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Ufirlandisg: Difference between revisions
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===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
{{PAGENAME}} nouns do not inflect by case. Plurals are most often formed by tone change. Sometimes they are formed with ''- | {{PAGENAME}} nouns do not inflect by case. Plurals are most often formed by tone change: ''dal'' /tal1/ 'valley', ''dale'' /tal2/ 'valleys'. Sometimes they are formed with ''-r'' (which amounts to adding a word final schwa): ''name'' /nam2/ 'name', ''namer'' /namə/ 'names'. | ||
===Pronouns=== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
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====Thematic verbs==== | ====Thematic verbs==== | ||
=====- | =====-en verbs===== | ||
This is the most productive class of verbs. | This is the most productive class of verbs. | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | ||
|+ ''''' | |+ '''''maken'' 'to make'''' | ||
! tense || '' | ! tense || ''jak/niā'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present | ! present | ||
| '' | | ''make'' [maʔ²] || ''maked'' [maʔkʰə(ɹ)] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past indicative | ! past indicative | ||
| '' | | ''makedie'' [maʔkʰɪj] || ''makedie'' [maʔkʰɪj] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! imperative | ! imperative | ||
| ''-'' || '' | | ''-'' || ''mace!'' [maʔ²] | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="4"| | !colspan="4"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present participle | ! present participle | ||
|colspan="2"| '' | |colspan="2"| ''makend'' [maʔkʰənʔ] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past participle | ! past participle | ||
|colspan="2"| '' | |colspan="2"| ''makedie'' [maʔkʰɪj] | ||
|} | |} | ||
Also: '' | Also: ''liaufen'' [ljaʊfən] 'love', ''lirnen'' [ljɛːnən] 'learn' | ||
=====- | =====-ien verbs===== | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | ||
|+ ''''' | |+ '''''rēcen'' 'to reach'''' | ||
! tense || '' | ! tense || ''jak/niā'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present | ! present | ||
| '' | | ''rēce'' [ɹɤːʔtʃ²] || ''rēced'' [ɹɤːʔtʃʰə(ɹ)] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past indicative | ! past indicative | ||
| '' | | ''rēcedie'' [ɹɤːʔtʃʰɪj] || ''rēcedie'' [ɹɤːʔtʃʰɪj] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! imperative | ! imperative | ||
| ''-'' || '' | | ''-'' || ''rēce!'' [ɹɤːʔtʃ²] | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="4"| | !colspan="4"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present participle | ! present participle | ||
|colspan="2"| '' | |colspan="2"| ''rēcend'' [ɹɤːʔtʃʰənʔ] | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past participle | ! past participle | ||
|colspan="2"| '' | |colspan="2"| ''rēcedie'' [ɹɤːʔtʃʰɪj] | ||
|} | |} | ||
Also: '' | Also: ''arbēdien'' 'work'; ''haurien'' 'hear'; ''lērien'' 'teach'; ''sagien'' 'say'; ''ertalien'' 'tell, recount'; ''ranien'' 'run (transitive), execute, set into motion' | ||
Verbs like e.g. ''bringin, bragtie, bragt'' 'bring'; ''bugin, bugtie, bugt'' 'buy'; ''zancin, zagtie, zagt'' - 'think' form a small subclass of the ''-in'' verbs. | Verbs like e.g. ''bringin, bragtie, bragt'' 'bring'; ''bugin, bugtie, bugt'' 'buy'; ''zancin, zagtie, zagt'' - 'think' form a small subclass of the ''-in'' verbs. | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! present | ! present | ||
| '' | | ''bīte'' /piːʔ²/ || ''bīted'' /piːʔə(ɹ)/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past indicative | ! past indicative | ||
| ''bēt'' || ''bēt'' | | ''bēt'' /pɤːʔ¹/ || ''bēt'' /pɤːʔ¹/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past subjunctive | ! past subjunctive | ||
| ''biti'' || ''biti'' | | ''biti'' /pɪʔɪ/ || ''biti'' /pɪʔɪ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! imperative | ! imperative | ||
| ''-'' || ''bīt!'' | | ''-'' || ''bīt!'' /piːʔ²/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="4"| | !colspan="4"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present participle | ! present participle | ||
|colspan="3"| ''bītend'' | |colspan="3"| ''bītend'' /piːʔənʔ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past participle | ! past participle | ||
|colspan="3"| ''biten'' | |colspan="3"| ''biten'' /pɪʔən/ | ||
|} | |} | ||
Also: ''sgīnen, sgēn, sginen'' 'shine', ''drīfen, drēf, drifen'' 'drive', ''clīfen, clēf, clifen'' 'stick, cling', ''rīten, rēt, riten'' 'write' | Also: ''sgīnen, sgēn, sginen'' 'shine', ''drīfen, drēf, drifen'' 'drive', ''clīfen, clēf, clifen'' 'stick, cling', ''rīten, rēt, riten'' 'write' | ||
=====Strong class 2===== | =====Strong class 2===== | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px | ||
|+ ''''' | |+ '''''fliaugen'' 'to fly, flee'''' | ||
! tense || '' | ! tense || ''jak/niā'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present | ! present | ||
| '' | | ''fliauge'' /tʃaʊs²/ || ''fliauged'' /tʃaʊsə(ɹ)/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past indicative | ! past indicative | ||
| '' | | ''flaug'' /ˈkʰaʊs¹/ || ''flaug'' /ˈkʰaʊs¹/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past subjunctive | ! past subjunctive | ||
| '' | | ''flugi'' /ˈkʰʊɹɪ/ || ''flugi'' /ˈkʰʊɹɪ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! imperative | ! imperative | ||
| ''-'' || '' | | ''-'' || ''fliaug!'' /tʃaʊs²/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="4"| | !colspan="4"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present participle | ! present participle | ||
|colspan="2"| '' | |colspan="2"| ''fliaugend'' / /tʃaʊsənʔ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past participle | ! past participle | ||
|colspan="2"| '' | |colspan="2"| ''flugen'' /ˈkʰʊɹən/ | ||
|} | |} | ||
Also: ''biauden, baud, buden'' 'offer, bid', ''biaugen, baug, bugen'' 'bow', ''fliaugen, | Also: ''biauden, baud, buden'' 'offer, bid', ''biaugen, baug, bugen'' 'bow', ''fliaugen, , flugen'' 'fly', ''fliawen, flau, fluwen'' 'flee, escape', ''friausen, fraus, fruren'' 'freeze' | ||
=====Strong class 3===== | =====Strong class 3===== | ||