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{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
| name = Tumachee | | name = Tumachee | ||
| nativename = yûkka | | nativename = yûkka tûmaḫ | ||
| pronunciation=ʝúkʲɑ dúmɑɧ | | pronunciation=ʝúkʲɑ dúmɑɧ | ||
| setting = ''Sleeping Bull'' | | setting = ''Sleeping Bull'' | ||
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| notice=ipa | | notice=ipa | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Tumachee'''(''yûkka | '''Tumachee'''(''yûkka tûmaḫ''; <small>Tumachee:</small> [[Help:IPA|[ʝúkʲɑ dúmɑɧ]]]) is a Tumachic language spoken by the Tumachee people in the fictional He-who-uses-the-loom River Basin(Tumachee: ''Kumâḫâ Keḫôskibân'') and the coast of the He-who-irrigates Lake(''Kumâziḫâ Gzînbân'') of the North-western United States. It is the sole member of the Tumachic language family alongside Gzuwê. | ||
Tumachee is also an official language of the Sleeping Bull Confederacy, as the first, fifth and twentieth Sleeping Bulls were all Tumachee native or L2 speakers. | Tumachee is also an official language of the Sleeping Bull Confederacy, as the first, fifth and twentieth Sleeping Bulls were all Tumachee native or L2 speakers. | ||
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==Etymology== | ==Etymology== | ||
===Endonym=== | ===Endonym=== | ||
The Tumachee endonym, '' | The Tumachee endonym, ''tûmaḫ'', is probably derived from the Proto-Tumachic word ''*dúmh₂s'', which means "wide prairie, lowland". As the ancient(and modern) Tumachee lived in relatively low-lying areas like river basins, this may explain the reason for it becoming an endonym. The Tumachee and Gzuwê words for "lowland" are also derived from ''*dúmh₂s'': Tumachee ''tumîḫi'' and Gzuwê ''ttumiz''. | ||
===Exonym=== | ===Exonym=== | ||
The English exonym ''Tumachee'' has an origin in the language of the now extinct Jikiha(Tumachee: ''Gzîkka'') tribe, who were the first members of the Sleeping Bull Confederacy to interact with British colonisers. The Jikiha exchanged information on the other tribes and peoples in Sleeping Bull, and probably referred to the Tumachee people as ''*tú(ð)máki'', which is a plural form of ''*tú(ð)mág'', which was then loaned into English as initially ''Toumacke'' or ''Tumacki'' and then finally into ''Tumachee''. | The English exonym ''Tumachee'' has an origin in the language of the now extinct Jikiha(Tumachee: ''Gzîkka'') tribe, who were the first members of the Sleeping Bull Confederacy to interact with British colonisers. The Jikiha exchanged information on the other tribes and peoples in Sleeping Bull, and probably referred to the Tumachee people as ''*tú(ð)máki'', which is a plural form of ''*tú(ð)mág'', which was then loaned into English as initially ''Toumacke'' or ''Tumacki'' and then finally into ''Tumachee''. | ||
==History== | |||
Proto-Tumachic, the reconstructed ancestor of the two Tumachic languages, emerged around 600-700 years ago in modern-day Utah. Around 400 years ago, small populations that would eventually become the Tumachee would migrate west to the He-who-uses-the-loom River Basin, where they would settle in the lowland areas, as opposed to their distant mountain cousins in Utah, the Gzuwê. | |||
===Sleeping Bull Confederacy=== | |||
Around 200 years ago, | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Orthography=== | ===Orthography=== | ||
Tumachee uses the [[w:Latin script|Latin alphabet]], with some unique letters, notably circumflex vowels(âêîôû) and the cedilla h( | Tumachee uses the [[w:Latin script|Latin alphabet]], with some unique letters, notably circumflex vowels(âêîôû) and the cedilla h(ḫ), with the new letters phonetically representing high tone and vowels and the voiceless palato-velar fricative respectively. | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;" | ||
| Aa<br>[ɑ]|| Ââ<br>[ɑ́] || Bb<br>[b][p] || Kk<br>[k] || Dd<br>[d][t]|| Ee<br>[e] | | Aa<br>[ɑ]|| Ââ<br>[ɑ́] || Bb<br>[b][p] || Kk<br>[k] || Dd<br>[d][t]|| Ee<br>[e] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Êê<br>[é]|| Gg<br>[g][k] || Hh<br>[ɦ] || | | Êê<br>[é]|| Gg<br>[g][k] || Hh<br>[ɦ] || Ḫḫ<br>[ɧ] || Ii<br>[i] || Îî<br>[í] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Ll<br>[l] || Mm<br>[m] || Nn<br>[n̪] || Oo<br>[ɔ] || Ôô<br>[ɔ́] || Pp<br>[p] | | Ll<br>[l] || Mm<br>[m] || Nn<br>[n̪] || Oo<br>[ɔ] || Ôô<br>[ɔ́] || Pp<br>[p] | ||
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===Names=== | ===Names=== | ||
====Mononyms==== | ====Mononyms==== | ||
Traditionally, the Tumachee people have assigned mononyms to newborn children. These "baby names" usually have meanings related to when, where and/or how the baby was born, e.g. '' | Traditionally, the Tumachee people have assigned mononyms to newborn children. These "baby names" usually have meanings related to when, where and/or how the baby was born, e.g. ''Kêḫalgzîgziwewakbân'', or "Boy born with difficulties under a full moon".<ref>This was the "baby name" of the first Sleeping Bull, according to Man of Long Speeches(''Ḫawayûkkabân'').</ref> Later on in life, a new name would be assigned to the person based on the person's achievements, merits or what they are known for, e.g. "Woman Who Walks a Lot"(''Ḫawakozozḫes''), and very occasionally would they take a name given to them by a different tribe, e.g. "Sleeping Bull"(''Kîkzowalei''<ref>''Kîkzowalei'' is a literal translation of "Sleeping Bull"; most people nowadays call the Sleeping Bull ''Aleiê'', sometimes spelt ''Aleyé''.</ref>). | ||
====Modern names==== | |||
In more recent times, most Tumachee people have adopted American-style polynyms, as in the first name-last name system, with the traditional mononyms often being used as middle names, e.g. John ''Kêḫalwisusu''("Born At The River") Smith. | |||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
====Adjectives==== | ====Adjectives==== | ||
All nouns in Tumachee have their own adjective form, which is usually manifested in an agglutinate suffix form like ''- | All nouns in Tumachee have their own adjective form, which is usually manifested in an agglutinate suffix form like ''-miḫ''. Each noun has their own unique adjective/suffix form, meaning you could make basically any word by agglutinating a noun and a noun-derived suffix. For example, the word and name "Ox-like-the-water" would be ''Kîkwisyigûn''(''lit.'' ox.<small>NOM</small>-water.<small>ADJ</small>), with ''-yigûn'' being the suffix form of ''yîlgos'', water. | ||
===Numerals=== | ===Numerals=== | ||
Tumachee natively uses a base 7 counting system, though most modern Tumachee use the mostly universal base 10 counting system. | Tumachee natively uses a base 7 counting system, though most modern Tumachee use the mostly universal base 10 counting system. | ||
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| ''minnâ'' || 2 || two || 2 | | ''minnâ'' || 2 || two || 2 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''ḫûḫ'' || 3 || three || 3 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''ḫêrdaz'' || 4 || four || 4 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''sômzo'' || 5 || five || 5 | | ''sômzo'' || 5 || five || 5 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''entiḫ'' || 6 || six || 6 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''ûrzun'' || 7 || seven || 7 | | ''ûrzun'' || 7 || seven || 7 | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! colspan=2 | First person | ! colspan=2 | First person | ||
| ''ud'' || '' | | ''ud'' || ''kûḫod'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=2 | Second person | ! colspan=2 | Second person | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Feminine | ! Feminine | ||
| '' | | ''ḫes'' || ''ḫesû'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Neuter/<br>Object | ! Neuter/<br>Object | ||
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|} | |} | ||
=====Noun forms===== | =====Noun forms===== | ||
All the personal pronouns in Tumachee also act as nouns, as in ''bân'' can mean "he(singular)" or "one man". Other forms are a bit less logical: ''mikkê'' can mean "you(singular)" but also "any one person other than the speaker", or in other words, "an other person". Tumachee personal pronouns' suffix forms are also the same as their stems, so for example ''ôn'' can also be suffix ''-ôn''. In this way, along with rules regarding adjectives, one can create an agglutinate mononym for practically anything, such as '' | All the personal pronouns in Tumachee also act as nouns, as in ''bân'' can mean "he(singular)" or "one man". Other forms are a bit less logical: ''mikkê'' can mean "you(singular)" but also "any one person other than the speaker", or in other words, "an other person". Tumachee personal pronouns' suffix forms are also the same as their stems, so for example ''ôn'' can also be suffix ''-ôn''. In this way, along with rules regarding adjectives, one can create an agglutinate mononym for practically anything, such as ''Ûrberûrḫês'', "Woman who makes soil", or ''Gzêkukzôbâniu'', "(Group of) men who like food". Many words are agglutinated this way: for example, the word for "Buddhist monk" is ''udgzîmkzôzunubân'', or "holy man who likes solitude", and the archaic word for "king" was ''Tumîḫiwenembân'', or "man who owns the prairie". | ||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
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Tumachee uses a VOS(verb-object-subject) constituent word order. | Tumachee uses a VOS(verb-object-subject) constituent word order. | ||
===Agglutination=== | ===Agglutination=== | ||
Like in German, Tumachee has the ability of creating new words by adding existing words together. For example, the word "pill" is '' | Like in German, Tumachee has the ability of creating new words by adding existing words together. For example, the word "pill" is ''sikkumiḫ'', which is a combination of ''sikku'', "medicine" and ''-miḫ'', the suffix form of "small". | ||
====Stem & suffixes==== | ====Stem & suffixes==== | ||
Words in Tumachee have two forms: a stem and a suffix form. The stem form are the standalone words themselves, sometimes called the nominative declension. The suffix forms are used for agglutinate words like the ''- | Words in Tumachee have two forms: a stem and a suffix form. The stem form are the standalone words themselves, sometimes called the nominative declension. The suffix forms are used for agglutinate words like the ''-miḫ'' in ''sikkumiḫ''. ''-miḫ'' is a suffix form of the adjective ''wêlmiḫ'', meaning "small". | ||
===Noun case=== | ===Noun case=== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Suffix | ! Suffix | ||
| ''-sô'' || ''- | | ''-sô'' || ''-ḫâ'' || ''-su'' || ''-ki'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Phrases=== | ===Phrases=== | ||