User:Ashucky/Sketches

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Sumerian conlang

Phonology

Bilabial Alveolar Post-alveolar Palatal Velar
Nasal m [m] n [n] ĝ [ŋ]
Plosive p [pʰ/p] b [p/b] t [tʰ/t] d [t/d] k [kʰ/k] g [k/g]
Fricative s [s] š [ʃ] h [x]
Affricate z [t͡s] (r̂ [t͡sʰ])
Approximant (y/i [j] ?) (w/u [w] ?)
Trill r [r/ɾ]
Flap or tap (r̂ ?)
Lateral app. l [l]


Front Back
Close i [i] (ī [i:] ?) u [u] (ū [u:] ?)
Mid e [e] (ē [e:]?) (o [o] (ō [o:] ?) ?)
Open a [a] (ā [a:] ?)

Grammar

Nouns

Characteristics

NOMINAL CHAIN:
1) [NOUN] + [ADJECTIVE + POSSESSIVE/DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN + PLURAL (e/i)n(e)] + [CASE]

2) [PRONOUN] + [CASE]


Plurals:

  • -(e)n(e) for human and -(i)n(e) for non-human
  • reduplication (stands for "all the X", mostly non-human) > full or partial
Cases
Substantives
Case Suffixes Notes
Human Non-h.
Genitive -ak/-a/-k
Ergative -e subject of transitive verbs (agent)
Absolutive subject of intransitive verbs (argument); object of transitive verbs (patient)
Dative -ra/-r -/? indirect object; complementary with locative (or directive?) for non-human
Directive -/? -e > -ye motion arriving at, position next to; indirect obejct (non-human)
Locative -/? -a > -ya motion into, position inside; rarely used for human
Locative 2 -/? -ne
Terminative -še motion towards
Adverbiative -eš in the manner of < "how?"
Ablative -ta place/time from where (non-human); instrument; from the place of X (human)
Comitative -da > -ga with/and, in company
Equative -gen like/as
Declension
Case king (h) mother (h) tree (n) city (n) kings (h) mothers (h) trees (n) cities (n)
Genitive lugala(k) ama(k) ĝeša(k) eri(k) lugalena(k) amana(k) ĝešina(k) erina(k)
Ergative lugale amae ĝeše erie lugalene amane ĝešine erine
Absolutive lugal ama ĝeš eri lugalen(e) aman(e) ĝešin(e) erin(e)
Dative lugalra/lugalar amar(a) ĝešra/ĝešar erir(a) lugalener(a) amaner(a) ĝešiner(a) eriner(a)
Directive lugalye amaye ĝešye eriye lugalen[e]ye aman[e]ye ĝešin[e]ye erin[e]ye
Locative lugalya amaya ĝešya eriya lugalen[e]ya aman[e]ya ĝešin[e]ya erin[e]ya
Terminative lugalše/lugalaš amaše ĝešše/ĝešaš eriše lugalen[e]še aman[e]še ĝešin[e]še erin[e]še
Adverbiative lugaleš amaeš ĝešeš erieš lugaleneš amaneš ĝešineš erineš
Ablative lugalta amata ĝešta erita lugalen[e]ta aman[e]ta ĝešin[e]ta erin[e]ta
Comitative lugalga amaga ĝešga eriga lugalen[e]ga aman[e]ga ĝešin[e]ga erin[e]ga
Equative lugalgen amagen ĝešgen erigen lugalen[e]gen aman[e]gen ĝešen[e]gen erin[e]gen

Pronouns

Personal
Personal pronouns
Singular Plural
1st ĝe den
2nd ze zen
3rd ane; ibe anene; (ibine)
Possessive
Possessive pronouns
Absolutive Genitive Locative Ergative Directive
1sg -ĝu -ĝa -ĝya -ĝu -ĝye
2sg -zu -za -zya -zu -zye
3sg -ni; -bi -na; -ba -nya; -bya -ne; -be -nye; -bye
1pl -me -ma -mya -me -mye
2pl -zene -zena -zenya -zene -zenye
3pl -(a)nne; -bine -(a)nna; -bina -(a)nnya; -binya -(a)nne; -bine -(a)nnye; -binye


Examples:

  • lugalĝu - my king : lugalme - our king
  • lugalzu - your king : lugalzene - your king
  • lugalni - his/her king : lugalanne - their king
  • lugalbi - its king : lugalbine - their king
  • lugalĝune - my kings : lugalmene - our kings
  • lugalzune - your kings : lugalzenene your kings (zenene > zenne?)
  • lugalnine - his/her kings : lugalannene - their kings
  • lugalbine - its kings : lugalbinene - their kings (binene > binne?)
Other

Interrogative:

  • ana - what > anašam - why ~ anam - why
  • aba - who
  • agin - how ~ anagin - how
  • mea - where > meše - whither, meta - whence
  • (ud - when) ?

Indefinite:

  • name any > luname - some(one), any(one), no (one), none, niĝname - something, anything, nothing, kiname - somewhere, nowhere, uname - sometime, never

Reflexive:

  • ne(te) - self > neĝu - myself, nezu - yourself, nebi - itself, neteni - himself

Relative: -- ? --

  • lu - the person (who)
  • niĝ - the thing (which)
  • ki - the place (where)
  • aba - (the one) who
  • ana - (that) which

Demonstrative:

  • nen - this > -ne/ney
  • -be/bey - that
  • -ri - yonder
  • ur/yur - that

Adjectives

Numerals

Verbs

Other

Vocabulary

Examples