User:Chrysophylax/Sketches

Proto-Celtic per Hispaniam

  1. Monophthongisation (~Late Latin)
    *oi̯, ,*ou̯, *ei̯ > ū, ū, ī
    ūnos < *oinos, tūtā < *toutā, sūlīs < *sūleis
  2. Loss of final *m
    *m > 0 / _#
    ɸatera < *ɸateram
  3. Simplifcation of /ns/ to /s/
    *ns > s
    asis < *ansis
  4. Loss of *g between vowels
    *g > 0 / V_V
    rīam < *rīgam
  5. Short vowels change in quality
    • a, *e, *i, *o, *u > a, ɛ, e, ɔ, o
  6. Long vowels shorten
    • ā, *ē, *ī, *ō, *ū > a, e, i, o, u
  7. End result: 7-vowel inventory
    a ɛ e ɔ o i u
  8. Monopththongisation (Romance)
    *oi̯ , *au̯, *ai̯ > e, ɔ, ɛ~e
    makʷe < *makʷoi, tɔsɔ < *tausom, kɛkɔ < *kaikom
  9. Word-initial anaptyxis for /s/ + consonant
    *s > es / #_C
    estrɛna < *strīnām
  10. Voicing of plosives between vowels
    *p, *t, *k > b, d, g / V_V
    kɛgɔ < *kaikom
  11. Syncope of unstressed syllables near *r and *l
    sulbɔs < *sūlibos, ɸadra < *ɸateram
  12. Debuccalisation of *ɸ
    *ɸ > h / #_ && V_V
    hadra < *ɸateram, nɛhuts < *neɸūts


  1. Only allow *a, *e, *o as word-final (Proto-Western-Romance?)
  2. Syncretism: Replacement of hadrɛbɔs by hadrɛbes in the dat. pl.

r-stem example

hader, hadrɔs (father)
Number Singular Plural
Nominative hader hadras
Genitive hadrɔs hadrɔ
Accusative hadra hadras
Dative hadre hadrɛbes
Ablative hadre hadrɛbes
Instrumental hadre hadrɛbes
Locative hadre hadrɛbes