Anyar

[[Vadi]]<br/>

*[[Minhast/Dialectology]]<br/>

*[[Nahónda]]<br/>

*[[Nankôre]]<br/>

[[Nidâri]]<br/>

[[Dzvada Vezhua Dlin]]<br/>

[[Late Ma'nijr]]<br/>

=== Other people's conlangs:<br/>===

* [[Fifth_Linguifex_Relay|Fifth Linguifex Relay]]  (didn't attend - out of country?)

 

[[User:Anyar/Sandbox]]

 

 

 

Names of each week:

 

 

[[Minhast/Diachronic_Changes | Minhast Diachronic Changes Article]]

 

 

 

=== Development of the Minhast Passive Voice [DRAFT] ===

In comparison to the transitive pronominal affixes, the affixes for the intransitive verb are much simpler, although the passive forms demonstrate quite a bit of unexpected variability.  Most noticeable in the passive forms is the occurrence of lenition, a morphophonemic alternation that occurs nowhere else in the Minhast verb, or nouns for that matter.  Moreover, the passive forms show considerable polysemy.  Diachronic developments explain the source for these otherwise aberrant features.  Based on early Classical Minhast texts, as well as the pre-Modern Stone Speaker dialects, an additional pronominal form has been reconstructed, ''-ya-''<ref>Cognate with Common Minhast third person animate plural ''-i''</ref>, which functioned as the nominative case for an indefinite third person form (c.f. English "one", French "on", Spanish "se", etc). 

 

From Proto-Minhast, the reconstructed indefinite pronominal affix appears in the verb complex of ''*wušun-'' "to hit":

|phrase = ** Wušunyakeyahara unadi

| IPA = /wuʃunyakɛya'hara u'nadi/

| morphemes = wušun-yake-ya-hara una=di

| gloss = hit-1S.ACC-3INDEF.NOM-PST to.do-NMZ=GEN

 

This reconstructed pronominal form merged with the accusative segment of the portmanteau pronominal affixes, triggering lenition of velars and palatalization of dentals<ref>The absence of lenion or palatization with the ''-i-'' affix distinguishes the impersonal third person from the inanimate plural third person affix ''-i-''.</ref>.  Eventually, the meaning of indefinite "one" was lost and the verb was re-analyzed as a stative verb, leading to the replacement of the Transitivizer ''-u'' with the Detransitivizer ''-an''.  Soon after, or perhaps even simultaneously with these developments, the Inchoative marker ''-saxt-'' surfaced, most likely due to analogy with stative verbs.  The final result is a passive voice where the Inchoative is applied in semantically transitive verbs which then licenses the passive pronominal affixes, e.g.:

 

| gloss = INCH-hit-1S.PASS-PST-INTR

 

In those uncommon instances where an independent pronoun is used, the simple Absolutive form is used, eg. 1S.ABS ''yak'', 2S.ABS ''tah'', 3S.ABS ''kua'', etc:

 

| gloss = 1S.ABS INCH-hit-1S.PASS-PST-INTR

| translation = I got hit (lit. I became the one hit)

 

 

| gloss = salmon=ABL INCH-hit-1S.PASS-PST-INTR

| translation = I got smacked by the salmon's tail.

Despite the degree of polysemy in the passive pronominal affixes, ambiguity is resolved via the S/O pivot; in fact it is the preservation of the S/O pivot that is the primary motivation for using the passive voice:

|phrase = Saxtimassašpuhapxarammā, ruwwaššundekarundūr.

| IPA = /saxtɪmassaʃpuhapxa'ram:a: ruw:aʃ:un'dɛkarun'du:r/

| morphemes = saxt-massap-šuhap-x-ar-an-mā ruwwas-xunde-ek-ar-un-dūr

| gloss = INCH-wound-sword-1S.PASS-PST-INTR-SUBORD help-wound-1S.ACC+3S.NOM-PST-TRN-RSLT

| translation = I had been wounded by (the enemy's) sword, (so) then he tended to my wounds.

 

{|class="bluetable lightbluebg"

! style="text-align:left"|  1st Sg.

! style="text-align:left"|   2nd Sg.

| -ta-

| -šši-

! style="text-align:left"|   3rd Masculine - Common Sg.

| -Ø-

| rowspan="2" |-i-

! style="text-align:left"|  3rd Feminine Sg.

| -šši-

| -Ø-, -s-

| -šši-

! style="text-align:left"|   3rd Neuter Inanimate Sg.

| -m-

| -nni-

|-

! style="text-align:left"|   1st Plural Inclusive

| -hak-

| -hax-

! style="text-align:left"|   1st Pl Exclusive

| -mm-

| -nni-

! style="text-align:left"|   2nd Pl.

| -tam-

| -tanni-

! style="text-align:left"| 3rd Common Pl.

| -km-

| -kni-

! style="text-align:left"|   3rd Neut. Anim. Pl.

| -i-

| -i-

! style="text-align:left"|   3rd Neut. Inanim Pl.

| -mah-, -ma-

| -šša-

 

=== Minhast Dialectal Comparisons  ===

The following all mean, "Yes, the markings of my clan" (see story "The Detective and the Deer")

- Ayle,izzakšim baktektemme

- ayle,izzakš=min baktet-kemm=e

- yes clan=CONN tattoo-3P.COMM+3P.COMM=ERG

 

* For whatever reason, the Osprey speakers treat tattoo ("baktet") as an animate noun. Like the IE languages that retain gender distinctions, gender can be discordant in Minhast too.

* The ergative also is used as a genitive marker, as in Yup'ik (Iiirc Inupiaq shares this feature, hence why I presume other Eskimoan languages share this feature)

 

* This is an example of Minthun's Classificatory NI (Class IV) being exploited by Minhast. Here, it is essentially creating the equivalent of a locative noun in other languages, e.g. English "Within the ''interior of'' the beast...", which is essentially an Inessive-like case construction.  Here, ''nua'' means "side", and has been incorporated into the verb complex.  The implicit head is ''suharak'' (deerskin), which was mentioned in a previous line in the passage, which is what the Locative applicative ''naħk-'' is referring to. This construction is equivalent to saying "Next to it", "By its side", etc.  

|phrase = Tayyamakim tayyapte naħkixripuxnutartimmahabu

| IPA =

| morphemes = tayyamak min tayyap=de naħk-xr-pux-nua-tar-timmah-ab-u

| gloss = thunder CONN ball=ERG LOC.APPL-ITER-boom-side-3S.ANIM.ABS+3S.ANIM.ERG-IMPF-TRANS

| translation = Thunder-balls explode next to it.

* Putting this here before I forget, more NI stuff.  Many (most?) of the NI forms of Minhast nouns are irregular, the majority of which exhibit what I call "truncation".  I've never seen this term in the NI literature before, but here's an example from the Sora language (Munda family, India).  The first example shows the analytic version of the sentence "Will they eat the buffalo/ Do they eat buffalo?". The second example shows the noun incorporated-version of the same sentence:

|phrase = bɔŋtɛlәnәdɔŋ jomtɛji pɔ

| IPA =

| morphemes = '''<u>bɔŋtɛl</u>'''-әn-әdɔŋ jom-t-ɛ-ji pɔ

| gloss = buffalo-/әn/3-ACC eat-NPST-3S-PL.S Q

| translation = Will they eat the buffalo/ Do they eat buffalo?

| morphemes = jom-'''<u>bɔŋ</u>'''-t-ɛ-n-ji pɔ

| gloss = eat-buffalo-NPST-3S-INTR-PL.S Q

| translation = Will they eat the buffalo/ Do they eat buffalo?

}}<br/>Notice in the independent form of buffalo, ''bɔŋtɛl'', loses its final syllable in its incorporated form, ''-bɔŋ-''. Minhast exhibits extensive truncation when nouns undergo incorporation, e.g. ''sussagarānī'' > ''-suggan-''  (big toe), ''hispawak'' > ''-hispak-'' (birch), ''izzesparak'' > ''-spark-'' (canoe).<br/><br/> Nouns of three syllables or more are almost always truncated, and the pattern of truncation is unpredictable; syllable loss may occur in initial, medial, or final positions, although nouns with tri-syllabic roots tend to lose either their medial or final syllables and retain the initial syllable, but exceptions abound, such as ''allāga'' > ''-lgagg-'' (conch) .  <br/><br/>EDIT: Muro's term for this behaviour is ''weak suppletion''<br/><br/> - Sora examples taken from "NOUN INCORPORATION: A NEW THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE" (Alessio Muro, 2009) <br/><br/>[[User:Anyar|Anyar]] ([[User talk:Anyar|talk]]) 23:41, 10 February 2019 (CET)

 

 

! rowspan="19" |Agent

|-

! rowspan="10" | Singular

| --

! Third ---

| kataji

! rowspan="12"| Plural

| ultajta

| --

|-

|-

|-

|-

| katulta

|}

=== Rami un Kano ("Noble Speech") ===

#Maha na herka ummai ni kassái.

#Rinu e se-senerka ami pun kerka.

#Na sunu, na tim, ko irara tilái nu perka-perka ki tatana.

#Na hala, kumu mai, ki nepakana u nana pa.

''un, u, nu, ni'': Connectives

=== Nankôre reverse-engineer text ===

"If I were to leave Nanhoshka Kôya, I shall go to my brother's abode in Minhay, in Nannampuyyi Prefecture, where he interns at Ayyummaħħat.

== HELP!!! ==  

=== Minhast Templates ===

Template Page: Go to [[Guide:Templates| Templates]]

 

 

 

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"

        |1={{clade   

  |label1=''Minhastic Languages''

  |1={{clade

      |label1=''Regional Historical Dialects''

      |1={{clade

            |label1=''Upper Minhast''

            |1={{clade

                |label1=Mainland Dialects

                |1={{clade

                      |label1=

                      |1=Salmon Speakers ("Gaššarat", Northeastern Coast)

                      |label2=

                      |2=Dog Speakers ("Hisašarum", Northeastern Plains)

                      |label3=

                      |3=Horse Speakers ("Gannasia", Central Plateau)

                      }}

                |label2=

                |2='''''Crane Speaker Dialect''''' (Ryu Kyu) ¹

                }}

            |label3=Lower Minhast

            |3={{clade

                |label1=

                |1=Gull Speakers (Senzil and Rēgum Prefectures)

                |label2=

                |2=Osprey Speakers (Kings' Bay)

                |label3=

                |3=Stone Speakers (Neskud and Yaxparim prefectures)

                }}

            |label4=

            |4='''''Crane Speaker Dialect''''' (Ryu Kyu) ²

            }}

      |label2=NCR Modern Dialects

      |2={{clade

            |label1=

            |1=Modern Standard Minhast [variant of Upper Minhast]

            |label2=

            |2=Modern Colloquial Minhast ("City Speaker Dialect") [admixture of Upper and Lower Minhast]

            }}

        }}