Linguifex

Togarmite/Old: Difference between revisions

Page Discussion

Togarmite/Old (view source)

Revision as of 15:22, 13 October 2021

914 bytes removed ,  13 October 2021
m
→‎Consonants
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit
 
(84 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
'''Old Togarmite''' or '''Classical Togarmite''' (''Θėgammī́θ'' /tʰɛːgamˈmiːtʰ/; Modern: ''Þėgamiþ ȝyþik'') is the ancestor of Modern [[Togarmite]]. It is the liturgical language of [[Verse:Lõis/Θāħīdaθ an Hawūθ|Θāħī́daθ an Hawū́θ]] which is dominant in Lõis's Eastern Europe.
{{Infobox language
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|name = Old Togarmite
|image =
|setting = [[Verse:Lõis|Lõis]]
|nativename = θėgarmī́θ
|pronunciation = /tʰɛːgamˈmiːtʰ/
|region =
|states =
|speakers =
|date =
|familycolor=afroasiatic
|fam1=Afro-Asiatic
|fam2=Semitic
|fam3=Northwest Semitic
}}
 
 
'''Old Togarmite''' or '''Classical Togarmite''' (''θėgarmī́θ'' /tʰɛːgarˈmiːtʰ/ or ''an lasė́n an θėgarmī́θ'' /an laˈsɛːn an tʰɛːgarˈmiːtʰ/; Modern: ''Þėrmiþ ȝyþik'') is an ancient Semitic language with an Ancient Greek aesthetic; it is the ancestor of Modern [[Togarmite]].
 
==Todo==
 
Introduce dual number in nouns and pronouns but not in verbs
 
==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
*'''m n''' /m n/
*'''m n''' /m n/
*'''p t c k ' ''' /p t ts k ʔ/
*'''p t c č k ʔ ''' /p’ t’ ts’ tʃ’ k’ ʔ/
*'''b d g''' /b d g/
*'''b d j g''' /b d dʒ g/
*'''φ θ χ''' /pʰ tʰ kʰ/
*'''φ θ χ''' /pʰ tʰ kʰ/
*'''s š ħ h''' /s ʃ χ h/
*'''s š ħ h''' /s ʃ ħ h/
*'''z ž ȝ''' /z ʒ ʁ/
*'''z ž ȝ''' /z ʒ ʁ/
*'''w l r j''' /lw  r j/
*'''w l r y''' /w l r j/


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
Line 16: Line 39:


===Stress===
===Stress===
Stress is phonemic and not entirely predictable. Old Togarmite stress is a result of a lot of analogical levelling from Proto-Semitic (particularly in verbs), and caused vowel lengthening as in Hebrew.
Stress is phonemic and not entirely predictable. Old Togarmite stress is a result of extensive analogical levelling from Proto-Semitic (particularly in verbs), and caused vowel lengthening as in Hebrew.


Final stress is common but less so than in Hebrew: Togarmite words often resemble Hebrew pausal forms (e.g. OTog ''yismā́ȝū'' /jɪsˈmaːʁuː/ 'they will hear', cf. Tiberian Hebrew pausal variant /jiʃˈmɔːʕuː/ for ישמעו /jiʃmăˈʕuː/ 'they hear'.)
Final stress is common but less so than in Hebrew: Togarmite words often resemble Hebrew pausal forms with penultimate stress (e.g. OTog ''yasmā́ȝū'' /jasˈmaːʁuː/ 'they hear', cf. Tiberian Hebrew pausal variant /jiʃˈmɔːʕuː/ for ישמעו /jiʃmăˈʕuː/ 'they hear').


==Inflection==
==Inflection==
===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
====Independent====
====Independent====
*1sg: ʔanė́χ
*1sg: ''ʔanė́χ''
*2sg: ʔáθθa (m), ʔéθθe (f)
*2sg: ''ʔáθθa'' (m), ''ʔéθθi'' (f)
*3sg: hū (m), hī (f)
*3sg: ''hū'' (m), ''hī'' (f)
*1pl: náħnė
*1pl: ''náħnė''
*2pl: ʔáθθum (m), ʔéθθin (f)
*2pl: ''ʔáθθum'' (m), ''ʔéθθin'' (f)
*3pl: hōm (m), hēn (f)
*3pl: ''hōm'' (m), ''hēn'' (f)
 
====Object====
====Object====
*1sg: -nī
*1sg: ''-nī''
*2sg: -χa (f), -χi (f)
*2sg: ''-χa'' (f), ''-χi'' (f)
*3sg: -uh/-u (m), -ā (f)
*3sg: ''-uh''/''-hu'' (m), ''-ā''/''-hā'' (f)
*1pl: -nė
*1pl: ''-nė''
*2pl: -χum (m), -χin (f)
*2pl: ''-χum'' (m), ''-χin'' (f)
*3pl: -um/-hum (m), -in/-hin (f)
*3pl: ''-um''/''-hum'' (m), ''-in''/''-hin'' (f)


Object pronouns immediately follow the verb and are written with a hyphen in native script: for example, ''gaddḗl-nī'' 'he made me great'.
Object suffixes immediately follow the verb, and certain vowels are inserted before affixes that begin in a consonant:
* 1s perfect: ''žaχárθ'''u'''χa'' 'I remember you'
* 3ms perfect: ''χabbḗr'''a'''nī'' 'he has made me great'
* prefix conjugation forms with no suffix: ''yuχabbḗr'''u'''nī'' 'he makes me great'; ''χabbḗr'''u'''nī'' 'make me great!'


====Inflected prepositions====
====Inflected prepositions====


===Nouns===
===Nouns===
Nouns have singular and plural numbers and three states as in Hebrew and Aramaic. The formation of the construct follows a rather complex set of rules as in Tiberian Hebrew.
Nouns have singular and plural numbers and three states as in Hebrew and Aramaic. Both definite nouns and definite adjectives are marked with the particle ''an''. The formation of the construct follows a rather complex set of rules, often involving a stress shift.
 
A noun in the construct state is presumed to be definite. Only the last noun in a construct noun phrase can have its definiteness changed by adding ''an'' before it: ''bėθ báȝle'' 'a master's house' and ''bėθ an báȝle'' 'the master's house' are both definite.
====Masculine nouns====
====Masculine nouns====
''ȝėlā́m'' = world
''ȝėlā́m'' = world
Line 49: Line 78:
*definite: ''an ȝėlā́m, an ȝėlamī́n''
*definite: ''an ȝėlā́m, an ȝėlamī́n''


Possessive forms:
Possessive forms are formed by adding possessive suffixes to construct forms:


singular: ''báyθī, báyθaχ, báyθeχ, báyθuh, báyθā, báyθenė, báyθeχum, báyθeχin, báyθōm, báyθēn''
singular: ''báyθī, báyθaχ, báyθeχ, báyθū, báyθā, báyθenė, báyθeχum, báyθeχin, báyθōm, báyθēn''


plural: ''bėθā́y, bėθáyχa, bėθáyχe, bėθáyyu, bėθáyyā, bėθáynė, bėθáyχum, bėθáyχin, bėθáyyum, bėθáyyin''
plural: ''bėθáy, bėθáyχa, bėθáyχe, bėθáyyū, bėθáyyā, bėθáynė, bėθáyχum, bėθáyχin, bėθáyyum, bėθáyyin''


====Feminine -(a)θ nouns====
====Feminine -(a)θ nouns====
Line 67: Line 96:


===Adjectives===
===Adjectives===
Declension of ''tėb'' 'good':
Declension of ''tėb'' 'good' (modifying ''yawm'' (m.) 'day' and ''φarīθ'' (f.) 'fruit' respectively):
*''yawm tėb'' = a good day
 
*''an yáwm an tė́b'' = the good day
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
*''yawmė́θ tėbī́n'' = good days
|+ '''Attributive declension for hard-stem adjectives'''
*''an yawmė́θ an tėbī́n'' = the good days
! number
*''φarī́θ tė́baθ'' = a good fruit
!colspan=2| singular
*''an φarī́θ an tė́baθ'' = the good fruit
!colspan=2| plural
*''φariyė́θ tėbė́θ'' = good fruits
|-
*''an φariyė́θ an tėbė́θ'' = the good fruits
! gender
(Attributive adjectives cannot take the construct state)
! m. !! f. !! m. !! f.
|-
! indef.
| ''yawm tėb''
| ''φarī́θ tė́baθ''
| ''yawmė́θ tėbī́n''
| ''φariyė́θ tėbė́θ''  
|-
! def.
| ''an yawm an tė́b''
| ''an φarī́θ an tė́baθ''
| ''an yawmė́θ an tėbī́n''
| ''an φariyė́θ an tėbė́θ''
|}


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
:''See [[Togarmite/Old/Gzarot]] for common verb irregularities..''
:''See [[Togarmite/Old/Gzarot]] for common verb irregularities..''
Old Togarmite verbs are divided into 7 binyanim:  
Old Togarmite verbs are divided into 8 binyanim:  
#''φaȝāl/nuφȝāl'' - G/N-stem
#''φaȝāl/nuφȝāl'' - G/N-stem
#''φaȝȝēl/φuȝȝāl'' - D-stem
#''φaȝȝēl/φuȝȝāl'' - D-stem
#''φėȝēl/φūȝāl'' - L-stem
#''haφȝēl/hassuφȝāl'' - Š-stem
#''haφȝēl/hassuφȝāl'' - Š-stem
#''haφθaȝāl'' - tG/Gt-stem
#''haφθaȝāl'' - tG/Gt-stem
Line 90: Line 133:


Togarmite finite verbs have 7 morphological tenses:
Togarmite finite verbs have 7 morphological tenses:
*past: past action
*perfect: like the English perfect
*present: present, continuing or habitual action
*present: present, continuing or habitual action
*future: future action or completed in the future; gnomic tense
*future: future action or completed in the future; gnomic tense
Line 115: Line 158:
|-
|-
! past
! past
| ''χaθábθī''
| ''χaθábθ''
| ''χaθábθa''
| ''χaθábθa''
| ''χaθábθe''
| ''χaθábθi''
| ''χaθā́b''
| ''χaθā́b''
| ''χaθā́baθ''
| ''χaθā́baθ''
Line 125: Line 168:
| ''χaθā́bū''
| ''χaθā́bū''
| ''χaθábna''
| ''χaθábna''
|-
! subjunctive
| ''waχaθábθī''
| ''waχaθábθa''
| ''waχaθábθe''
| ''waχaθā́b''
| ''waχaθā́baθ''
| ''waχaθábnė''
| ''waχaθábθum''
| ''waχaθábθin''
| ''waχaθā́bū''
| ''waχaθábna''
|-
|-
! present
! present
Line 202: Line 233:
|-
|-
! passive participle
! passive participle
|colspan=10| ''maχθū́b''
|colspan=10| ''χaθū́b''
|-
|-
! verbal noun
! verbal noun
Line 208: Line 239:
|}
|}


Example: ''hamā́l'' 'to suffer', ''žaχā́r'' 'to remember'
Example: ''ħamā́l'' 'to suffer', ''žaχā́r'' 'to remember'


====Binyan 1P: ''nuφȝāl''====
====Binyan 1P: ''nuφȝāl''====
Line 227: Line 258:
|-
|-
! past
! past
| ''nugdálθī''
| ''nugdálθ''
| ''nugdálθa''
| ''nugdálθa''
| ''nugdálθe''
| ''nugdálθi''
| ''nugdā́l''
| ''nugdā́l''
| ''nugdā́laθ''
| ''nugdā́laθ''
Line 237: Line 268:
| ''nugdā́lū''
| ''nugdā́lū''
| ''nugdálna''
| ''nugdálna''
|-
! subjunctive
| ''wanugdálθī''
| ''wanugdálθa''
| ''wanugdálθe''
| ''wanugdā́l''
| ''wanugdā́laθ''
| ''wanugdálnė''
| ''wanugdálθum''
| ''wanugdálθin''
| ''wanugdā́lū''
| ''wanugdálna''
|-
|-
! present
! present
Line 324: Line 343:
*''žaχχḗr'' 'to record' (causative of ''ž-χ-r'' 'to remember')
*''žaχχḗr'' 'to record' (causative of ''ž-χ-r'' 'to remember')
*''ħassḗb'' 'to consider' (applicative of ''ħ-s-b'' 'to think')  
*''ħassḗb'' 'to consider' (applicative of ''ħ-s-b'' 'to think')  
*''šayyḗr'' 'to sing the praises of' (applicative of ''š(-y-)r'' 'to sing')
*''sayyḗr'' 'to sing the praises of' (applicative of ''s(-y-)r'' 'to sing')
*''žāhḗb'' 'to gild' (denominative of ''žahāb'' 'gold')
*''žāhḗb'' 'to gild' (denominative of ''žahāb'' 'gold')
*''nabbḗʔ'' 'to prophesy, to call out' (from Hebrew נביא ''nâbiʔ'')
*''nabbḗʔ'' 'to prophesy, to call out' (from Hebrew נביא ''nâbiʔ'')
Line 346: Line 365:
|-
|-
! past
! past
| ''žaχχírθī''
| ''žaχχírθ''
| ''žaχχírθa''
| ''žaχχírθa''
| ''žaχχírθe''
| ''žaχχírθi''
| ''žaχχḗr''
| ''žaχχḗr''
| ''žaχχḗraθ''
| ''žaχχḗraθ''
Line 356: Line 375:
| ''žaχχḗrū''
| ''žaχχḗrū''
| ''žaχχírna''
| ''žaχχírna''
|-
! subjunctive
| ''wažaχχírθī''
| ''wažaχχírθa''
| ''wažaχχírθe''
| ''wažaχχḗr''
| ''wažaχχḗraθ''
| ''wažaχχírnė''
| ''wažaχχírθum''
| ''wažaχχírθin''
| ''wažaχχḗrū''
| ''wažaχχírna''
|-
|-
! present
! present
Line 452: Line 459:
|-
|-
! past
! past
| ''žuχχárθī''
| ''žuχχárθ''
| ''žuχχárθa''
| ''žuχχárθa''
| ''žuχχárθe''
| ''žuχχárθi''
| ''žuχχā́r''
| ''žuχχā́r''
| ''žuχχā́raθ''
| ''žuχχā́raθ''
Line 462: Line 469:
| ''žuχχā́rū''
| ''žuχχā́rū''
| ''žuχχárna''
| ''žuχχárna''
|-
! subjunctive
| ''wažuχχárθī''
| ''wažuχχárθa''
| ''wažuχχárθi''
| ''wažuχχā́r''
| ''wažuχχā́raθ''
| ''wažuχχárnė''
| ''wažuχχárθum''
| ''wažuχχárθin''
| ''wažuχχā́rū''
| ''wažuχχárna''
|-
|-
! present
! present
Line 551: Line 546:
|-
|-
! past
! past
| ''hakdísθī''
| ''hakdísθ''
| ''hakdísθa''
| ''hakdísθa''
| ''hakdísθe''
| ''hakdísθi''
| ''hakdḗs''
| ''hakdḗs''
| ''hakdḗsaθ''
| ''hakdḗsaθ''
Line 561: Line 556:
| ''hakdḗsū''
| ''hakdḗsū''
| ''hakdísna''
| ''hakdísna''
|-
! subjunctive
| ''wakdísθī''
| ''wakdísθa''
| ''wakdísθe''
| ''wakdḗs''
| ''wakdḗsaθ''
| ''wakdísnė''
| ''wakdísθum''
| ''wakdísθin''
| ''wakdḗsū''
| ''wakdísna''
|-
|-
! present
! present
Line 659: Line 642:
|-
|-
! past
! past
| ''hukdásθī''
| ''hukdásθ''
| ''hukdásθa''
| ''hukdásθa''
| ''hukdásθe''
| ''hukdásθi''
| ''hukdā́s''
| ''hukdā́s''
| ''hukdā́saθ''
| ''hukdā́saθ''
Line 669: Line 652:
| ''hukdā́sū''
| ''hukdā́sū''
| ''hukdásna''
| ''hukdásna''
|-
! subjunctive
| ''wukdásθī''
| ''wukdásθa''
| ''wukdásθe''
| ''wukdā́s''
| ''wukdā́saθ''
| ''wukdásnė''
| ''wukdásθum''
| ''wukdásθin''
| ''wukdā́sū''
| ''wukdásna''
|-
|-
! present
! present
Line 743: Line 714:
Semantics: reflexive, reciprocal, event or change of state
Semantics: reflexive, reciprocal, event or change of state


Metathesis happens when C1 ∈ {s, š, c, z, ž, ħ, ȝ}: ''θs θš θc θz θž θħ θȝ'' > ''st št ct zd žd ħt ȝd''.
Metathesis happens when C1 ∈ {s, š, c, z, ž, j, ħ, ȝ}: ''θs θš θc θz θž θj θħ θȝ'' > ''st št ct zd žd jd ħt ȝd''.


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
Line 760: Line 731:
|-
|-
! past
! past
| ''heθlaħámθī''
| ''heθlaħámθ''
| ''heθlaħámθa''
| ''heθlaħámθa''
| ''heθlaħámθe''
| ''heθlaħámθi''
| ''heθlaħā́m''
| ''heθlaħā́m''
| ''heθlaħā́maθ''
| ''heθlaħā́maθ''
Line 770: Line 741:
| ''heθlaħā́mū''
| ''heθlaħā́mū''
| ''heθlaħámna''
| ''heθlaħámna''
|-
! subjunctive
| ''weθlaħámθī''
| ''weθlaħámθa''
| ''weθlaħámθe''
| ''weθlaħā́m''
| ''weθlaħā́maθ''
| ''weθlaħámnė''
| ''weθlaħámθum''
| ''weθlaħámθin''
| ''weθlaħā́mū''
| ''weθlaħámna''
|-
|-
! present
! present
Line 850: Line 809:
|}
|}


====Binyan 5: ''niφθuȝāl''====
====Binyan 5: ''niθφuȝāl''====
Semantics: reflexive or change of state
Semantics: reflexive or change of state


Line 868: Line 827:
|-
|-
! past
! past
| ''niθluħámθī''
| ''niθluħámθ''
| ''niθluħámθa''
| ''niθluħámθa''
| ''niθluħámθe''
| ''niθluħámθi''
| ''niθluħā́m''
| ''niθluħā́m''
| ''niθluħā́maθ''
| ''niθluħā́maθ''
Line 878: Line 837:
| ''niθluħā́mū''
| ''niθluħā́mū''
| ''niθluħámna''
| ''niθluħámna''
|-
! subjunctive
| ''waniθluħámθī''
| ''waniθluħámθa''
| ''waniθluħámθe''
| ''waniθluħā́m''
| ''waniθluħā́maθ''
| ''waniθluħámnė''
| ''waniθluħámθum''
| ''waniθluħámθin''
| ''waniθluħā́mū''
| ''waniθluħámna''
|-
|-
! present
! present
Line 974: Line 921:
*''hastažχḗr'' 'to make note of'
*''hastažχḗr'' 'to make note of'
*''hastaχθḗb'' 'to copy, to transcribe'
*''hastaχθḗb'' 'to copy, to transcribe'
*''hastaχlė'' 'to commit suicide'




Line 991: Line 939:
|-
|-
! past
! past
| ''hastatȝímθī''
| ''hastatȝímθ''
| ''hastatȝímθa''
| ''hastatȝímθa''
| ''hastatȝímθe''
| ''hastatȝímθi''
| ''hastatȝḗm''
| ''hastatȝḗm''
| ''hastatȝḗmaθ''
| ''hastatȝḗmaθ''
Line 1,013: Line 961:
| ''wastatȝḗmū''
| ''wastatȝḗmū''
| ''wastatȝímna''
| ''wastatȝímna''
|-
! present
| ''ʔastatėȝḗm''
| ''θastatėȝḗm''
| ''θastatėȝḗmī''
| ''yastatėȝḗm''
| ''yastatėȝḗmī''
| ''nastatėȝḗm''
| ''θastatėȝḗmū''
| ''θastatėȝímna''
| ''yastatėȝḗmū''
| ''yastatėȝímna''
|-
|-
! future
! future
Line 1,097: Line 1,033:
|-
|-
! past
! past
| ''hastutȝámθī''
| ''hastutȝámθ''
| ''hastutȝámθa''
| ''hastutȝámθa''
| ''hastutȝámθe''
| ''hastutȝámθi''
| ''hastutȝā́m''
| ''hastutȝā́m''
| ''hastutȝā́maθ''
| ''hastutȝā́maθ''
Line 1,106: Line 1,042:
| ''hastutȝámθin''
| ''hastutȝámθin''
| ''hastutȝā́mū''
| ''hastutȝā́mū''
| ''hastutȝā́mė''
| ''hastutȝámna''
|-
! subjunctive
| ''wastutȝámθī''
| ''wastutȝámθa''
| ''wastutȝámθi''
| ''wastutȝā́m''
| ''wastutȝā́maθ''
| ''wastutȝámnė''
| ''wastutȝámθum''
| ''wastutȝámθin''
| ''wastutȝā́mū''
| ''wastutȝā́mė''
|-
|-
! present
! present
Line 1,179: Line 1,103:


===Numerals===
===Numerals===
Numerals ending in 3 through 9 or 10 display the Semitic gender polarity: masculine nouns are maredd with -θ while feminine nouns are unmarked.
Numerals ending in 3 through 9 or 10 display the Semitic gender polarity: masculine nouns are marked with -θ while feminine nouns are unmarked.
# m. ʔaħā́d, f. ʔaħā́θ
# m. ʔaħā́d, f. ʔaħā́θ
# m. šenáyn, f. šeθθáyn, construct šenė, šeθθė
# m. šenáyn, f. šeθθáyn, construct šenė, šeθθė
Line 1,187: Line 1,111:
# m. síθšaθ, f. síθše
# m. síθšaθ, f. síθše
# m. sábȝaθ, f. sábȝe
# m. sábȝaθ, f. sábȝe
# m. šamė́nīθ, f. šamė́ni
# m. samė́nīθ, f. samė́ni
# m. θísȝaθ, f. θísȝe
# m. θísȝaθ, f. θísȝe
# m. ȝášraθ, f. ȝášre
# m. ȝášraθ, f. ȝášre
Line 1,196: Line 1,120:
==Sample texts==
==Sample texts==
===Schleicher===
===Schleicher===
''An xabš wan φarasīn''
''An χabše wan φarasīn''


''Χabše, žī law lė hawė šamre, φarasīn raʔė:''
''Χabše, žė lė hawė šamre lawh, φarasīn raʔė: yagōr ʔaħād marχabaθ šakūlaθ, wa-yaħmōl ʔaħād ħemle χabūr, wa-yaħmōl ʔaħād ħaφīzan ʔinės. Yāmār an χabše: Mār lī an lēb, bi-riʔėθī ʔinės rėχib φarasīn. Yāmārū an φarasīn: Sumaʕ an χabše! Mār lanė an lēb bi-riʔėθinė žīnė: ʔinės an baʕle yaʕšē lawh malbasaθ ħamūmaθ mēn šamre an χabšīn. Wa-lėš len-χabše šamre. Bi-šimėʕ an χabše žīnė, yamnāȝ ʔilė an šadi.''


yagrur ʔaħadum minhumū markʰabatʰam þakūlam, wa-yaħmil ʔaħadum ħimlam gadālam, wa-yaħmil mahīram aħadum ʔināšam. Wa-yakūl han-kʰabłu: Marra lī han-libbu, bi-raʔātʰī ʔināšam rākʰibam pʰarašīm. Wa-yakūlū han-pʰarašū: Šamaʕ han-kʰabła! Marra lanā han-libbu, bi-raʔātʰinā ðā: ʔināšum han-baʕlu yaʕłiyu lahu malbašatʰam ħamīmatʰam min tłamri han-kʰabłī. Wa-lā li-han-kʰabłi tłamrum. Bi-šamāʕi han-kʰabłi ðā, yabraħ ʔila han-ładiyi.
[[Category:Semitic languages]]
[[Category:Semitic languages]]
IlL
138,726

edits

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/166642...239949"