User:Ceige/Gallo-Iberian

Vowels

Classical Latin Closed Open & Tonic
ī Example Example
ū Example Example
ē, i, oe e e ~ ɛe
ō, u o o ~ ɔo
e, ae ɛ eɛ (> ie; but this was later than 600AD)
o ɔ oɔ (> uo > ue; but this was later than 600AD)
a a a
au ɔ ɒɔ

In addition:

  • for all vowels other than closed and au, there are open-stressed variants that are slightly diphthongised, e.g. ɛ might be eɛ and e might be ɛe
  • new diphthongs arise as consonants lenite away
  • unstressed e often turns into a semivowel before other vowels, this happening quite early on.

Consonants

Classical Latin Normal Intervocalic (ignoring r's) Palatalised
p p p p (unless voiced first)
t t d tsj
c c Example tsj > z <c, ç, z>(unless voiced first)
qu qu gu rarely tsj > z, mostly k (cf. cinco)
b b Example j (rubeV-> rojo, rouge)
d d Example j (diurnal- > journal)
g g event. j j (g ~ j alternations)
x - js js ~ sj
f Example Example Example
s s s ~ z sj ~ js (cf. x)
h Ø? Ø Ø
m m m mj, nj (cambiare > change)
n n, Ø (in ns) n nj
r r, : (in rs > ss e.g. dorsu- > dosso; tempero-dialectal thing) r rj
l l l ~ r lj ~ jl

In addition:

  • L after vowels originally is dark when it becomes a semi-vowel (e.g. altro > otro), but later on it stops being dark in some dialects, allowing for "mucho" to exist).

Last but definitely not least

(Source I recommend reading the first parts of the "Chronological history" section of: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_French)

  • word initial s- becomes ǐs- > ēs- (es-)
  • Any word final consonant in Latin that isn't -s gets culled off unless it's a monosyllable (e.g. rem > rien)
  • ns > s (mensa > mesa)
  • rs > ss (sporadically due to different trends in different communities) (*Dorsum > *dossu > dos in Fr, ursum > urso)
  • unstressed intertonic vowels get reduced into oblivion in specific circumstances (Consult wikipedia page)
  • -er > -re, -or > -ro -- French would lose final -e in general, thus super > supre > suwr(e) > sur; Spanish joins in later with -dad.

  • kt > jt
  • ks > js (~sj > š in some areas)
  • Some inconsistent treatment of breaking vowels before palatals e.g. French nŏ́jte > nuojte > nujt > nuit; Es. noche, but mucho.
  • Less inconsistent treatment of breaking vowels before liquids and nasals, e.g. Spanish tierra but French terre, but O.Fr. tertium > tierz
  • Some disagreement between family members on how to treat things before semivowels in general, e.g. French sur but Es. sobre.