Linguifex

Anyar

Joined 4 July 2014
User page Discussion

User:Anyar (view source)

Revision as of 15:53, 29 July 2023

6,178 bytes added ,  29 July 2023
m
→‎Minhast Units of Measurement
 
(48 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 7: Line 7:




[[Tarkandamonian]]<br/>
[[Tarkandamonian]]<ref>This is a reference/footnote</ref><br/>
[[Vadi]]<br/>
[[Vadi]]<br/>
[[Minhast]]<br/>
[[Minhast]]<br/>
*[[Minhast/Dialectology]]<br/>
*[[Minhast/Dialectology]]<br/>
*[[Minhast/Noun_Incorporation]]<br/>
*[[Minhast/Noun_Incorporation]]<br/>
* [[Verse:Minhay]]
*[[User:Anyar#Minhast_Templates|Minhast-specific Templates]]<br/>
[[Peshpeg]]<br/>
*[[Bad_Minhast_Translations]]<br/>
[[Ín_Duári]]<br/>
*[[Verse:Minhay]]
Other Nahenic:
Other Nahenic:
*[[Nahenic_Language_Family]]
*[[Nahónda]]<br/>
*[[Nahónda]]<br/>
*[[Nankôre]]<br/>
*[[Nankôre]]<br/>
[[Peshpeg]]<br/>
[[Ín_Duári| Ín Duári ]]<br/>
[[Nidâri]]<br/>
[[Corrádi]]<br/>
[[Corrádi]]<br/>
[[Dzvada Vezhua Dlin]]
[[Dzvada Vezhua Dlin]]<br/>
[[Late Ma'nijr]]<br/>
[[Late Ma'nijr]]<br/>


Line 48: Line 52:
* [[Sixth Linguifex Relay/Nankôre|Nankôre Relay #6]]
* [[Sixth Linguifex Relay/Nankôre|Nankôre Relay #6]]


=== Commentary on Some Random Stuff ===
=== Other Links ===
[[User:Anyar/Sandbox]]


===== Minhast Units of Measurement ====
== Current Projects Conlanging Lab ==
=== Nankôre Imperative Forms ===
The auxiliaries ''iná'' and ''itá'' have special forms for the imperative.  They cliticize to their host verb:<br/>
Stative: =è
* ''Kiru<b>è</b>!'' "Stand next to me!"<br/>
Active: =te
* ''Iara<b>te</b>'' "Hit him!"
=== Minhast Units of Measurement ===
*Distance
*Distance
#sespir 1 hand
#nagikk 1 foot
#karyaħt 1 cubit
#šunum 1 step (1 yard)
#šunum 1 step (1 yard)
#šanum 12
#šanum 12
Line 65: Line 80:
#sentum 3,624 (~1.72 miles)
#sentum 3,624 (~1.72 miles)
#hantum 26,744 (~13 miles, 1.5 aytum)
#hantum 26,744 (~13 miles, 1.5 aytum)
#aytum 43,488 (~26 miles, 12*1 sentum)
#aytum 43,488 (~26 miles, 12*2 hantum)


===  Gull Speaker Day/Week/Month Terminology (prototype) ===
Culture note: in ancient times the month’s end coincided with the new moon, resulting in months with variable days.  This system coincided interestingly with the Islamic calendar, which is also lunar based.  However, unlike the Islamic calendar, the Minhast have since the beginning of their history added intercalation days to synchronize the year to the Winter Solstice.  Primitive astronomers derived the intercalation days from a notch located in Aškamat min Hūr ("Plumed Falcon Mountain").  These intercalated days were then distributed among each month of the year.


===== Minhast Morphosyntax Notes =====
That is no longer the case and was standardized by the Gull Speakers to its current form during the early 17th century.  The month is divided into two 14-day weeks, and a final 3-day or 4-day week (Ittunan, lit. “it slides”, i.e. the period of derived intercalation).  The individual days of this final week follow the formula Pešša + CONN + cardinal number, starting at the day of the Saxtisuyyuenan where any intercalation, calculated in relation to the Winter Solstice from a notch in .


===== Diachronic Notes =====
Days of the week (arruhādi - “half-moon” ):
[[Minhast/Diachronic_Changes]]
Xāri (“Owl”)/Iknahinwānan (“it has moon-left”)/Simmia (“moonless night”)
Azur
Mankaš
Ekta’
Nuyyuen
Tayy
Ussab
Nebba
Kus
Ra’un
Ma’ta, Matta
Uyyuz
Pextāt
Saxtarruhādian (lit. “It has become the half-moon”)
Šanāxim Xāri (“second Xāri”)
Šanāxim Azur
Šanāxim Mankaš
Šanāxim Ekta’
Šanāxim Nuyyuen
Šanāxim Tayy
Šanāxim Ussab
Šanāxim Nebba
Šanāxim Kus
Šanāxim Ra’un
Šanāxim Ma’ta/Matta
Šanāxim Uyyuz
Šanāxim Pextāt
Saxtisuyyuenan (“It has become the full moon”)
Pešša I (Peššam Šūmī)
Pešša II (Peššam Šānī)
Pešša III (Peššam Duxt)
Names of each week:
Iknan “new moon” (It has left)
Arruhādi “half moon”
Suyyuen “full moon”


====== Development of the Passive Voice [DRAFT] ======
=== Diachronics ===
In comparison to the transitive pronominal affixes, the affixes for the intransitive verb are much simpler, although the passive forms demonstrate quite a bit of unexpected variability.  Most noticeable in the passive forms is the occurrence of lenition, a morphophonemic alternation that occurs nowhere else in the Minhast verb, or nouns for that matter.  Moreover, the passive forms show considerable polysemy.  Diachronic developments explain the source for these otherwise aberrant features.  Based on early Classical Minhast texts, as well as the pre-Modern Stone Speaker dialects, an additional pronominal form has been reconstructed, ''-ya-'', which functioned as the nominative case for an indefinite third person form (c.f. English "one", French "on", Spanish "se", etc). 


From Old Minhast, the reconstructed indefinite pronominal affix appears in the verb complex of ''*wušun-'' "to hit":
==== Minhast Diachronic Notes ====
[[Minhast/Diachronic_Changes | Minhast Diachronic Changes Article]]
 
==== Intra-Nahenic Diachronics ====
 
=== Minhast Morphosyntax Notes ===
 
=== Development of the Minhast Passive Voice [DRAFT] ===
In comparison to the transitive pronominal affixes, the affixes for the intransitive verb are much simpler, although the passive forms demonstrate quite a bit of unexpected variability.  Most noticeable in the passive forms is the occurrence of lenition, a morphophonemic alternation that occurs nowhere else in the Minhast verb, or nouns for that matter.  Moreover, the passive forms show considerable polysemy.  Diachronic developments explain the source for these otherwise aberrant features.  Based on early Classical Minhast texts, as well as the pre-Modern Stone Speaker dialects, an additional pronominal form has been reconstructed, ''-ya-''<ref>Cognate with Common Minhast third person animate plural ''-i''</ref>, which functioned as the nominative case for an indefinite third person form (c.f. English "one", French "on", Spanish "se", etc). 
 
From Proto-Minhast, the reconstructed indefinite pronominal affix appears in the verb complex of ''*wušun-'' "to hit":


{{Gloss
{{Gloss
|phrase = ** Wušunyakyaharuna
|phrase = ** Wušunyakeyahara unadi
| IPA = /wuʃunyakya'haruna/
| IPA = /wuʃunyakɛya'hara u'nadi/
| morphemes = wušun-yak-ya-har-u-na
| morphemes = wušun-yake-ya-hara una=di
| gloss = hit-1S.ACC-3INDEF.NOM-PST-do-NMZ
| gloss = hit-1S.ACC-3INDEF.NOM-PST to.do-NMZ=GEN
| translation = Someone hit me (lit. Someone did the hitting of me)
| translation = Someone hit me (lit. Someone's doing the hitting of me)
}}
}}


This reconstructed pronominal form merged with the accusative segment of the portmanteau pronominal affixes, triggering lenition of velars and palatalization of dentals.  Eventually, the meaning of indefinite "one" was lost and the verb was re-analyzed as a stative verb, leading to the replacement of the Transitivizer ''-u'' with the Detransitivizer ''-an''.  Soon after, or perhaps even simultaneously with these developments, the Inchoative marker ''-saxt-'' surfaced, most likely due to analogy with stative verbs.  The final result is a passive voice where the Inchoative is applied in semantically transitive verbs which then licenses the passive pronominal affixes, e.g.:
This reconstructed pronominal form merged with the accusative segment of the portmanteau pronominal affixes, triggering lenition of velars and palatalization of dentals<ref>The absence of lenion or palatization with the ''-i-'' affix distinguishes the impersonal third person from the inanimate plural third person affix ''-i-''.</ref>.  Eventually, the meaning of indefinite "one" was lost and the verb was re-analyzed as a stative verb, leading to the replacement of the Transitivizer ''-u'' with the Detransitivizer ''-an''.  Soon after, or perhaps even simultaneously with these developments, the Inchoative marker ''-saxt-'' surfaced, most likely due to analogy with stative verbs.  The final result is a passive voice where the Inchoative is applied in semantically transitive verbs which then licenses the passive pronominal affixes, e.g.:


{{Gloss
{{Gloss
Line 93: Line 153:
| morphemes = saxt-ušn-ex-ar-an
| morphemes = saxt-ušn-ex-ar-an
| gloss = INCH-hit-1S.PASS-PST-INTR
| gloss = INCH-hit-1S.PASS-PST-INTR
| translation = I got hit (lit. I became the one hit)
| translation = I got hit (lit. I became the one someone hit)
}}
}}


Line 119: Line 179:


{{Gloss
{{Gloss
|phrase = Saxtimassašpuhaxxarammā, ruwwaššundekarun.
|phrase = Saxtimassašpuhapxarammā, ruwwaššundekarundūr.
| IPA = /saxtɪmassaʃpuhax:a'ram:a:, ruw:aʃ:un'dɛkarun/
| IPA = /saxtɪmassaʃpuhapxa'ram:a: ruw:aʃ:un'dɛkarun'du:r/
| morphemes = saxt-massap-šuhap-x-ar-an-mā ruwwas-xunde-ek-ar-un
| morphemes = saxt-massap-šuhap-x-ar-an-mā ruwwas-xunde-ek-ar-un-dūr
| gloss = INCH-wound-sword-1S.PASS-PST-INTR-SUBORD help-wound-1S.ACC+3S.NOM-PST-TRN
| gloss = INCH-wound-sword-1S.PASS-PST-INTR-SUBORD help-wound-1S.ACC+3S.NOM-PST-TRN-RSLT
| translation = I had been wounded by (the enemy's) sword, (so) then he tended to my wounds.
| translation = I had been wounded by (the enemy's) sword, (so) then he tended to my wounds.
}}
}}
Line 141: Line 201:
! style="text-align:left"|  2nd Sg.
! style="text-align:left"|  2nd Sg.
| -ta-
| -ta-
| -šš-
| -šši-
|-
|-
! style="text-align:left"|  3rd Masculine - Common Sg.
! style="text-align:left"|  3rd Masculine - Common Sg.
Line 148: Line 208:
|-
|-
! style="text-align:left"|  3rd Feminine Sg.
! style="text-align:left"|  3rd Feminine Sg.
| -l-
| -šši-
|-
|-
! style="text-align:left"|  3rd Neuter Animate Sg.
! style="text-align:left"|  3rd Neuter Animate Sg.
| -Ø-, -s-
| -Ø-, -s-
| -šš-
| -šši-
|-
|-
! style="text-align:left"|  3rd Neuter Inanimate Sg.
! style="text-align:left"|  3rd Neuter Inanimate Sg.
| -m-
| -m-
| -i-
| -nni-
|-  
|-  
|-
|-
Line 165: Line 225:
! style="text-align:left"|  1st Pl Exclusive
! style="text-align:left"|  1st Pl Exclusive
| -mm-
| -mm-
| -i-
| -nni-
|-
|-
! style="text-align:left"|  2nd Pl.
! style="text-align:left"|  2nd Pl.
| -tam-
| -tam-
| -šš-
| -tanni-
|-
|-
! style="text-align:left"|  3rd Common Pl.
! style="text-align:left"|  3rd Common Pl.
| -km-
| -km-
| -x-
| -kni-
|-
|-
! style="text-align:left"|  3rd Neut. Anim. Pl.
! style="text-align:left"|  3rd Neut. Anim. Pl.
Line 181: Line 241:
! style="text-align:left"|  3rd Neut. Inanim Pl.
! style="text-align:left"|  3rd Neut. Inanim Pl.
| -mah-, -ma-
| -mah-, -ma-
| -rt-
| -šša-
|}
|}


<br/><br/>
<br/><br/>


====== Some Dialectal Comparisons  ======
=== Minhast Dialectal Comparisons  ===


The following all mean, "Yes,  the markings of my clan" (see story "The Detective and the Deer")
The following all mean, "Yes,  the markings of my clan" (see story "The Detective and the Deer")
Line 212: Line 272:
* The ergative also is used as a genitive marker, as in Yup'ik (Iiirc Inupiaq shares this feature, hence why I presume other Eskimoan languages share this feature)
* The ergative also is used as a genitive marker, as in Yup'ik (Iiirc Inupiaq shares this feature, hence why I presume other Eskimoan languages share this feature)


====== Noun Incorporation ======
=== Minhast Noun Incorporation ===
 
* This is an example of Minthun's Classificatory NI (Class IV) being exploited by Minhast.  Here, it is essentially creating the equivalent of a locative noun in other languages, e.g. English "Within the ''interior of'' the beast...", which is essentially an Inessive-like case construction.  Here, ''nua'' means "side", and has been incorporated into the verb complex.  The implicit head is ''suharak'' (deerskin), which was mentioned in a previous line in the passage, which is what the Locative applicative ''naħk-'' is referring to.  This construction is equivalent to saying "Next to it", "By its side", etc.  
* This is an example of Minthun's Classificatory NI (Class IV) being exploited by Minhast.  Here, it is essentially creating the equivalent of a locative noun in other languages, e.g. English "Within the ''interior of'' the beast...", which is essentially an Inessive-like case construction.  Here, ''nua'' means "side", and has been incorporated into the verb complex.  The implicit head is ''suharak'' (deerskin), which was mentioned in a previous line in the passage, which is what the Locative applicative ''naħk-'' is referring to.  This construction is equivalent to saying "Next to it", "By its side", etc.  


Line 242: Line 301:
}}<br/>Notice in the independent form of buffalo, ''bɔŋtɛl'', loses its final syllable in its incorporated form, ''-bɔŋ-''.  Minhast exhibits extensive truncation when nouns undergo incorporation, e.g. ''sussagarānī'' > ''-suggan-''  (big toe), ''hispawak'' > ''-hispak-'' (birch), ''izzesparak'' > ''-spark-'' (canoe).<br/><br/> Nouns of three syllables or more are almost always truncated, and the pattern of truncation is unpredictable; syllable loss may occur in initial, medial, or final positions, although nouns with tri-syllabic roots tend to lose either their medial or final syllables and retain the initial syllable, but exceptions abound, such as ''allāga'' > ''-lgagg-'' (conch) .  <br/><br/>EDIT: Muro's term for this behaviour is ''weak suppletion''<br/><br/> - Sora examples taken from "NOUN INCORPORATION: A NEW THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE" (Alessio Muro, 2009) <br/><br/>[[User:Anyar|Anyar]] ([[User talk:Anyar|talk]]) 23:41, 10 February 2019 (CET)
}}<br/>Notice in the independent form of buffalo, ''bɔŋtɛl'', loses its final syllable in its incorporated form, ''-bɔŋ-''.  Minhast exhibits extensive truncation when nouns undergo incorporation, e.g. ''sussagarānī'' > ''-suggan-''  (big toe), ''hispawak'' > ''-hispak-'' (birch), ''izzesparak'' > ''-spark-'' (canoe).<br/><br/> Nouns of three syllables or more are almost always truncated, and the pattern of truncation is unpredictable; syllable loss may occur in initial, medial, or final positions, although nouns with tri-syllabic roots tend to lose either their medial or final syllables and retain the initial syllable, but exceptions abound, such as ''allāga'' > ''-lgagg-'' (conch) .  <br/><br/>EDIT: Muro's term for this behaviour is ''weak suppletion''<br/><br/> - Sora examples taken from "NOUN INCORPORATION: A NEW THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE" (Alessio Muro, 2009) <br/><br/>[[User:Anyar|Anyar]] ([[User talk:Anyar|talk]]) 23:41, 10 February 2019 (CET)


===== Vadi =====
=== Vadi ===
Early (i.e. first) test sentences:
Early (i.e. first) test sentences:


Line 252: Line 311:




====== Verb Template for Vadi ======
==== Verb Template for Vadi ====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
|-
Line 259: Line 318:
! colspan="13" | Patient
! colspan="13" | Patient
|-
|-
! rowspan="10" | Singularsss
! rowspan="10" | Singular
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | Person
! rowspan="2" | Person
! colspan="6" | Singular
! colspan="6" | Singular
! colspan="7" | Pluralsss
! colspan="7" | Plural
|-
|-
! First
! First
Line 396: Line 455:
|}
|}


=== HELP!!! ===  
== Babbling ==
=== Rami un Kano ("Noble Speech") ===
#Kala hikka un sala ti makán.
#Kani ha pillála un kai.
#Maha na herka ummai ni kassái.
#Rinu e se-senerka ami pun kerka.
#Na sunu, na tim, ko irara tilái nu perka-perka ki tatana.
#Na hala, kumu mai, ki nepakana u nana pa.
 
''un, u, nu, ni'': Connectives
(why so many allomorphs?)
 
 
 
=== Nankôre reverse-engineer text ===
"If I were to leave Nanhoshka Kôya, I shall go to my brother's abode in Minhay, in Nannampuyyi Prefecture, where he interns at Ayyummaħħat.
 
== HELP!!! ==  
<br/>
<br/>
User talk:Chrysophylax<br/>
User talk:Chrysophylax<br/>
Line 410: Line 486:
http://bmanolov.free.fr/html2wiki-tables.php
http://bmanolov.free.fr/html2wiki-tables.php


 
== Templates ==
=== Templates ===
=== Minhast Templates ===
[[User:Anyar/Sandbox]]
[[User:Anyar/Sandbox]]


Line 420: Line 496:
[[Template:Minhast_Portmanteau_Pronominal_Affixes2]]
[[Template:Minhast_Portmanteau_Pronominal_Affixes2]]


[[Template:Minhast_Verb_Template]]
[[Template:Minhast_Prepronominal_Affixes_Template#Prepronominal_Affixes]]
=== Nankôre Templates ===
[[Template:Nankore_Vowels_IPA]]
[[Template:Nankore_Vowels_IPA]]


[[Template: Gloss]]
=== Other ===
Template Page: Go to [[Guide:Templates| Templates]]
 
== Wiki Markup How-Tos ==
===Example of Table markup===
==== Complex Table with Collapsible Attribute ====
<pre>
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible"
|+ '''Verb Conjugation Table'''
|-
! rowspan="4" | Person
|-
! colspan="6" | Tense
|-
! colspan="2" | Past !!colspan="2"| Present !!colspan="2"| Future
|-
!  Singular !! Plural !! Singular!! Plural !! Singular !! Plural
|-
! 1
|| Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example
|-
! 2
|| Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example
|-
! Class I
|| Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example
|-
! Class II
|| Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example
|-
! Class III
|| Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example
|}</pre>
 
...yields:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible"
|+ '''Verb Conjugation Table'''
|-
! rowspan="4" | Person
|-
! colspan="6" | Tense
|-
! colspan="2" | Past !!colspan="2"| Present !!colspan="2"| Future
|-
!  Singular !! Plural !! Singular!! Plural !! Singular !! Plural
|-
! 1
|| Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example
|-
! 2
|| Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example
|-
! Class I
|| Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example
|-
! Class II
|| Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example
|-
! Class III
|| Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example
|}


Template Page: Go to [[Guide:Templates| Templates]]
==== Basic Table, Non-collapsible ====
<pre>
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Verb Conjugation Table'''
|-
!
!  Singular !! Plural !! Singular!! Plural
|-
! 1
|| Example || Example || Example || Example
|-
! 2
|| Example || Example || Example || Example
|-
! Class I
|| Example || Example || Example || Example
|-
! Class II
|| Example || Example || Example || Example
|-
! Class III
|| Example || Example || Example || Example
|}</pre>
</pre>
 
<br/>...yields...


== Scratch Pad ==
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Verb Conjugation Table'''
|-
!
!  Singular !! Plural !! Singular!! Plural
|-
! 1
|| Example || Example || Example || Example
|-
! 2
|| Example || Example || Example || Example
|-
! Class I
|| Example || Example || Example || Example
|-
! Class II
|| Example || Example || Example || Example
|-
! Class III
|| Example || Example || Example || Example
|}</pre>


===Example of linking to a within-page topic===
===Example of linking to a within-page topic===
Line 448: Line 634:
[[Vadi#Ad-Hominems and Other Insults|''Waškixrapmakirimērumbustikmaban'']]
[[Vadi#Ad-Hominems and Other Insults|''Waškixrapmakirimērumbustikmaban'']]
</pre>
</pre>
=== Sample Cross-Page Linking ===
Cross-page linking wiki syntax is no different from within-page linking.  The following example comes from the Minhast page:
<pre>[[Nankôre#Deictics| Nankôre deictic particles]]</pre>
You can see this in action by clicking on [[Nankôre#Deictics| Nankôre deictic particles]].


=== Sample Paradigm Template ===
=== Sample Paradigm Template ===
Line 660: Line 854:
         }}
         }}
}}
}}
== References ==
{{reflist}}
Anyar
5,464

edits

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/232242...320522"