ''báyθī, báyθaχ, báyθeχ, báyθū, báyθā, báyθenė, báyθeχum, báyθeχin, báyθōm, báyθēn'' | ||
plural: '' | plural: ''bėθáy, bėθáyχa, bėθáyχe, bėθáyyū, bėθáyyā, bėθáynė, bėθáyχum, bėθáyχin, bėθáyyum, bėθáyyin'' | ||
====Feminine -(a)θ nouns==== | ====Feminine -(a)θ nouns==== | ||
''ȝasū́raθ'' = noblewoman | ''ȝasū́raθ'' = noblewoman | ||
*indefinite: ''ȝasū́raθ, ȝasūrė́θ'' | *indefinite: ''ȝasū́raθ, ȝasūrė́θ'' | ||
*construct: ''ȝasū́raθ, ȝasū́rėθ'' | *construct: ''ȝasū́raθ, ȝasū́rėθ'' | ||
*definite: ''an ȝasū́raθ, an ȝasūrė́θ'' | |||
''warášθ'' = will | ''warášθ'' = last will | ||
*indefinite: ''warášθ, warašė́θ'' | *indefinite: ''warášθ, warašė́θ'' | ||
*construct: ''warášθ, warā́šėθ'' | *construct: ''warášθ, warā́šėθ'' | ||
*definite: ''an warášθ, an warašė́θ'' | |||
===Adjectives=== | ===Adjectives=== | ||
Declension of ''tėb'' 'good': | Declension of ''tėb'' 'good' (modifying ''yawm'' (m.) 'day' and ''φarīθ'' (f.) 'fruit' respectively): | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | |||
|+ '''Attributive declension for hard-stem adjectives''' | |||
! number | |||
!colspan=2| singular | |||
!colspan=2| plural | |||
|- | |||
! gender | |||
! m. !! f. !! m. !! f. | |||
|- | |||
! indef. | |||
| ''yawm tėb'' | |||
| ''φarī́θ tė́baθ'' | |||
| ''yawmė́θ tėbī́n'' | |||
| ''φariyė́θ tėbė́θ'' | |||
|- | |||
! def. | |||
| ''an yawm an tė́b'' | |||
| ''an φarī́θ an tė́baθ'' | |||
| ''an yawmė́θ an tėbī́n'' | |||
| ''an φariyė́θ an tėbė́θ'' | |||
|} | |||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
Old Togarmite verbs are divided into | :''See [[Togarmite/Old/Gzarot]] for common verb irregularities..'' | ||
Old Togarmite verbs are divided into 8 binyanim: | |||
#''φaȝāl/nuφȝāl'' - G/N-stem | #''φaȝāl/nuφȝāl'' - G/N-stem | ||
#''φaȝȝēl/φuȝȝāl'' - D-stem | #''φaȝȝēl/φuȝȝāl'' - D-stem | ||
#''φėȝēl/φūȝāl'' - L-stem | |||
#''haφȝēl/hassuφȝāl'' - Š-stem | #''haφȝēl/hassuφȝāl'' - Š-stem | ||
#''haφθaȝāl'' - tG/Gt-stem | #''haφθaȝāl'' - tG/Gt-stem | ||
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#''θaφaȝȝēl/θaφuȝȝāl'' - tD-stem | #''θaφaȝȝēl/θaφuȝȝāl'' - tD-stem | ||
#''hastaφȝēl/hastuφȝāl'' - Št-stem | #''hastaφȝēl/hastuφȝāl'' - Št-stem | ||
Togarmite finite verbs have 7 morphological tenses: | |||
*perfect: like the English perfect | |||
*present: present, continuing or habitual action | |||
*future: future action or completed in the future; gnomic tense | |||
*subjunctive: for sequences of tenses | |||
*optative: for sequences of tenses; less strong wishes | |||
*jussive: demands; wishes | |||
*imperative: direct commands | |||
====Binyan 1A: ''φaȝāl''==== | ====Binyan 1A: ''φaȝāl''==== | ||
Semantics: basic action | Semantics: basic action | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! past | ! past | ||
| '' | | ''χaθábθ'' | ||
| ''χaθábθa'' | | ''χaθábθa'' | ||
| '' | | ''χaθábθi'' | ||
| ''χaθā́b'' | | ''χaθā́b'' | ||
| ''χaθā́baθ'' | | ''χaθā́baθ'' | ||
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| ''χaθā́bū'' | | ''χaθā́bū'' | ||
| ''χaθábna'' | | ''χaθábna'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present | ! present | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! passive participle | ! passive participle | ||
|colspan=10| '' | |colspan=10| ''χaθū́b'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! verbal noun | ! verbal noun | ||
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|} | |} | ||
Example: '' | Example: ''ħamā́l'' 'to suffer', ''žaχā́r'' 'to remember' | ||
====Binyan 1P: ''nuφȝāl''==== | ====Binyan 1P: ''nuφȝāl''==== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! past | ! past | ||
| '' | | ''nugdálθ'' | ||
| ''nugdálθa'' | | ''nugdálθa'' | ||
| '' | | ''nugdálθi'' | ||
| ''nugdā́l'' | | ''nugdā́l'' | ||
| ''nugdā́laθ'' | | ''nugdā́laθ'' | ||
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| ''nugdā́lū'' | | ''nugdā́lū'' | ||
| ''nugdálna'' | | ''nugdálna'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present | ! present | ||
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*''žaχχḗr'' 'to record' (causative of ''ž-χ-r'' 'to remember') | *''žaχχḗr'' 'to record' (causative of ''ž-χ-r'' 'to remember') | ||
*''ħassḗb'' 'to consider' (applicative of ''ħ-s-b'' 'to think') | *''ħassḗb'' 'to consider' (applicative of ''ħ-s-b'' 'to think') | ||
*'' | *''sayyḗr'' 'to sing the praises of' (applicative of ''s(-y-)r'' 'to sing') | ||
*''žāhḗb'' 'to gild' (denominative of ''žahāb'' 'gold') | *''žāhḗb'' 'to gild' (denominative of ''žahāb'' 'gold') | ||
*''nabbḗʔ'' 'to prophesy, to call out' (from Hebrew נביא ''nâbiʔ'') | *''nabbḗʔ'' 'to prophesy, to call out' (from Hebrew נביא ''nâbiʔ'') | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! past | ! past | ||
| '' | | ''žaχχírθ'' | ||
| ''žaχχírθa'' | | ''žaχχírθa'' | ||
| '' | | ''žaχχírθi'' | ||
| ''žaχχḗr'' | | ''žaχχḗr'' | ||
| ''žaχχḗraθ'' | | ''žaχχḗraθ'' | ||
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| ''žaχχḗrū'' | | ''žaχχḗrū'' | ||
| ''žaχχírna'' | | ''žaχχírna'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present | ! present | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! past | ! past | ||
| '' | | ''žuχχárθ'' | ||
| ''žuχχárθa'' | | ''žuχχárθa'' | ||
| '' | | ''žuχχárθi'' | ||
| ''žuχχā́r'' | | ''žuχχā́r'' | ||
| ''žuχχā́raθ'' | | ''žuχχā́raθ'' | ||
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| ''žuχχā́rū'' | | ''žuχχā́rū'' | ||
| ''žuχχárna'' | | ''žuχχárna'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present | ! present | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! past | ! past | ||
| '' | | ''hakdísθ'' | ||
| ''hakdísθa'' | | ''hakdísθa'' | ||
| '' | | ''hakdísθi'' | ||
| ''hakdḗs'' | | ''hakdḗs'' | ||
| ''hakdḗsaθ'' | | ''hakdḗsaθ'' | ||
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| ''hakdḗsū'' | | ''hakdḗsū'' | ||
| ''hakdísna'' | | ''hakdísna'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present | ! present | ||
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{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;" | ||
|+ Binyan 3A conjugation: ''hukdā́s'' 'to | |+ Binyan 3A conjugation: ''hukdā́s'' 'to be dedicated, to be set apart' | ||
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense | ! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense | ||
! style="width: 75px; " | 1s | ! style="width: 75px; " | 1s | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! past | ! past | ||
| '' | | ''hukdásθ'' | ||
| ''hukdásθa'' | | ''hukdásθa'' | ||
| '' | | ''hukdásθi'' | ||
| ''hukdā́s'' | | ''hukdā́s'' | ||
| ''hukdā́saθ'' | | ''hukdā́saθ'' | ||
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| ''hukdā́sū'' | | ''hukdā́sū'' | ||
| ''hukdásna'' | | ''hukdásna'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present | ! present | ||
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Semantics: reflexive, reciprocal, event or change of state | Semantics: reflexive, reciprocal, event or change of state | ||
Metathesis happens when C1 ∈ {s, š, c, z, ž, ħ, ȝ}: ''θs θš θc θz θž θħ θȝ'' > ''st št ct zd žd ħt ȝd''. | Metathesis happens when C1 ∈ {s, š, c, z, ž, j, ħ, ȝ}: ''θs θš θc θz θž θj θħ θȝ'' > ''st št ct zd žd jd ħt ȝd''. | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;" | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! past | ! past | ||
| '' | | ''heθlaħámθ'' | ||
| ''heθlaħámθa'' | | ''heθlaħámθa'' | ||
| '' | | ''heθlaħámθi'' | ||
| ''heθlaħā́m'' | | ''heθlaħā́m'' | ||
| ''heθlaħā́maθ'' | | ''heθlaħā́maθ'' | ||
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| ''heθlaħā́mū'' | | ''heθlaħā́mū'' | ||
| ''heθlaħámna'' | | ''heθlaħámna'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present | ! present | ||
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|} | |} | ||
====Binyan 5: '' | ====Binyan 5: ''niθφuȝāl''==== | ||
Semantics: reflexive or change of state | Semantics: reflexive or change of state | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! past | ! past | ||
| '' | | ''niθluħámθ'' | ||
| ''niθluħámθa'' | | ''niθluħámθa'' | ||
| '' | | ''niθluħámθi'' | ||
| ''niθluħā́m'' | | ''niθluħā́m'' | ||
| ''niθluħā́maθ'' | | ''niθluħā́maθ'' | ||
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| ''niθluħā́mū'' | | ''niθluħā́mū'' | ||
| ''niθluħámna'' | | ''niθluħámna'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present | ! present | ||
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Examples: | Examples: | ||
*'' | *''hastamȝḗl'' 'to dare, to venture' | ||
*''hastažχḗr'' 'to make note of' | *''hastažχḗr'' 'to make note of' | ||
*''hastaχθḗb'' 'to copy, to transcribe' | *''hastaχθḗb'' 'to copy, to transcribe' | ||
*''hastaχlė'' 'to commit suicide' | |||
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|- | |- | ||
! past | ! past | ||
| '' | | ''hastatȝímθ'' | ||
| ''hastatȝímθa'' | | ''hastatȝímθa'' | ||
| '' | | ''hastatȝímθi'' | ||
| ''hastatȝḗm'' | | ''hastatȝḗm'' | ||
| ''hastatȝḗmaθ'' | | ''hastatȝḗmaθ'' | ||
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| ''wastatȝḗmū'' | | ''wastatȝḗmū'' | ||
| ''wastatȝímna'' | | ''wastatȝímna'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! future | ! future | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! past | ! past | ||
| '' | | ''hastutȝámθ'' | ||
| ''hastutȝámθa'' | | ''hastutȝámθa'' | ||
| '' | | ''hastutȝámθi'' | ||
| ''hastutȝā́m'' | | ''hastutȝā́m'' | ||
| ''hastutȝā́maθ'' | | ''hastutȝā́maθ'' | ||
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| ''hastutȝámθin'' | | ''hastutȝámθin'' | ||
| ''hastutȝā́mū'' | | ''hastutȝā́mū'' | ||
| '' | | ''hastutȝámna'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present | ! present | ||
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===Numerals=== | ===Numerals=== | ||
Numerals ending in 3 through 9 or 10 display the Semitic gender polarity: masculine nouns are | Numerals ending in 3 through 9 or 10 display the Semitic gender polarity: masculine nouns are marked with -θ while feminine nouns are unmarked. | ||
# m. ʔaħā́d, f. ʔaħā́θ | # m. ʔaħā́d, f. ʔaħā́θ | ||
# m. | # m. šenáyn, f. šeθθáyn, construct šenė, šeθθė | ||
# m. šalė́šaθ, f. šalė́š | # m. šalė́šaθ, f. šalė́š | ||
# m. ʔarbáȝθ, f. ʔarbáȝ | # m. ʔarbáȝθ, f. ʔarbáȝ | ||
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# m. síθšaθ, f. síθše | # m. síθšaθ, f. síθše | ||
# m. sábȝaθ, f. sábȝe | # m. sábȝaθ, f. sábȝe | ||
# m. | # m. samė́nīθ, f. samė́ni | ||
# m. θísȝaθ, f. θísȝe | # m. θísȝaθ, f. θísȝe | ||
# m. ȝášraθ, f. ȝášre | # m. ȝášraθ, f. ȝášre | ||
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==Sample texts== | ==Sample texts== | ||
===Schleicher=== | ===Schleicher=== | ||
'' | ''An χabše wan φarasīn'' | ||
''Χabše, | ''Χabše, žė lė hawė šamre lawh, φarasīn raʔė: yagōr ʔaħād marχabaθ šakūlaθ, wa-yaħmōl ʔaħād ħemle χabūr, wa-yaħmōl ʔaħād ħaφīzan ʔinės. Yāmār an χabše: Mār lī an lēb, bi-riʔėθī ʔinės rėχib φarasīn. Yāmārū an φarasīn: Sumaʕ an χabše! Mār lanė an lēb bi-riʔėθinė žīnė: ʔinės an baʕle yaʕšē lawh malbasaθ ħamūmaθ mēn šamre an χabšīn. Wa-lėš len-χabše šamre. Bi-šimėʕ an χabše žīnė, yamnāȝ ʔilė an šadi.'' | ||
[[Category:Semitic languages]] | [[Category:Semitic languages]] |
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