User:Ashucky/Sketches
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Sumerian conlang
Phonology
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m [m] | n [n] | ĝ [ŋ] | ||
| Plosive | p [pʰ/p] b [p/b] | t [tʰ/t] d [t/d] | k [kʰ/k] g [k/g] | ||
| Fricative | s [s] | š [ʃ] | h [x] | ||
| Affricate | z [t͡s] (r̂ [t͡sʰ]) | ||||
| Approximant | (y/i [j] ?) | (w/u [w] ?) | |||
| Trill | r [r/ɾ] | ||||
| Flap or tap | (r̂ ?) | ||||
| Lateral app. | l [l] |
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| Close | i [i] (ī [i:] ?) | u [u] (ū [u:] ?) |
| Mid | e [e] (ē [e:]?) | (o [o] (ō [o:] ?) ?) |
| Open | a [a] (ā [a:] ?) | |
Grammar
Nouns
Characteristics
NOMINAL CHAIN:
1) [NOUN] + [ADJECTIVE + POSSESSIVE/DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN + PLURAL (e)ne] + [CASE]
2) [PRONOUN] + [CASE]
Cases
| Substantives | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Suffixes | Notes | |
| Human | Non-h. | ||
| Genitive | -ak/-a/-k | ||
| Ergative | -e | subject of transitive verbs (agent) | |
| Absolutive | -Ø | subject of intransitive verbs (argument); object of transitive verbs (patient) | |
| Dative | -ra/-r | -/? | indirect object; complementary with locative (or directive?) for non-human |
| Directive | -/? | -e > -ye | motion arriving at, position next to; indirect obejct (non-human) |
| Locative | -/? | -a > -ya | motion into, position inside; rarely used for human |
| Locative 2 | -/? | -ne | |
| Terminative | -še | motion towards | |
| Adverbiative | -eš | in the manner of < "how?" | |
| Ablative | -ta | place/time from where (non-human); instrument; from the place of X (human) | |
| Comitative | -da > -ga | with/and, in company | |
| Equative | -gen | like/as | |
Declension
| Case | king (h) | mother (h) | tree (n) | city (n) | kings (h) | mothers (h) | trees (n) | cities (n) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genitive | lugala(k) | ama(k) | ĝeša(k) | eri(k) | lugalena(k) | amana(k) | ĝešina(k) | erina(k) |
| Ergative | lugale | amae | ĝeše | erie | lugalene | amane | ĝešine | erine |
| Absolutive | lugal | ama | ĝeš | eri | lugalen(e) | aman(e) | ĝešin(e) | erin(e) |
| Dative | lugalra/lugalar | amar(a) | ĝešra/ĝešar | erir(a) | lugalener(a) | amaner(a) | ĝešiner(a) | eriner(a) |
| Directive | lugalye | amaye | ĝešye | eriye | lugalen[e]ye | aman[e]ye | ĝešin[e]ye | erin[e]ye |
| Locative | lugalya | amaya | ĝešya | eriya | lugalen[e]ya | aman[e]ya | ĝešin[e]ya | erin[e]ya |
| Terminative | lugalše/lugalaš | amaše | ĝešše/ĝešaš | eriše | lugalen[e]še | aman[e]še | ĝešin[e]še | erin[e]še |
| Adverbiative | lugaleš | amaeš | ĝešeš | erieš | lugaleneš | amaneš | ĝešineš | erineš |
| Ablative | lugalta | amata | ĝešta | erita | lugalen[e]ta | aman[e]ta | ĝešin[e]ta | erin[e]ta |
| Comitative | lugalga | amaga | ĝešga | eriga | lugalen[e]ga | aman[e]ga | ĝešin[e]ga | erin[e]ga |
| Equative | lugalgen | amagen | ĝešgen | erigen | lugalen[e]gen | aman[e]gen | ĝešen[e]gen | erin[e]gen |
Pronouns
Adjectives
Numerals
Verbs
Other
Vocabulary
| Vocabualry | ||
|---|---|---|
| Conlang | Sumerian | English |
| lugal | lugal | king |
| eri | iri/eri | city, town |