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[[Ufirlandisg/Lexicon]]
[[Ufirlandisg/Lexicon]]


'''{{PAGENAME}}''' ({{PAGENAME}}: ''ufirlandisg māl'' [ˈʊfʲɛːɫantʲɪsk ˈmɑːɫ] "highland-ish"; from PGmc {{recon|ubiri-land-iskaz}}) is an alternate history Germanic language whose phonology is partly inspired by Mandarin and RP. It is spoken in the Pyrenee Mountains area (this world's southwestern France and northeastern Spain), and belongs to the Þiúdic branch of Germanic like its sister [[Þiúsьk]].
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' ({{PAGENAME}}: ''ufirlandisg māl'' [ˈʊfʲɛːɫantʲɪsk ˈmɑːɫ] "highland-ish"; from PGmc {{recon|ubiri-land-iskaz}}) is an alternate history Germanic language whose phonology is partly inspired by Mandarin, Burmese and RP. It is spoken in our world's Austria, and belongs to the Thedic branch of Germanic like its sister [[Thedish]].


==TODO==
==TODO==
Let me try Sino-RP in Germanic. I don't know whether to keep Báoluòveng...
Let me try Sino-RP in Germanic.


Final -d, -d́ lenite to -:, -j > falling tone?
Final -d, -d́ lenite to -:, -j > falling tone?
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{{PAGENAME}} has an aspiration distinction in stops; however, the distinction is neutralized in word-final position.
{{PAGENAME}} has an aspiration distinction in stops; however, the distinction is neutralized in word-final position.
Glottal reinforcement is used, as in RP.


When consonants written with an acute accent is followed by a vowel, the acute accent is replaced with an ''i'' (except with /i/ and /iː/).
When consonants written with an acute accent is followed by a vowel, the acute accent is replaced with an ''i'' (except with /i/ and /iː/).
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-->
-->
===Nouns===
===Nouns===
{{PAGENAME}} nouns do not inflect by case. Plurals are most often formed by tone change.
{{PAGENAME}} nouns do not inflect by case. Plurals are most often formed by tone change: ''dal'' /tal1/ 'valley', ''dale'' /tal2/ 'valleys'. Sometimes they are formed with ''-r'' (which amounts to adding a word final schwa): ''name'' /nam2/ 'name', ''namer'' /namə/ 'names'.


===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
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|-
|-
! acc.
! acc.
| ''mic'' /mɪʔ¹/ || ''jou'' /jəʊ¹/ || ''zina'' /tɕɪŋ²/ || ''zije'' /tɕɪj²/ || ''it'' /jɪʔ¹/ || ''unś'' /ũːh¹/ || ''jou'' /jəʊ¹/ || ''ziā'' /tɕɑː(ɹ)¹/ || ''sic'' /ɕɪʔ¹/
| ''mic'' /mɪʔ¹/ || ''jou'' /jəʊ¹/ || ''zina'' /tɕɪŋ²/ || ''zije'' /tɕɪj²/ || ''it'' /jɪʔ¹/ || ''unś'' /ũːɕ¹/ || ''jou'' /jəʊ¹/ || ''ziā'' /tɕɑː(ɹ)¹/ || ''sic'' /ɕɪʔ¹/
|-
|-
! dat.
! dat.
| ''mir'' /mjɛː(ɹ)¹/ || ''jou'' /jəʊ¹/ || ''zime'' /tɕɪŋ²/ || ''ziarer'' /tɕɑː(ɹ)²/ || ''zime'' /tɕɪŋ²/ || ''unś'' /ũːh¹/ || ''jou'' /jəʊ¹/ || ''zim'' /tɕɪŋ¹/ || ''sir'' /ɕɛː(ɹ)¹/
| ''mir'' /mjɛː(ɹ)¹/ || ''jou'' /jəʊ¹/ || ''zime'' /tɕɪŋ²/ || ''ziarer'' /tɕɑː(ɹ)²/ || ''zime'' /tɕɪŋ²/ || ''unś'' /ũːɕ¹/ || ''jou'' /jəʊ¹/ || ''zim'' /tɕɪŋ¹/ || ''sir'' /ɕɛː(ɹ)¹/
|-
|-
! gen.
! poss.
| ''mīn'' /mɪ̃j¹/ || ''jour'' /jɛː(ɹ)¹, jə(ɹ)¹/ || ''zias'' /tɕəs¹/ || ''ziar'' /tɕɑː(ɹ)¹/ || ''zias'' /tɕəs¹/ || ''unsier'' /ũːɕə(ɹ)/ || ''jour'' /jɛː(ɹ)¹, jə(ɹ)¹/ || ''ziara'' /tɕɑː(ɹ)²/ || ''sīn'' /ɕɪ̃j¹/
| ''mīn'' /mɪ̃j¹/ || ''jour'' /jɛː(ɹ)¹, jə(ɹ)¹/ || ''zias'' /tɕəs¹/ || ''ziar'' /tɕɑː(ɹ)¹/ || ''zias'' /tɕəs¹/ || ''unsier'' /ũːɕə(ɹ)/ || ''jour'' /jɛː(ɹ)¹, jə(ɹ)¹/ || ''ziara'' /tɕɑː(ɹ)²/ || ''sīn'' /ɕɪ̃j¹/
|}
|}
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Most adjectives take ''-a'' (for hard stems) or ''-ie'' (for soft stems) if it is definite OR plural: cf.  
Most adjectives take ''-a'' (for hard stems) or ''-ie'' (for soft stems) if it is definite OR plural: cf.  


*''se liawa watnie'' 'the lukewarm water'
*''se liawa watinı'' 'the lukewarm water'
*''liau watnie'' 'lukewarm water'
*''liau watinı'' 'lukewarm water'
*''iś se watnie liau'' 'the water is lukewarm'
*''se watinı iś liau'' 'the water is lukewarm'
*''māra bāce'' 'big books'
*''māra bāce'' 'big books'
*''ir se bāce māra'' 'the books are big'
*''se bāce ir māra'' 'the books are big'


The comparative and superlatives are formed by the suffixes ''-ier'' and ''-sd'': ''suōt, suōtier, suōtsd'' 'sweet, sweeter, sweetest'.
The comparative and superlatives are formed by the suffixes ''-ier'' and ''-sd'': ''suōt, suōtier, suōtsd'' 'sweet, sweeter, sweetest'.
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| ''miciel'' /mɪt͡ɕəɫ/
| ''miciel'' /mɪt͡ɕəɫ/
| ''mēr'' /mɜː(ɹ)¹/
| ''mēr'' /mɜː(ɹ)¹/
| ''mēsd'' /məht¹/
| ''mēsd'' /mɤːht¹/
|}
|}


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====Thematic verbs====
====Thematic verbs====
=====-an verbs=====
=====-en verbs=====
This is the most productive class of verbs.
This is the most productive class of verbs.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''macan'' 'to make''''
|+ '''''maken'' 'to make''''
! tense || ''jac/niā'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum''  
! tense || ''jak/niā'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum''  
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''maca'' || ''macad''  
| ''make'' [maʔ²] || ''maked'' [maʔkʰə(ɹ)]
|-
|-
! past indicative
! past indicative
| ''macadie'' ||  ''macadie''
| ''makedie'' [maʔkʰɪj] ||  ''makedie'' [maʔkʰɪj]
|-
! past subjunctive
| ''macadi'' ||  ''macadi''  
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''maca!''
| ''-'' || ''mace!'' [maʔ²]
|-
|-
!colspan="4"|
!colspan="4"|
|-
|-
! present participle
! present participle
|colspan="2"| ''macand''
|colspan="2"| ''makend'' [maʔkʰənʔ]
|-
|-
! past participle
! past participle
|colspan="2"| ''macad''
|colspan="2"| ''makedie'' [maʔkʰɪj]
|}
|}


Also: ''liaufan'' 'love', ''lirnan'' 'learn'
Also: ''liaufen'' [ljaʊfən] 'love', ''lirnen'' [ljɛːnən] 'learn'


=====-in verbs=====
=====-ien verbs=====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''rēcin'' 'to reach''''
|+ '''''rēcen'' 'to reach''''
! tense || ''jac/niā'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum''  
! tense || ''jak/niā'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum''  
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''rēci'' ||  ''rēcid''  
| ''rēce'' [ɹɤːʔtʃ²] ||  ''rēced'' [ɹɤːʔtʃʰə(ɹ)]
|-
|-
! past indicative
! past indicative
| ''rēcidie'' ||  ''rēcidie''
| ''rēcedie'' [ɹɤːʔtʃʰɪj] ||  ''rēcedie'' [ɹɤːʔtʃʰɪj]
|-
! past subjunctive
| ''rēcidi'' || ''rēcidi''  
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''rēci!''  
| ''-'' || ''rēce!'' [ɹɤːʔtʃ²]
|-
|-
!colspan="4"|
!colspan="4"|
|-
|-
! present participle
! present participle
|colspan="2"| ''rēcind''
|colspan="2"| ''rēcend'' [ɹɤːʔtʃʰənʔ]
|-
|-
! past participle
! past participle
|colspan="2"| ''rēcid''
|colspan="2"| ''rēcedie'' [ɹɤːʔtʃʰɪj]
|}
|}


Also: ''arbēdin'' 'work'; ''haurin'' 'hear'; ''lērin'' 'teach'; ''sagin'' 'say'; ''ertalin'' 'tell, recount'; ''ranin'' 'run (transitive), execute, set into motion'
Also: ''arbēdien'' 'work'; ''haurien'' 'hear'; ''lērien'' 'teach'; ''sagien'' 'say'; ''ertalien'' 'tell, recount'; ''ranien'' 'run (transitive), execute, set into motion'


Verbs like e.g. ''bringin, bragtie, bragt'' 'bring'; ''bugin, bugtie, bugt'' 'buy'; ''zancin, zagtie, zagt'' - 'think' form a small subclass of the ''-in'' verbs.
Verbs like e.g. ''bringin, bragtie, bragt'' 'bring'; ''bugin, bugtie, bugt'' 'buy'; ''zancin, zagtie, zagt'' - 'think' form a small subclass of the ''-in'' verbs.
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|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''bītie'' ||  ''bītied''  
| ''bīte'' /piːʔ²/ ||  ''bīted'' /piːʔə(ɹ)/
|-
|-
! past indicative
! past indicative
| ''bēt'' ||  ''bēt''  
| ''bēt'' /pɤːʔ¹/ ||  ''bēt'' /pɤːʔ¹/
|-
|-
! past subjunctive
! past subjunctive
| ''biti'' || ''biti''  
| ''biti'' /pɪʔɪ/ || ''biti'' /pɪʔɪ/
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''bīt!''  
| ''-'' || ''bīt!'' /piːʔ²/
|-
|-
!colspan="4"|
!colspan="4"|
|-
|-
! present participle
! present participle
|colspan="3"| ''bītend''
|colspan="3"| ''bītend'' /piːʔənʔ/
|-
|-
! past participle
! past participle
|colspan="3"| ''biten''
|colspan="3"| ''biten'' /pɪʔən/
|}
|}
Also: ''sgīnen, sgēn, sginen'' 'shine', ''drīfen, drēf, drifen'' 'drive', ''clīfen, clēf, clifen'' 'stick, cling', ''rīten, rēt, riten'' 'write'
Also: ''sgīnen, sgēn, sginen'' 'shine', ''drīfen, drēf, drifen'' 'drive', ''clīfen, clēf, clifen'' 'stick, cling', ''rīten, rēt, riten'' 'write'


=====Strong class 2=====
=====Strong class 2=====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''ciausen'' 'to choose''''
|+ '''''fliaugen'' 'to fly, flee''''
! tense || ''jac/niā'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum''  
! tense || ''jak/niā'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum''  
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''ciausie'' ||  ''ciausied''  
| ''fliauge'' /tʃaʊs²/ ||  ''fliauged'' /tʃaʊsə(ɹ)/
|-
|-
! past indicative
! past indicative
| ''caus'' ||  ''caus''  
| ''flaug'' /ˈkʰaʊs¹/ ||  ''flaug'' /ˈkʰaʊs¹/
|-
|-
! past subjunctive
! past subjunctive
| ''curi'' ||  ''curi''  
| ''flugi'' /ˈkʰʊɹɪ/ ||  ''flugi'' /ˈkʰʊɹɪ/
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''ciaus!''  
| ''-'' || ''fliaug!'' /tʃaʊs²/
|-
|-
!colspan="4"|
!colspan="4"|
|-
|-
! present participle
! present participle
|colspan="2"| ''ciausend''
|colspan="2"| ''fliaugend'' / /tʃaʊsənʔ/
|-
|-
! past participle
! past participle
|colspan="2"| ''curen''
|colspan="2"| ''flugen'' /ˈkʰʊɹən/
|}
|}
Also: ''biauden, baud, buden'' 'offer, bid', ''biaugen, baug, bugen'' 'bow', ''fliaugen, flaug, flugen'' 'fly', ''fliawen, flau, fluwen'' 'flee, escape', ''friausen, fraus, fruren'' 'freeze'
Also: ''biauden, baud, buden'' 'offer, bid', ''biaugen, baug, bugen'' 'bow', ''fliaugen, , flugen'' 'fly', ''fliawen, flau, fluwen'' 'flee, escape', ''friausen, fraus, fruren'' 'freeze'


=====Strong class 3=====
=====Strong class 3=====
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==Syntax==
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Constituent order===
Word order is VSO, and VO in imperatives. Questions may use a question particle ''jez'' at the end, but this is optional.
Word order is SVO, and VO in imperatives. Questions may use a question particle ''jez'' at the end, but this is optional.


:'''''Iś sī mīn lēraŕ.'''''
:'''''Sī iś mīn lēraŕ.'''''
:''She is my teacher.''
:''She is my teacher.''


:'''''Giasdern giang jac bugin ubati.'''''
:'''''Giasdern jac giang bugin ubati.'''''
:''Yesterday I went to buy fruit.''
:''Yesterday I went to buy fruit.''


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Verbs are negated with ''nie'' placed before the verb:
Verbs are negated with ''nie'' placed before the verb:


:'''''Nie fersdanda jac huat sagid jūr.'''''
:'''''Jac nie fersdanda huat sagid jūr.'''''
:''I don't understand what you're saying.''
:''I don't understand what you're saying.''


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==Example texts==
==Example texts==
===Featured language banner===
===Featured language banner===
:'''''Was zis sbriakmāl ēns furrītid.'''''
:'''''Zis sbriakmāl was ēns furrigtid.'''''
:/tɕɪs sprʲaʔmɑːɫ was ɤ̃ːs foːrɪjtɪj/
:''This language was once featured.''
:''This language was once featured.''


:'''''Zank jas miātar fullikhētar, fīnhētar auk brūklikhētar stamnidie sum it ta furrītin.'''''
:'''''Zank zias miāt af fullikhēt, fīnhēt auk brūklikhēt, sum sdamnidie it ta furrigtin.'''''
:/tsãʔ tɕəs mjɑːʔ əʊ fʊlɪʔɤːʔ, fɪ̃jxɤːʔ aʊʔ bɹʊuʔlɪʔɤːʔ sʊŋ stamnɪj ɪʔ tə foːrɪjtɪŋ/
:''Thanks to its level of quality, plausibility and usage features, it has been voted as featured.''
:''Thanks to its level of quality, plausibility and usage features, it has been voted as featured.''


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