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Tumachee: Difference between revisions
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'''Tumachee'''(''yûkka tûmaḩ''; <small>Tumachee:</small> [[Help:IPA|[ʝúkʲɑ dúmɑɧ]]]) is a Tumachic language spoken by the Tumachee people in the fictional He-who-uses-the-loom River Basin(Tumachee: ''Kumâḩâ Keḩôskibân'') and the coast of the He-who-irrigates Lake(''Kumâziḩâ | '''Tumachee'''(''yûkka tûmaḩ''; <small>Tumachee:</small> [[Help:IPA|[ʝúkʲɑ dúmɑɧ]]]) is a Tumachic language spoken by the Tumachee people in the fictional He-who-uses-the-loom River Basin(Tumachee: ''Kumâḩâ Keḩôskibân'') and the coast of the He-who-irrigates Lake(''Kumâziḩâ Gzînbân'') of the North-western United States. It is the sole member of the Tumachic language family alongside Gzuwê. | ||
It is a highly agglutinative language with a very rare [[w:Word order|verb-object-subject]] basic word order and a | Tumachee is also an official language of the Sleeping Bull Confederacy, as the first, fifth and twentieth Sleeping Bulls were all Tumachee native or L2 speakers. | ||
It is a highly agglutinative language with a very rare [[w:Word order|verb-object-subject]] basic word order and a free noun-adjective order. The language is also very context-reliant, where sentences can change meaning based on the context of the conversation. | |||
==Etymology== | ==Etymology== | ||
===Endonym=== | ===Endonym=== | ||
The Tumachee endonym, ''tûmaḩ'', is probably derived from the Proto-Tumachic word ''*dúmh₂s'', which means "wide prairie, lowland". As the ancient(and modern) Tumachee lived in relatively low-lying areas like river basins, this may explain the reason for it becoming an endonym. The Tumachee and Gzuwê words for "lowland" are also derived from ''*dúmh₂s'': Tumachee ''tumîḩi'' and Gzuwê ''ttumiz''. | The Tumachee endonym, ''tûmaḩ'', is probably derived from the Proto-Tumachic word ''*dúmh₂s'', which means "wide prairie, lowland". As the ancient(and modern) Tumachee lived in relatively low-lying areas like river basins, this may explain the reason for it becoming an endonym. The Tumachee and Gzuwê words for "lowland" are also derived from ''*dúmh₂s'': Tumachee ''tumîḩi'' and Gzuwê ''ttumiz''. | ||
===Exonym=== | ===Exonym=== | ||
The English exonym ''Tumachee'' has an origin in the language of the now extinct Jikiha(Tumachee: ''Gzîkka'') tribe, who were the first members of the Sleeping Bull Confederacy to interact with British colonisers. The Jikiha exchanged information on the other tribes and peoples in Sleeping Bull, and probably referred to the Tumachee people as ''*tú(ð)máki'', which is a plural form of ''*tú(ð)mág'', which was then loaned into English as initially ''Toumacke'' or ''Tumacki'' and then finally into ''Tumachee''. | The English exonym ''Tumachee'' has an origin in the language of the now extinct Jikiha(Tumachee: ''Gzîkka'') tribe, who were the first members of the Sleeping Bull Confederacy to interact with British colonisers. The Jikiha exchanged information on the other tribes and peoples in Sleeping Bull, and probably referred to the Tumachee people as ''*tú(ð)máki'', which is a plural form of ''*tú(ð)mág'', which was then loaned into English as initially ''Toumacke'' or ''Tumacki'' and then finally into ''Tumachee''. | ||
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Tumachee uses the [[w:Latin script|Latin alphabet]], with some unique letters, notably circumflex vowels(âêîôû) and the cedilla h(ḩ), with the new letters phonetically representing high tone and vowels and the voiceless palato-velar fricative respectively. | Tumachee uses the [[w:Latin script|Latin alphabet]], with some unique letters, notably circumflex vowels(âêîôû) and the cedilla h(ḩ), with the new letters phonetically representing high tone and vowels and the voiceless palato-velar fricative respectively. | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | ||
| Aa<br> | | Aa<br>[ɑ]|| Ââ<br>[ɑ́] || Bb<br>[b][p] || Kk<br>[k] || Dd<br>[d][t]|| Ee<br>[e] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Êê<br> | | Êê<br>[é]|| Gg<br>[g][k] || Hh<br>[ɦ] || Ḩḩ<br>[ɧ] || Ii<br>[i] || Îî<br>[í] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Ll<br>[l] || Mm<br>[m] || Nn<br>[ | | Ll<br>[l] || Mm<br>[m] || Nn<br>[n̪] || Oo<br>[ɔ] || Ôô<br>[ɔ́] || Pp<br>[p] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Ss<br>[s] || Tt<br>[t] || Uu<br>[u] || Ûû<br>[ú] || Ww<br>[w] || Yy<br>[ʝ] | | Ss<br>[s] || Tt<br>[t] || Uu<br>[u] || Ûû<br>[ú] || Ww<br>[w] || Yy<br>[ʝ] | ||
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| Zz<br>[z] || colspan=5 | | | Zz<br>[z] || colspan=5 | | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | ||
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====Initial voicing==== | ====Initial voicing==== | ||
Tumachee has initial voicing, meaning voiceless consonants are automatically voiced at the beginning of a word, though their orthographic representation is not changed, so ''âto'' is pronounced [átɔ] but ''sâto'' is pronounced [zátɔ]. | Tumachee has initial voicing, meaning voiceless consonants are automatically voiced at the beginning of a word, though their orthographic representation is not changed, so ''âto'' is pronounced [átɔ] but ''sâto'' is pronounced [zátɔ]. | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | ||
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Tumachee has one tone that only appears on vowels, the high tone([˦]). Orthographically, it is marked by a circumflex(e.g. ''â''). | Tumachee has one tone that only appears on vowels, the high tone([˦]). Orthographically, it is marked by a circumflex(e.g. ''â''). | ||
===Phonotactics=== | ===Phonotactics=== | ||
Tumachee mostly follows the syllable structure of (C)V(C), where C is any consonant and V is any vowel. | Tumachee mostly follows the syllable structure of (C)V(C), where C is any consonant and V is any vowel. The consonant [w] can act as both a vowel or a consonant, though unlike other vowels it has no high tone variation. | ||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
===Names=== | |||
====Mononyms==== | |||
Traditionally, the Tumachee people have assigned mononyms to newborn children. These "baby names" usually have meanings related to when, where and/or how the baby was born, e.g. ''Kêḩalgzîgziwewakbân'', or "Boy born with difficulties under a full moon".<ref>This was the "baby name" of the first Sleeping Bull, according to Man of Long Speeches(''Ḩawayûkkabân'').</ref> Later on in life, a new name would be assigned to the person based on the person's achievements, merits or what they are known for, e.g. "Woman Who Walks a Lot"(''Ḩawakozozḩes''), and very occasionally woould they take a name given to them by a different tribe, e.g. "Sleeping Bull"(''Kîkzowalei''<ref>''Kîkzowalei'' is a literal translation of "Sleeping Bull"; most people nowadays call the Sleeping Bull ''Aleiê'', sometimes spelt ''Aleyé''.</ref>). | |||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
====Adjectives==== | ====Adjectives==== | ||
All nouns in Tumachee have their own adjective form, which is usually manifested in an agglutinate suffix form like ''-miḩ''. Each noun has their own unique adjective/suffix form, meaning you could make basically any word by agglutinating a noun and a noun-derived suffix. For example, the word and name "Ox-like-the-water" would be ''Kîkwisyigûn''(''lit.'' ox.<small>NOM</small>-water.<small>ADJ</small>), with ''-yigûn'' being the suffix form of ''yîlgos'', water. | All nouns in Tumachee have their own adjective form, which is usually manifested in an agglutinate suffix form like ''-miḩ''. Each noun has their own unique adjective/suffix form, meaning you could make basically any word by agglutinating a noun and a noun-derived suffix. For example, the word and name "Ox-like-the-water" would be ''Kîkwisyigûn''(''lit.'' ox.<small>NOM</small>-water.<small>ADJ</small>), with ''-yigûn'' being the suffix form of ''yîlgos'', water. | ||
===Numerals=== | ===Numerals=== | ||
Tumachee natively uses a base 7 counting system, though most modern Tumachee use the mostly universal base 10 counting system. | Tumachee natively uses a base 7 counting system, though most modern Tumachee use the mostly universal base 10 counting system. | ||
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| ''ôn'' || ''lôu'' | | ''ôn'' || ''lôu'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
=====Noun forms===== | |||
All the personal pronouns in Tumachee also act as nouns, as in ''bân'' can mean "he(singular)" or "one man". Other forms are a bit less logical: ''mikkê'' can mean "you(singular)" but also "any one person other than the speaker", or in other words, "an other person". Tumachee personal pronouns' suffix forms are also the same as their stems, so for example ''ôn'' can also be suffix ''-ôn''. In this way, along with rules regarding adjectives, one can create an agglutinate mononym for practically anything, such as ''Ûrberûrḩês'', "Woman who makes soil", or ''Gzêkukzôbâniu'', "(Group of) men who like food". Many words are agglutinated this way: for example, the word for "Buddhist monk" is ''udgzîmkzôzunubân'', or "holy man who likes solitude", and the archaic word for "king" was ''Tumîḩiwenembân'', or "man who owns the prairie". | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
===Constituent order=== | ===Constituent order=== | ||