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[[Ufirlandisg/Lexicon]]


'''{{PAGENAME}}''' ({{PAGENAME}}: ''ufirlandisg māl'' [ˈʊfʲɛːɫantʲɪsk ˈmɑːɫ] "highland-ish"; from PGmc {{recon|ubiri-land-iskaz}}) is an alternate history Germanic language whose phonology is partly inspired by Mandarin, Burmese and RP. It is spoken in our world's Austria, and belongs to the Thedic branch of Germanic like its sister [[Thedish]].


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==TODO==
Let me try Sino-RP in Germanic.


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I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).
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III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.


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==Introduction==
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' (/ˈt͡ʃjəwtʲisk/; from PGmc {{recon|þiudiskaz}}) is a constructed Germanic language inspired by Mandarin and the Pfeunic language [[Qiēmxtier]].
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? -->
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<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
<!-- What sounds does your language use? -->
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:
Vowel inventory
Consonant inventory
Syllable structure
Stress
Intonation
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==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Orthography===
===Orthography===
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!colspan="2" | Labial
!colspan="2" | Labial
!colspan="2" | Dental/Alveolar
!colspan="2" | Dental/Alveolar
!rowspan="2" | Retroflex
!rowspan="2" | Palatal
!rowspan="2" | Palatal
!rowspan="2" | Velar
!rowspan="2" | Velar
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|-
|-
!colspan="2"| Nasal
!colspan="2"| Nasal
| '''m''' {{IPA|m}} || '''mı''' {{IPA|mʲ}}
| '''m''' {{IPA|m}} || '''m&#769;''' {{IPA|mʲ}}
| '''n''' {{IPA|n̪}} || '''nı''' {{IPA|nʲ}}
| '''n''' {{IPA|n̪}} || '''n&#769;''' {{IPA|nʲ}}
|
|  
|  
|  
|  
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!rowspan="2" | Stop<br/>/Affricate
!rowspan="2" | Stop<br/>/Affricate
!<small>tenuis</small>
!<small>tenuis</small>
| '''b''' {{IPA|p}} || '''bı''' {{IPA|pʲ}}
| '''b''' {{IPA|p}} || '''b&#769;''' {{IPA|pʲ}}
| '''d''' {{IPA|t̪}} || '''dı''' {{IPA|tʲ}}
| '''d''' {{IPA|t̪}}, '''z''' {{IPA|t̪s}} || '''d&#769;''' {{IPA|tʲ}}
| '''j''' {{IPA|tʃ}}
| '''dr''' {{IPA|tʂ}}
| '''z&#769;, g&#769;''' {{IPA|tɕ}}
| '''g''' {{IPA|k}}
| '''g''' {{IPA|k}}
|
|
|-
|-
!<small>aspirated</small>
!<small>aspirated</small>
| '''p''' {{IPA|pʰ}} || '''pı''' {{IPA|pʲʰ}}
| '''p''' {{IPA|pʰ}} || '''p&#769;''' {{IPA|pʲʰ}}
| '''t''' {{IPA|t̪ʰ}} || '''tı''' {{IPA|tʲʰ}}
| '''t''' {{IPA|t̪ʰ}} || '''t&#769;''' {{IPA|tʲʰ}}
| '''q''' {{IPA|tʃʰ}}
| '''tr''' {{IPA|tʂʰ}}
| '''k''' {{IPA|kʰ}}
| '''c&#769;''' {{IPA|tɕʰ}}
| '''c''' {{IPA|kʰ}}
|
|
|-
|-
!colspan="2"|Fricative
!colspan="2"|Fricative
| '''f''' {{IPA|f}} || '''fı''' {{IPA|fʲ}}
| '''f''' {{IPA|f}} || '''f&#769;''' {{IPA|fʲ}}
| '''s''' {{IPA|s}} ||  
| '''s''' {{IPA|s}} ||  
| '''x''' {{IPA|ʃ}}
| '''sr''' {{IPA|ʂ}}
| '''s&#769;''' {{IPA|ɕ}}
|
|
| '''h''' {{IPA|h}}
| '''h''' {{IPA|h}}
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!rowspan=2| Approximant
!rowspan=2| Approximant
!<small>central</small>
!<small>central</small>
| '''w''' {{IPA|w}} || '''yu''' {{IPA|ɥ}}
| '''w''' {{IPA|w}} || '''wi''' {{IPA|ɥ}}
|colspan="2"| '''r, rı''' {{IPA|ɹ}}
| ||
| '''y''' {{IPA|j}}  
| '''r''' {{IPA|ɹ}}
| '''j''' {{IPA|j}}  
|
|
|
|
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!<small>lateral</small>
!<small>lateral</small>
| ||
| ||
| '''l''' {{IPA|ɫ}} || '''lı''' {{IPA|ʎ}}
| '''l''' {{IPA|l~ɫ}} || '''l&#769;''' {{IPA|lʲ}}
|
|
|
|
|
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|}
|}


Jiudisg has an aspiration distinction in stops; however, the distinction is neutralized in word-final position.
{{PAGENAME}} has an aspiration distinction in stops; however, the distinction is neutralized in word-final position.
 
Glottal reinforcement is used, as in RP.
 
When consonants written with an acute accent is followed by a vowel, the acute accent is replaced with an ''i'' (except with /i/ and /iː/).


When consonants written with ı is followed by a vowel, the ı is replaced with an i (except with /i/ and /iː/).
* Broad /l/ is only dark in coda position


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
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|-
|-
! style="" |Close
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /i/, '''ü''' /y/
| '''i''' /i/, '''ü, ui''' /y/
| '''ī''' /iː/, '''ǖ''' /yː/
| '''ī''' /iː/, '''ǖ, uī''' /yː/
|  
|  
|  
|  
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|  
|  
| '''e''' /ə/
| '''e''' /ə/
| '''ē''' [ɘː]
|  
|  
|  
|  
| '''ē''' /ɤː/
|-
|-
! style="" |Mid
! style="" |Mid
|rowspan="2"|'''ie''' [ɛ]
|rowspan="2"|'''(i)a, (ü)e, (u)e''' [æ~ɛ]
|rowspan="2"|'''iē''' [ɛː]
|rowspan="2"|'''(i)ā, (ü)ē, (u)ē''' [æː~ɛː]
| [ə]
| [ə]
| '''er''' /ɜː/
|  
|  
|  
|  
| '''(u)ō''' /ɔː/
|-
|-
! style="" |Open
! style="" |Open
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|}
|}


Diphthongs: '''ai ei ao ou ar/ār ēr ier/īr/ir our/ūr/ur ür/üer/yuer''' /aɪ̯ eɪ̯ aʊ̯ əʊ̯ ɑə(ɹ) ɜː(ɹ) jɛə(ɹ) ɔə(ɹ) ɥœə(ɹ)/ (Note the linking r in r-colored vowels.)
Semivowel onglides: '''ü u''' /ɥ w/
 
Diphthongs: '''ai au iu''' /aj aw jəw/


In unstressed syllables, the hard vowels ''a, e'' correspond to the soft vowels ''ie/üe, i''.
===Tone===
Ufirlandisg, like Mandarin and Swedish, is a tonal language.
===Prosody===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Stress====
====Intonation====
Primary stress is word-initial except for certain prefixes. There is secondary stress in every compound word component.


===Phonotactics===
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
===Morphophonology===
==Morphology==
==Morphology==
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
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===Nouns===
===Nouns===
{{PAGENAME}} nouns have 2 numbers and 2 cases. The endings are fairly conservative. However, there has been some conflation between different declension paradigms. The nominative has merged with the accusative, and the dative with the genitive. The genitive is thus also used as a dative: ''Yak gab se fraoyuer en apel.'' /jak kap sə ˈfɹawɥœəɹ ən ˈapʰəɫ/ 'I gave the woman an apple.'  
{{PAGENAME}} nouns do not inflect by case. Plurals are most often formed by tone change: ''dal'' /tal1/ 'valley', ''dale'' /tal2/ 'valleys'. Sometimes they are formed with ''-r'' (which amounts to adding a word final schwa): ''name'' /nam2/ 'name', ''namer'' /namə/ 'names'.
 
===Pronouns===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
! rowspan=2 | case || rowspan=2 | 1sg. || rowspan=2 | 2sg. || colspan=3 | 3sg. || rowspan=2 | 1pl. || rowspan=2 | 2pl. || rowspan="2" | 3pl. || rowspan="2" | reflexive
|-
! 'he' || 'she' || 'it'
|-
! nom.
| ''jac'' /jaʔ¹/ || ''jūr'' /joː(ɹ)¹/ || ''ir'' /ɛː(ɹ)¹/ || ''sī'' /ɕɪj¹/ || ''it'' /jɪʔ¹/ || ''sum'' /sʊŋ¹/ || ''jūr'' /joː(ɹ)¹/ || ''niā'' /njɑː(ɹ)¹/ || ''-''
|-
! acc.
| ''mic'' /mɪʔ¹/ || ''jou'' /jəʊ¹/ || ''zina'' /tɕɪŋ²/ || ''zije'' /tɕɪj²/ || ''it'' /jɪʔ¹/ || ''unś'' /ũːɕ¹/ || ''jou'' /jəʊ¹/ || ''ziā'' /tɕɑː(ɹ)¹/ || ''sic'' /ɕɪʔ¹/
|-
! dat.
| ''mir'' /mjɛː(ɹ)¹/ || ''jou'' /jəʊ¹/ || ''zime'' /tɕɪŋ²/ || ''ziarer'' /tɕɑː(ɹ)²/ || ''zime'' /tɕɪŋ²/ || ''unś'' /ũːɕ¹/ || ''jou'' /jəʊ¹/ || ''zim'' /tɕɪŋ¹/ || ''sir'' /ɕɛː(ɹ)¹/
|-
! poss.
| ''mīn'' /mɪ̃j¹/ || ''jour'' /jɛː(ɹ)¹, jə(ɹ)¹/ || ''zias'' /tɕəs¹/ || ''ziar'' /tɕɑː(ɹ)¹/ || ''zias'' /tɕəs¹/ || ''unsier'' /ũːɕə(ɹ)/ || ''jour'' /jɛː(ɹ)¹, jə(ɹ)¹/ || ''ziara'' /tɕɑː(ɹ)²/ || ''sīn'' /ɕɪ̃j¹/
|}
 
===Adjectives===
Most adjectives take ''-a'' (for hard stems) or ''-ie'' (for soft stems) if it is definite OR plural: cf.
 
*''se liawa watinı'' 'the lukewarm water'
*''liau watinı'' 'lukewarm water'
*''se watinı iś liau'' 'the water is lukewarm'
*''māra bāce'' 'big books'
*''se bāce ir māra'' 'the books are big'
 
The comparative and superlatives are formed by the suffixes ''-ier'' and ''-sd'': ''suōt, suōtier, suōtsd'' 'sweet, sweeter, sweetest'.
 
There are a few irregular adjectives, which are listed in the table below.
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! Meaning
! Positive
! Comparative
! Superlative
|-
! "good"
| ''gād'' /kɑː²/
| ''batier'' /patjə(ɹ)/
| ''basd'' /paht¹/
|-
! "bad"
| ''druk'' /tʂʊʔ¹/
| ''wirsier'' /ɥœːɕə(ɹ)/
| ''wirsd'' /ɥœːht¹/
|-
! "many"
| ''miciel'' /mɪt͡ɕəɫ/
| ''mēr'' /mɜː(ɹ)¹/
| ''mēsd'' /mɤːht¹/
|}
 
===Verbs===
Verbs have three paradigms: athematic stems, thematic a-stems and thematic i-stems.
 
Most verbs have three principal parts: the present stem (remove the -n from the infinitive), the past stem and the past participle. The past subjunctive always uses the past participle stem.
 
====Thematic verbs====
=====-en verbs=====
This is the most productive class of verbs.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''maken'' 'to make''''
! tense || ''jak/niā'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum''
|-
! present
| ''make'' [maʔ²] || ''maked'' [maʔkʰə(ɹ)]
|-
! past indicative
| ''makedie'' [maʔkʰɪj] ||  ''makedie'' [maʔkʰɪj]
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''mace!'' [maʔ²]
|-
!colspan="4"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="2"| ''makend'' [maʔkʰənʔ]
|-
! past participle
|colspan="2"| ''makedie'' [maʔkʰɪj]
|}
 
Also: ''liaufen'' [ljaʊfən] 'love', ''lirnen'' [ljɛːnən] 'learn'
 
=====-ien verbs=====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''rēcen'' 'to reach''''
! tense || ''jak/niā'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum''
|-
! present
| ''rēce'' [ɹɤːʔtʃ²] ||  ''rēced'' [ɹɤːʔtʃʰə(ɹ)]
|-
! past indicative
| ''rēcedie'' [ɹɤːʔtʃʰɪj] ||  ''rēcedie'' [ɹɤːʔtʃʰɪj]
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''rēce!'' [ɹɤːʔtʃ²]
|-
!colspan="4"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="2"| ''rēcend'' [ɹɤːʔtʃʰənʔ]
|-
! past participle
|colspan="2"| ''rēcedie'' [ɹɤːʔtʃʰɪj]
|}
 
Also: ''arbēdien'' 'work'; ''haurien'' 'hear'; ''lērien'' 'teach'; ''sagien'' 'say'; ''ertalien'' 'tell, recount'; ''ranien'' 'run (transitive), execute, set into motion'
 
Verbs like e.g. ''bringin, bragtie, bragt'' 'bring'; ''bugin, bugtie, bugt'' 'buy'; ''zancin, zagtie, zagt'' - 'think' form a small subclass of the ''-in'' verbs.
 
====Athematic verbs====
=====Weak=====
 
=====Strong class 1=====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''bīten'' 'to bite''''
! tense || ''jac/niā'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum''
|-
! present
| ''bīte'' /piːʔ²/ ||  ''bīted'' /piːʔə(ɹ)/
|-
! past indicative
| ''bēt'' /pɤːʔ¹/ ||  ''bēt'' /pɤːʔ¹/
|-
! past subjunctive
| ''biti'' /pɪʔɪ/ || ''biti'' /pɪʔɪ/
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''bīt!'' /piːʔ²/
|-
!colspan="4"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="3"| ''bītend'' /piːʔənʔ/
|-
! past participle
|colspan="3"| ''biten'' /pɪʔən/
|}
Also: ''sgīnen, sgēn, sginen'' 'shine', ''drīfen, drēf, drifen'' 'drive', ''clīfen, clēf, clifen'' 'stick, cling', ''rīten, rēt, riten'' 'write'


The indefinite article is indeclinable: ''e'' is used before consonants and ''en'' before vowels. The definite article is likewise always ''se''.
=====Strong class 2=====
====a-stems====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
Also includes the an-stem nouns (which have regularized their declension).
|+ '''''fliaugen'' 'to fly, flee''''
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
! tense || ''jak/niā'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum''
! colspan="3" | a-stem: ''dal'' 'valley'
|-
! present
| ''fliauge'' /tʃaʊs²/ ||  ''fliauged'' /tʃaʊsə(ɹ)/
|-
! past indicative
| ''flaug'' /ˈkʰaʊs¹/ ||  ''flaug'' /ˈkʰaʊs¹/
|-
! past subjunctive
| ''flugi'' /ˈkʰʊɹɪ/ ||  ''flugi'' /ˈkʰʊɹɪ/
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''fliaug!'' /tʃaʊs²/
|-
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case
!colspan="4"|
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
|-
! Nominative
! present participle
| ''dal'' || ''dale''  
|colspan="2"| ''fliaugend'' / /tʃaʊsənʔ/
|-
|-
! Genitive
! past participle
| ''dale'' || ''dalem''  
|colspan="2"| ''flugen'' /ˈkʰʊɹən/
|}
|}
Also: ''biauden, baud, buden'' 'offer, bid', ''biaugen, baug, bugen'' 'bow', ''fliaugen, , flugen'' 'fly', ''fliawen, flau, fluwen'' 'flee, escape', ''friausen, fraus, fruren'' 'freeze'


=====Strong class 3=====


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
! colspan="3" | an-stem: ''namen'' 'name'
|+ '''''binden'' 'to tie, to bind''''
! tense || ''jac/niā'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum''  
|-
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case
! present
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
| ''bindie'' || ''bindied''
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
|-
! Nominative
! past indicative
| ''namen'' || ''namne''  
| ''band'' || ''band''  
|-
|-
! Genitive
! past subjunctive
| ''namne'' || ''namnem''  
| ''bundi'' || ''bundi''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''bind!''
|-
!colspan="7"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="4"| ''bindend''
|-
! past participle
|colspan="4"| ''bunden''
|}
|}
====Vowel stems====
This class also includes the former ō-stems and u-stems (whose stems end in a hard consonant) and former i-stems, īn-stems and z-stems (whose stems end in a soft consonant).


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
Also: ''bieginen, biegan, biegunen'' 'begin'; ''drincen, dranc, druncen'' 'drink'; ''finzen, fanz, funzen'' 'find'; ''grinden, grand, grunden'' 'grind'; ''rinen, ran, runen'' 'run'; ''sbringen, sbrang, sbrungen'' 'burst, explode'; ''simben, samb, sumben'' 'sing'; ''wierpen, warp, wurpen'' 'throw'; ''źrimben, zramb, zrumben'' 'press, force, push through'
! colspan="3" | ō-stem: ''nasa'' 'nose'
 
=====Strong class 4=====
In {{PAGENAME}}, Proto-Germanic class 3b strong verbs have merged with class 4 strong verbs.
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''biaren'' 'to carry''''
! tense || ''jac/niā'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum''
|-
! present
| ''biarie'' ||  ''biaried''
|-
! past indicative
| ''bar'' || ''bar''
|-
! past subjunctive
| ''buri'' || ''buri''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''biar!''  
|-
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case
!colspan="4"|
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
|-
! Nominative
! present participle
| ''nasa'' || ''nasar''  
|colspan="2"| ''biarend''
|-
|-
! Genitive
! past participle
| ''nasar'' || ''nasam''  
|colspan="2"| ''buren''
|}
|}
Also: ''briaken, brak, bruken'' 'break', ''niamen, nam, numen'' 'take', ''piamen, pam, pumen'' 'come', ''sbriaken, sbrak, sbruken'' 'speak', ''sdialen, sdal, sdulen'' 'steal', ''hialpen, halp, hulpen'' 'help', ''driasg, drasg, drusgen'' 'thresh', ''sdiarf, sdarf, sdurfen'' 'die'


=====Strong class 5=====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''giafen'' 'to give''''
! tense || ''jac/niā'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum''
|-
! present
| ''giafie'' ||  ''giafied''
|-
! past indicative
| ''gaf'' ||  ''gaf''
|-
! past subjunctive
| ''giafi'' ||  ''giafi''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''giaf!''
|-
!colspan="4"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="3"| ''giafend''
|-
! past participle
|colspan="3"| ''giafen''
|}
Also: ''driapen, drap, driapen'' 'hit, meet', ''fergiaten, fergat, fergiaten'' 'forget', ''liasen, las, liaren'' 'read', ''siawen, saw, siawen'' 'see'. There are also the j-present verbs ''bidin, bad, biaden'' 'beg, pray', ''ligin, lag, liagen'' 'lie'


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
=====Strong class 6=====
! colspan="3" | u-stem: ''xuda'' 'custom'
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''grafen'' 'to dig''''
! tense || ''jac/niā'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum''
|-
! present
| ''grafie'' || ''grafied''  
|-
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case
! past indicative
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
| ''grāf'' ||  ''grāf''
! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
|-
! Nominative
! past subjunctive
| ''xuda'' || ''xudar''  
| ''grafi'' || ''grafi''  
|-
|-
! Genitive
! imperative
| ''xudar'' || ''xudam''  
| ''-'' || ''graf!''
|-
!colspan="4"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="3"| ''grafend''
|-
! past participle
|colspan="3"| ''grafen''
|}
|}
Also: ''faren, fār, faren'' 'spread', ''slagen, slāg, slagen'' 'strike', ''sdanden, sdānd, sdanden'' 'stand', ''wagsen, wāgs, wagsen'' 'grow', ''wasgen, wāsg, wasgen'' 'wash', ''jaten, jāt, jaten'' 'eat' (reclassified from class 5)
=====Strong class 7=====
''hēten, hīt, hīten'' - to be called
''laupen, liaup, liaupen'' - to jump, leap
''sdauten, sdiaut, sdiauten'' - to bump, collide, crash
''hald, hiald, hialden'' - to hold
''liāten, līt, liāten'' - to let


''siān, siādie, siād'' - to sow (regularized)
====Preterite-present verbs====
=====''witen'' 'to know'=====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''witen'' 'to know''''
! tense || ''jac/jūr/ir/sī/it/sum/niā''
|-
! present indicative
| ''wōt''
|-
! present subjunctive
| ''witi''
|-
! past indicative
| ''wisdie''
|-
! past subjunctive
| ''wisdi''
|-
! imperative
| ''wit!'' 
|-
!colspan="3"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="2"| ''witend''
|-
! past participle
|colspan="2"| ''wisd''
|}


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
=====''cunen'' 'can, be able to'=====
! colspan="3" | i-stem: ''geburjie'' 'birth'
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''cunen'' 'can''''
! tense || ''jac/jūr/ir/sī/it/sum/niā''
|-
! present indicative
| ''can''  
|-
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case
! present subjunctive
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
| ''cuni''
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
|-
! Nominative
! past indicative
| ''geburjie'' || ''geburjier''  
| ''cundie''  
|-
|-
! Genitive
! past subjunctive
| ''geburjier'' || ''geburjiem''  
| ''cundi''  
|}
|}


Similarly ''sgulen'' 'should', ''zurfen'' 'have to'.


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
=====''magen'' 'may'=====
! colspan="3" | īn-stem: ''lanjinie'' 'length'
The present forms of this verb are derived from PGmc {{recon|''maganą''}} (~ Eng. ''may'', ''might''), and the past forms are from PGmc {{recon|''mōtaną''}} (~ Eng. ''must'').
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''magen'' 'may''''
! tense || ''jac/jūr/ir/sī/it/sum/niā''  
|-
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case
! present indicative
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
| ''mag''
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
|-
! Nominative
! present subjunctive
| ''lanjinie'' || ''lanjinier''  
| ''magi''  
|-
|-
! Genitive
! past indicative
| ''lanjinier'' || ''lanjiniem''  
| ''māsdie''  
|-
! past subjunctive
| ''māsdi''  
|}
|}


====Other irregular verbs====
=====''wilen'' 'want to, will'=====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''wilen'' 'want to, will''''
! tense || ''jac/niā'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum''
|-
! present indicative
| ''wī'' ||  ''wīd''
|-
! present subjunctive
| ''wili'' ||  ''wilid''
|-
! past indicative
| ''wildie'' ||  ''wildie''
|-
! past subjunctive
| ''wildi'' ||  ''wildi''
|}


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
=====''biaun'' 'be'=====
! colspan="3" | z-stem: ''lambie'' 'lamb'
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''biaun'' 'to be''''
! tense || ''jac'' || ''jūr'' || ''ir/sī/it'' || ''sum'' || ''niā''
|-
! present indicative
| ''im'' || ''ired''/''ir'' || ''iś'' || ''irem''/''ir'' || ''ir''
|-
! present subjunctive
| ''sije'' || ''sijed'' || ''sijed'' ||  ''sijed'' || ''sije''
|-
! past indicative
| ''was'' || ''wiēra'' || ''was'' || ''wiēra'' || ''wiēra''  
|-
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case
! past subjunctive
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
| ''wiēri'' || ''wiēri'' || ''wiēri'' || ''wiēri'' || ''wiēri''
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
|-
! Nominative
! imperative
| ''lambie'' || ''lambier''  
| ''-'' || ''biau!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''-''  
|-
|-
! Genitive
!colspan="6"|
| ''lambier'' || ''lambiem''  
|-
! present participle
|colspan="5"| ''wiesend''
|-
! past participle
|colspan="5"| ''wiēren''
|}
|}


====r-stems====
=====''han'' 'have (auxiliary)'=====
This class includes only these kinship terms: ''fadier'' 'father', ''mādier'' 'mother', ''brājier'' (gen. sg. ''brāzra'') 'brother', ''dūtier'' 'daughter', ''xuextier'' (gen. sg. ''xuestra'') 'sister'.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''han'' 'to have (auxiliary)''''
! tense || ''jac/niā'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum''
|-
! present indicative
| ''ha'' ||  ''had''
|-
! present subjunctive
| ''hafi'' ||  ''hafid''
|-
! past indicative
| ''hadie'' ||  ''hadie''
|-
! past subjunctive
| ''hadi'' ||  ''hadi''  
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''ha!''  
|-
!colspan="4"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="3"| ''hafind''
|-
! past participle
|colspan="3"| ''had''
|}


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
=====''dān'' 'do'=====
! colspan="3" | r-stem: ''fadier'' 'father'
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''dān'' 'to do''''
! tense || ''jac/niā'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum''  
|-
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case
! present
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
| ''dā'' ||  ''dād''
! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
|-
! Nominative
! past indicative
| ''fadier'' || ''fadrar''  
| ''diadie'' || ''diadie''  
|-
|-
! Genitive
! past subjunctive
| ''fadrar'' || ''fadram''  
| ''diadi'' || ''diadi''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''dā!''
|-
!colspan="4"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="3"| ''dānd''
|-
! past participle
|colspan="3"| ''dān''
|}
|}


===Pronouns===
=====''gān'' 'go'=====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
! rowspan=2 | case || rowspan=2 | 1sg. || rowspan=2 | 2sg. || colspan=3 | 3sg. || rowspan=2 | 1pl. || rowspan=2 | 2pl. || rowspan="2" | 3pl. || rowspan="2" | reflexive
|+ '''''gān'' 'to go''''
! tense || ''jac/niā'' || ''jūr/ir/sī/it/sum''
|-
! present indicative
| ''gā'' || ''gād''
|-
! past indicative
| ''giang'' || ''giang''
|-
|-
! 'he' || 'she' || 'it'  
! past subjunctive
| ''giangi'' || ''giangi''  
|-
|-
! nom.
! imperative
| ''yak'' || ''zū'' || ''ir'' || ''xī'' || ''it'' || ''wīr'' || ''yūr'' || ''yā'' || ''-''
| ''-'' || ''gā!''  
|-
|-
! acc.
!colspan="4"|
| ''mik'' || ''jik'' || ''ina'' || ''iya'' || ''it'' || ''unx'' || ''youwe'' || ''yā'' || ''xik''
|-
|-
! dat.
! present participle
| ''mir'' || ''jir'' || ''ime'' || ''yar'' || ''ime'' || ''unx'' || ''youwe'' || ''imi'' || ''xir''
|colspan="3"| ''gānd''
|-
|-
! gen.
! past participle
| ''mīn'' || ''jīn'' || ''yas'' || ''yare'' || ''yas'' || ''unxier'' || ''your'' || ''yara'' || ''xīn''
|colspan="3"| ''giangen''
|}
|}


===Adjectives===
Also: ''fān'' - to get, to obtain
Most adjectives take ''-e'' if it is definite or plural: ''se liaoyue watinie'' 'the lukewarm water' vs. ''liao watinie'' 'lukewarm water' vs. ''se watinie ixtı liao'' 'the water is lukewarm'.
 
===Derivational morphology===
*''and-'': 'de-, dis-'
*''bie-'': "be-", forms applicatives
**''biecrīten'' 'complain about' < ''crīten'' 'complain'
**''bierīten'' 'describe' < ''rīten'' 'write'
**''biesingen'' 'praise' < ''singen'' 'sing'
*''-bier'': '-able'
**''jatebier'' 'edible' < ''jaten'' 'to eat'
*''er-'': telic, ~ German ''er-''
*''fer-'': "for-"
**''ferwundran'' 'surprise, amaze' < ''wunder'' 'wonder, miracle'
*''fur-'': "fore-"
*''-ful'': "-ful"
*''ge-''
**''gebiaren'' 'give birth' < ''biaren'' 'bear, carry'
*''-hēd'': -ness, -hood
*''-ig'': forms adjectives from nouns
*''-laus'': "-less"
*''-ling'': "-ling"
*''-lik'': "-ly"; forms adjectives from nouns
**''wurdlik'' 'literal' < ''wurd'' 'word'
*''mis-'': "mis-"
*''-nes'': forms nouns from verbs
*''-sam'': "-some"
*''un-'': "un-" (negation or opposite)
**''unrāwa'' 'unrest, unease'
*''-unga'': forms nouns from verbs
**''hētiunga'' 'heating' < ''hētin'' 'to heat'
 
===Prepositions===
Like in German, prepositions govern certain defined cases and change meaning based on the case of the noun. Prepositions may govern the nominative (accusative for pronouns) or the genitive (dative for pronouns). Ordinals are formed with the suffix ''-za''.


The comparative and superlatives are likewise normal adjectives: ''liaoyuer'' 'more lukewarm', ''liaoyuest'' 'most lukewarm'.
*''an'' = (+ acc) onto; (+ dat) on
*''fur'' = (+ acc) for; (+ dat) before
*''gagin'' = (+ acc) against
*''in'' = (+ acc) into; (+ dat) in
*''mid́'' = (+ dat) with
*''ta'' = (+ dat) to, towards
*''tuigs'' (+ acc/dat for movement resp. location) between
*''ufir'' = (+ acc/dat for movement resp. location) across, over
*''undier'' = (+ acc/dat for movement resp. location) under, between, among
*''wizer'' = (+ acc) at, next to, by
*''zank'' = (+ dat) thanks to


===Verbs===
===Numbers===
Base-120 system.
*1: ''ēn'' /ɤːn/ (ordinal ''ērsd'')
*2: ''tuō'' /tʰwɔː/ (ordinal ''anzier'')
*3: ''zrī'' /tsrʲiː/
*4: ''fiur'' /fʲʊr/
*5: ''finf'' /fʲinf/
*6: ''siags'' /ʃaks/
*7: ''süef'' /ʃɥœf/
*8: ''agta'' /ˈaːktʰa/
*9: ''niaun'' /nʲaun/
*10: ''tiaun'' /tʲʰaun/
*11: ''ēnlif''
*12: ''tuōlif''
*13: ''zrītiun''
*14: ''fiurtiun''
*15: ''finftiun''
*16: ''siagstiun''
*17: ''süeftiun''
*18: ''agtiun''
*19: ''niauntiun''
*20: ''tuōntig''
*30: ''zrītig''
*40: ''fiurtig''
*50: ''finftig''
*60: ''siagstig''
*70: ''süeftig''
*80: ''agtig''
*90: ''niauntig''
*100: ''tiauntig''
*110: ''ēnliftig''
*120: ''hundrad''
*14400: ''zūsand́''


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Constituent order===
Word order is SVO, and VO in imperatives. Questions may use a question particle ''jez'' at the end, but this is optional.
:'''''Sī iś mīn lēraŕ.'''''
:''She is my teacher.''
:'''''Giasdern jac giang bugin ubati.'''''
:''Yesterday I went to buy fruit.''
:'''''Nie wōt jūr zat jez?'''''
:''Don't you know that?''
:'''''Jat sīn krūtsakar!'''''
:''Eat your vegetables!''
Verbs are negated with ''nie'' placed before the verb:
:'''''Jac nie fersdanda huat sagid jūr.'''''
:''I don't understand what you're saying.''
===Noun phrase===
===Noun phrase===
Both adjectives and genitives follow nouns.
===Verb phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
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==Example texts==
==Example texts==
===Featured language banner===
:'''''Zis sbriakmāl was ēns furrigtid.'''''
:/tɕɪs sprʲaʔmɑːɫ was ɤ̃ːs foːrɪjtɪj/
:''This language was once featured.''
:'''''Zank zias miāt af fullikhēt, fīnhēt auk brūklikhēt, sum sdamnidie it ta furrigtin.'''''
:/tsãʔ tɕəs mjɑːʔ əʊ fʊlɪʔɤːʔ, fɪ̃jxɤːʔ aʊʔ bɹʊuʔlɪʔɤːʔ sʊŋ stamnɪj ɪʔ tə foːrɪjtɪŋ/
:''Thanks to its level of quality, plausibility and usage features, it has been voted as featured.''
==Phrasebook==
*''Gād murgen!'' [kaːt ˈmʊrkɨn] - Good morning!
*''Gād dag!'' [kaːt tak] - Hello! Good day!
*''Gād üēfend!'' [kaːt ˈɥœːfɨnt] - Good evening!
*''Gād nātie!'' [kaːt ˈnaːtʰʲɛ] - Good night!
*''Wialkumen!'' [ˈɥœɫkʰʊmɨn] - Welcome!
*''Hēta jac...'' [ˈhɤːtʰa jak...] - My name is...
*''Zanke!'' [tsaŋkʰə] - Thank you!
*''Mir/Unś iś rǖ.'' [mʲɪr/ʊnʃ ɪʃ rʲyː] - I'm/We're sorry.
*''Nie sbriaka jac {{PAGENAME}}.'' - I don't speak {{PAGENAME}}.
==Other resources==
==Other resources==
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
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[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Germanic languages]]
[[Category:Indo-European languages]]
[[Category:Lõis]]
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