User:Aleisi Galan/Sabian-Evolution

Main Page: user:Aleisi Galan This page covers the evolution of a Polish-Carpathian based Romance language with a large amount of Slavic influence and a divergent evolution both in vocabulary and grammar. It covers the evolution in stages, with both the phonological and morphological covered.

Phonological Evolution of Sabian

Vulgar Latin to Proto Sabian: 400 AD - 700 AD

Consonants and Clusters

Vulgar Latin to Proto-Sabian
entry	result	condition (I/A)
h	Ø	all
nct, mpt	nt	all
gn	ɲ	all
{sc, cc}, gg	ʃt͡ʃ, zd͡z	before front vowels
c, ch	t͡ʃ	word initially, before front vowels
p, b, t, d, c, m	Ø	word finally
pr, br, tr, dr, cr, gr	draw stressed position forwards	polysyllabic
p, b	v	intervocalically, p-sporadic
sp, st, sk	jьsp, jьst, jьsk	word initially

Vowels

Vulgar Latin to Proto-Sabian
entry	result	condition (I/A)	category
ī	raises prev. vowel	all	N/A
V	V:	stressed	N/A
V:	V	unstressed	N/A
ā, a	a	all	back
e, æ	e	all	front
e	ě	stressed	front
e	ь	else	front
oV	o	all	back
o	uo	stressed, open	back
o	o	stressed, else	back
o	o, ъ	unstressed	back
ē, i, œ, y	e	stressed	front
ē	ь	unstressed	front
ē, e, i, ī, ȳ	j	next to vowels	approximant
u	ō	all	back
ō	ō	stressed	back
ō	ъ	unstressed	back
ī, ȳ	i	all	front
ū	vy	word initially	back
ū	y	else	back

Vowel Raising

Proto-Slavic to Proto-Sabian
entry	result	condition (I/A)	category
a	ä	when raised	back
e	i	when raised	front
i	i:	when raised	treated as i
o	ö	when raised	front
u	ü	when raised	back

Loans from Proto-Slavic

Proto-Slavic to Proto-Sabian
entry	result	condition (I/A)
z	s	all, ! intervocalic
ž	d͡z	all
ť, ď	t͡s, d͡z	all
x	s	all

Proto-Sabian to Old-Sabian: 700 AD - 1300 AD

Nasal, Approximant, and Liquid Diphthongs

Proto-Sabian to Old-Sabian
entry	result	condition (I/A)	category
am, an	ję	initial, closed syllables	front
am, an	ǫ	else, closed syllables	back
em, en, im, in	ję	initial, closed syllables	front
em, en, im, in	ę	else, closed syllables	front
om, on, um, un, ǫ	vę	initial, closed syllables	front
om, on, um, un, ǫ	ǫ	else, closed syllables	back
au	u	word initially, finally	back
au	av	word internally	back
ai, aji	ě	all	front
ei, eji, iji, ьji	ji	all	front
ua, uě, ue, uę	va, vě ve vę	all	back, front
uo, uu	u	all, <ó>	back
ui	y	all	back
or, ol	ra, la	all, closed syllables	back
er, el, ěr, ěl	re, le, rě, lě	all, closed syllables	front
ur, ul, ir, il	vr̩, vl̩, vr̩, vl̩'	initial, closed syllables	back
ur, ul, ir, il	r̩, l̩, r̩, l̩'	else, closed syllables	back

Vowels

Proto-Sabian to Old-Sabian
entry	result	condition (I/A)	category
jō, jo	je	all	front
ō	u	all	back
a	jě	after j, stressed-initial	front
a	o	closed-stressed, all-unstressed, ! final	back
ъ	vъ	initially	back
ъ	ь	after j	front
e, ě, i, ь	je, jě, ji, jь	initially	front
e, ě, i, ь, ö	je, jě, ji, jь, jö	after all consonants	front

Consonants and Clusters

Proto-Sabian to Old-Sabian
entry	result	condition (I/A)
vě	gia	initial
plV	giV	initial
Vns, Vs	V:, Vʃ	word finally
Vns	V:s	else
sp st sk	ʃp ʃt ʃk	before back vowels and syllabics
s	z	intervocalically
x, cs, ps, bs, ss, rs	s	all
mn(j), nьm, mьn	n(j), nj	all, ! final
pt, bt, kt	t, t, x(t)	all
reduplicated syllabes	collapse, lengthen vowel	all

Old-Sabian to Early-Modern-Sabian: 1300 AD - 1600 AD

Vowels

Old-Sabian to Early-Modern-Sabian
entry	result	condition (I/A)	category
a	ja	initial	back
jь	i	strong, ! initially	front
jь	Ø	weak	null
ь	je	strong	front
ь	j	final, weak	front
ь	Ø	else	null
ъ	ë	strong	front
ъ	Ø	else, compulsary lengthening of prev vowel	null
r̩	ar	all	back
ŕ̩	ar	before hard alveolars	back
ŕ̩	jeʂ	else	back
l̩	oɫ	after labials	back
l̩, ĺ̩	ɫu	after alveolars	back
l̩	eɫ	after velars	front
ĺ̩	jeɫ	after labials, before alveolars	front
ĺ̩	jiɫ	after labials, else	front
ĺ̩	joɫ	after velars, postalveolars	back
ę	Ø	word finally	null
ji	i	word initially, after vowels	null
ě	a	all	back

Consonants and Clusters

Old-Sabian to Early-Modern-Sabian
entry	result	condition (I/A)
lj	ʎ	all
rj	ʂ	all
kj, gj	t͡ʃ, d͡z	all
tj, dj	t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ	all
sj zj	ɕ ʑ	all
sʂ	ʂ	all
nj	ɲ	all

Early-Modern-Sabian to Modern-Sabian: 1600 AD - ~2000 AD

Vowels

Old-Sabian to Early-Modern-Sabian
entry	result	condition (I/A)	category
e, e:	o, o:	before hard alveolars	back
ę, ę:	e, e:	all	front
ǫ:	u:	all	back
ǫ	e	all	front
y, y:	i, i:	all	front
ë, ë:	e, e:	all	front
ä, ä:	ɛ, ɛ:	all	front
ö, ö:	ɛ, ɛ:	all	front
ü, ü:	i, i:	all	front

Vowel-Laxing

Old-Sabian to Early-Modern-Sabian
entry	result	condition (I/A)	category
V	V:	open-stressed and/or monosyllabic	front
a:, a	a:, ɐ	all	back
ɐ	a	stressed	back
e:, e	e:, ɛ	all	front
i:, i	i:, ɪ	all	back
o:, o	o:, ɔ	all	front
u:, u	u:, ʊ	all	front
V:	V	before clusters, afficates	front

Consonants and Clusters

Early-Modern-Sabian to Modern-Sabian
entry	result	condition (I/A)
nasals	assimilate	all
C(voiced)C(voiceless)	C(voiceless)C(voiceless)	all
C(voiceless)C(voiced)	C(voiceless)C(voiced)	all
C(voiced)	C(voiceless)	word finally
C(regular)C(palatal)	C(palatal)C(palatal)	all
clusters	simplify	sporadically
kv, gv	sf	all
(affricate)S	(fricative)S	all
l, ɫ, v	w	coda
ʂ, ʐ	ʃ, ʒ	all
s	Ø	finally, lengthen previous vowel

Phonology and Orthography of Sabian

The phonology and orthography of Modern-Sabian as finalised in the year 1934 after a period of standardisation following the end of WW1. The 1934 orthography effectively served to regularise the mediaeval spellings of Sabian words, in turn based off of mediaeval Polish, and as such is similar to modern Polish orthography while retaining many archaic features that have since been lost elsewhere.

Consonant Phonology

• The consonant on the left is "hard", while the consonant on the right is "soft". If only one consonant is present, it is probably only soft.

Phonology of Modern-Sabian
Category	bilabial	alveolar	palato-alveolar	post-alveolar	velar
nasal	m (mʲ)	n (ɲ)	ɲ		(ŋ)
v+plosive	b (bʲ)	d (d͡ʑ)			g (d͡z)
v-plosive	p (pʲ)	t (t͡ɕ)			k (t͡s)
v+affricate		d͡z (d͡ʑ)	d͡ʑ	(d͡ʒ)
v-affricate		t͡s (t͡ɕ)	t͡ɕ	t͡ʃ
v+fricative	v (vʲ)	(z) (ʑ)	(ʑ)	(ʒ) (ʑ)	(ɣ) (ʝ)
v-fricative	f (fʲ)	s (ɕ)	ɕ	ʃ	x (ç)
rh/app/lat		r (ʃ), l~w (ʎ)	ʎ, j

Consonant Orthography

Orthography of Modern-Sabian
Category	bilabial	alveolar	palato-alveolar	post-alveolar	velar
nasal	m (mi)	n (ni)	ń (ni)		n
v+plosive	b (bi)	d (dzi)			g (gi)
v-plosive	p (pi)	t (zi)			k, c (cz)
v+affricate		dz (dzi)	dź (dzi)	(cz)
v-affricate		z (zi)	ź (zi)	cz
v+fricative	v, w2	(s)1	ś1 (si)	(rz)1	(ch)1 (chi)
v-fricative	f	s (si), ss (ssi)	ś (si)	rz, sz, sch2	ch (chi)
rh/app/lat		r, ł	l, j (i)

1. these voiced consonants are allohphones of their voiceless counterparts, and so are written as though they are voiceless.
2. v, sz, rz are used for native words, and w, sch are used for loans from Polish and German in most cases except loans that have been nativised
3. rz is used if the [ʃ] comes from [rʲ], while sz and sch are used in all other situations.
4. as /s/ becomes [z] between vowels, the sequence /ss/ is used to represent [s] between vowels

Vowel Phonology

Phonology of Modern-Sabian
Category		front			central			back
Laxness	long	tense	lax	long	tense	lax	long	tense	lax
high	i:	i	ɪ				u:	u	ʊ
mid	e:	e				(ə)	o:	o
mid-low	ɛ:	ɛ	ɛ				ɔ:	ɔ	ɔ
low				a:	a	ɐ

Vowel Orthography

Orthography of Modern-Sabian
Category	front	central	back
high	i, y	aa	u, ó
mid	e	(e, a)	o
mid-low	e, ä, ai		o, au
low		a

• the sequences [ɔn], [ɔ:n] and [ɛn], [ɛ:n] can be written as /ą/ and /ę/ respectively if they originate from Polish or German.
• for sequences of two vowels that occur in diaresis, a (silent) -h- is inserted between them, providing that they are the same vowel, e.g. /gé:.ɛ/ <gehe>