User:IlL/A Danified analytic Neo-Arabic: Difference between revisions
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Numbers: | Numbers: | ||
0-10: efes, óð (inanimate)/áð (animate), šnay, šluš, arvą, | 0-10: efes, óð (inanimate)/áð (animate), šnay, šluš, arvą, xomiš, šeš, šebą, šmun, þešą, ngaxr | ||
11-20: óðąš/áðąš, šnayąš, šlušąš, arvąš, homišąš, šešąš, šebąš, šmunąš, þešąš, | 11-20: óðąš/áðąš, šnayąš, šlušąš, arvąš, homišąš, šešąš, šebąš, šmunąš, þešąš, ngaxri | ||
40: štay | 40: štay ngaxri | ||
60: šluš | 60: šluš ngaxri | ||
... | ... | ||
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===Some sound changes=== | ===Some sound changes=== | ||
*non-rhoticity, H-dropping | *non-rhoticity, H-dropping | ||
*ħ > | *ħ > x; *gt, kt, ᴋt, ħt > ht | ||
*ś > usually f | *ś > usually x, sometimes f | ||
*dt, tt > st | *dt, tt > st | ||
*-ø (mainly from ACub ''-ā'') becomes silent and lengthens the vowel before it | *-ø (mainly from ACub ''-ā'') becomes silent and lengthens the vowel before it | ||
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*''fuð'' 'to do' | *''fuð'' 'to do' | ||
*''ðuð'' 'to come' (with suppletion of √ʔty and √bʔ) | *''ðuð'' 'to come' (with suppletion of √ʔty and √bʔ) | ||
*'' | *''laht'' 'to go' | ||
*'' | *''kaht'' 'to take' | ||
*''ðett'' 'to give' | *''ðett'' 'to give' | ||
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| ''pow/pól'' | | ''pow/pól'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!rowspan=2| '' | !rowspan=2| ''laht'' | ||
! future | ! future | ||
| ''ley ni'' | | ''ley ni'' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! past | ! past | ||
| '' | | ''laht i'' | ||
| '' | | ''laht ta'' | ||
| '' | | ''laht te'' | ||
| ''lál Hi'' | | ''lál Hi'' | ||
| ''law u'' | | ''law u'' | ||
| ''lál hi'' | | ''lál hi'' | ||
| ''layn nu'' | | ''layn nu'' | ||
| '' | | ''laht tem'' | ||
| ''lalu'm'' | | ''lalu'm'' | ||
| ''law/lál'' | | ''law/lál'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!rowspan=2| '' | !rowspan=2| ''kaht'' | ||
! future | ! future | ||
| ''key ni'' | | ''key ni'' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! past | ! past | ||
| '' | | ''kaht i'' | ||
| '' | | ''kaht ta'' | ||
| '' | | ''kaht te'' | ||
| ''kál Hi'' | | ''kál Hi'' | ||
| ''kaw u'' | | ''kaw u'' | ||
| ''kál hi'' | | ''kál hi'' | ||
| ''kayn nu'' | | ''kayn nu'' | ||
| '' | | ''kaht tem'' | ||
| ''kalu'm'' | | ''kalu'm'' | ||
| ''kaw/kál'' | | ''kaw/kál'' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! past | ! past | ||
| '' | | ''naht i'' | ||
| '' | | ''naht ta'' | ||
| '' | | ''naht te'' | ||
| ''nál Hi'' | | ''nál Hi'' | ||
| ''naw u'' | | ''naw u'' | ||
| ''nál hi'' | | ''nál hi'' | ||
| ''nayn nu'' | | ''nayn nu'' | ||
| '' | | ''naht tem'' | ||
| ''nalu'm'' | | ''nalu'm'' | ||
| ''naw/nál'' | | ''naw/nál'' | ||
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====-t verbs==== | ====-t verbs==== | ||
Many of these verbs got the glottally reinforced -tt from -ʔt. The -tt then analogically spread to other verbs. | Many of these verbs got the glottally reinforced -tt from -ʔt. The -tt then analogically spread to other verbs. | ||
* | *laht /ˈlaxt/ = to go | ||
* | *kaht /ˈkaxt/ = to take | ||
* | *šaht /saxt/ = to go back | ||
*šaft /ʃaft/ = to sit | *šaft /ʃaft/ = to sit | ||
*ðett /ðeʔt/ = to give | *ðett /ðeʔt/ = to give | ||
*lost /ˈlost/ = to be born | *lost /ˈlost/ = to be born | ||
* | *xett /seʔt/ = to carry, to owe, should | ||
*tsett /tseʔt/ = to go out | *tsett /tseʔt/ = to go out | ||
*sątt /sãːʔt/ = to travel | *sątt /sãːʔt/ = to travel | ||
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| ''vru'm'' | | ''vru'm'' | ||
| ''var/vro'' | | ''var/vro'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! "Do X more" - present (from imperfect of הוֹסִיף 'to add') | ! "Do X more" - present (from imperfect of הוֹסִיף 'to add') | ||
| '' | | ''siv i'' | ||
| '' | | ''tsiv ta'' | ||
| '' | | ''tsiv te'' | ||
| '' | | ''isiv u'' | ||
| '' | | ''tsiv hi'' | ||
| '' | | ''nusiv nu'' | ||
| '' | | ''tsiv tem'' | ||
| '' | | ''isivu'm'' | ||
| '' | | ''isiv/tsiv/isivu'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! "Do X more" - past (from perfect of הוֹסִיף 'to add') | ! "Do X more" - past (from perfect of הוֹסִיף 'to add') | ||
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| ''seft ta'' | | ''seft ta'' | ||
| ''seft te'' | | ''seft te'' | ||
| '' | | ''sev u'' | ||
| '' | | ''sivø hi'' | ||
| '' | | ''sev nu'' | ||
| ''seft tem'' | | ''seft tem'' | ||
| '' | | ''sivu'm'' | ||
| '' | | ''siv/sivu'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Cautionary (from imperfect of זָמַם 'to scheme') | ! Cautionary (from imperfect of זָמַם 'to scheme') | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! "X well" - present (from imperfect of הֵיטִיב 'to do well') | ! "X well" - present (from imperfect of הֵיטִיב 'to do well') | ||
| '' | | ''atteb i'' | ||
| '' | | ''tatteb ta'' | ||
| '' | | ''tattbi te'' | ||
| '' | | ''yatteb u'' | ||
| '' | | ''tatteb hi'' | ||
| '' | | ''natteb nu'' | ||
| '' | | ''tatteb tem'' | ||
| '' | | ''yattebu'm'' | ||
| '' | | ''yatteb/tatteb/yattebu'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! "X well" - past (from perfect of הֵיטִיב 'to do well') | ! "X well" - past (from perfect of הֵיטִיב 'to do well') | ||
| '' | | ''ettebt i'' | ||
| '' | | ''ettebt ta'' | ||
| '' | | ''ettebt te'' | ||
| '' | | ''etteb u'' | ||
| '' | | ''ettibø hi'' | ||
| '' | | ''etteb nu'' | ||
| '' | | ''ettebt tem'' | ||
| '' | | ''ettebu'm'' | ||
| '' | | ''etteb'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
=====Cautionary future===== | =====Cautionary future===== | ||
The auxiliary for the cautionary future comes from the Ancient Cubrite verb ''*zāmam'' 'to scheme'. It's used to: | The auxiliary for the cautionary future comes from the Ancient Cubrite verb ''*zāmam'' 'to scheme'. It's used to: | ||
* warn the listener of a future event or contingency: | * warn the listener of a future event or contingency: | ||
** '''''Zum''' | ** '''''Zum''' sąras ða lovu fu hol ngeð.'' = 'The storm might come here any moment.' | ||
** '''''Zum''' | ** '''''Zum''' tafkestas mul lið kobuą hetteb!'' = 'The map might not be well-defined! [in a hypothetical math lecture, cautioning against a tacit assumption the audience might make]' | ||
* often used in a threatening manner, for example: ''Lakh to mul yedhą ma '''zum''' i ląsuth lakh to!'' = 'You have no idea what I'm gonna do to you!' | * often used in a threatening manner, for example: ''Lakh to mul yedhą ma '''zum''' i ląsuth lakh to!'' = 'You have no idea what I'm gonna do to you!' | ||
====Object pronouns==== | ====Object pronouns==== | ||
Object pronouns are not different from subject pronouns, except '' | Object pronouns are not different from subject pronouns, except ''ho/he/hem'' may be found instead of ''to/te/tem'' in some dialects. | ||
===Prepositions=== | ===Prepositions=== | ||
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example of a {{PAGENAME}} inflected preposition: lø "for"; bø 'in, at', min 'from' are inflected similarly | example of a {{PAGENAME}} inflected preposition: lø "for"; bø 'in, at', min 'from' are inflected similarly | ||
*1sg: li, li ni | *1sg: li, li ni | ||
*2sg.m: | *2sg.m: lah to | ||
*2sg.f: | *2sg.f: lah te | ||
*3sg.m: lomu hu | *3sg.m: lomu hu | ||
*3sg.f: lomi hi | *3sg.f: lomi hi | ||
*1pl. lonu nu | *1pl. lonu nu | ||
*2pl. | *2pl. lahøm tem | ||
*3pl. lomu'm | *3pl. lomu'm | ||
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*''wén'' = without | *''wén'' = without | ||
*''møné'' = before, in front of | *''møné'' = before, in front of | ||
*'' | *''xár'' = after | ||
*''møngál'' = above | *''møngál'' = above | ||
*''møþál'' = below | *''møþál'' = below | ||
*'' | *''þaht'' = instead of | ||
*''til'' = like, as | *''til'' = like, as | ||
*'' | *''xahr'' = until | ||
*''gu'' = up to | *''gu'' = up to | ||
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*Plural: -il (replacing the plural suffix ''-r'' if any) | *Plural: -il (replacing the plural suffix ''-r'' if any) | ||
Examples: | Examples: | ||
*'' | *''xadr'' = a room | ||
*'' | *''xadras'' = the room | ||
*'' | *''xadrør'' = rooms | ||
*'' | *''xadril'' = the rooms | ||
*'' | *''xadr grú'' = a big room | ||
*'' | *''xadras grulas'' = the big room | ||
*''botr grulr'' = big houses | *''botr grulr'' = big houses | ||
*''botil grulil'' = the big houses | *''botil grulil'' = the big houses | ||
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===Verb phrase=== | ===Verb phrase=== | ||
====VN constructions==== | ====VN constructions==== | ||
*''re Parm '''pø''' | *''re Parm '''pø''' laht'' = Parm is going, goes | ||
*''re Parm '''þax''' | *''re Parm '''þax''' laht'' = Parm is about to go | ||
*''re Parm '''hár''' | *''re Parm '''hár''' laht'' = Parm has gone | ||
*''re Parm '''hár yið pø''' | *''re Parm '''hár yið pø''' laht'' = Parm has been going | ||
*''re Parm '''døs''' | *''re Parm '''døs''' laht'' = Parm just went | ||
*''re Parm '''wén''' | *''re Parm '''wén''' laht'' = Parm hasn't went | ||
*'''''sto''' Parm '''ða''' | *'''''sto''' Parm '''ða''' laht'' = Parm went | ||
*'''''þąs''' Parm '''ða''' | *'''''þąs''' Parm '''ða''' laht'' = Parm will go | ||
*'' | *''Laht!'' = Go! (number neutral) | ||
*'''''Tenu''' | *'''''Tenu''' laht!'' = Let's go! | ||
===Sentence phrase=== | ===Sentence phrase=== | ||
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Relative clauses use the relativizer ''ar'' (from a merger of אשר ''*ʔašir'' and ה- ''ha-''). ''Re'' is not used in relative clauses in present tense. | Relative clauses use the relativizer ''ar'' (from a merger of אשר ''*ʔašir'' and ה- ''ha-''). ''Re'' is not used in relative clauses in present tense. | ||
*''Ni p'él avlaz ar pø | *''Ni p'él avlaz ar pø xadr i'' = I am eating the apple which is in my room. | ||
==Vocabulary== | ==Vocabulary== | ||
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==Example texts== | ==Example texts== | ||
===UDHR, Article 1=== | ===UDHR, Article 1=== | ||
:''''' | :'''''Hol plenušil bru'm lost til xofsr; em sowr ηa hobdas he tsrókkil. Vru'm lifkuð pø ðbín he gulalib, he re ηal em liðaléh yahøm šuðiv bø nøšóm axwr.''''' | ||
:all human/PL-DEF.PL.M PASS.PRES-3PL be_born as free-M.PL; 3PL equal-PL on dignity-DEF.SG and right-DEF.F.PL. PASS.PRES-3PL entrust with understanding and conscience, and PRES on-3PL behave with one_another with spirit brotherhood. | :all human/PL-DEF.PL.M PASS.PRES-3PL be_born as free-M.PL; 3PL equal-PL on dignity-DEF.SG and right-DEF.F.PL. PASS.PRES-3PL entrust with understanding and conscience, and PRES on-3PL behave with one_another with spirit brotherhood. | ||
:''All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.'' | :''All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.'' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|| | || | ||
# ''Bar þó law þebwas fo súðu | # ''Bar þó law þebwas fo súðu xóv ða lødapir he súðu núm ða lúηgil.'' | ||
# ''Wini pið em pø šątt me mikkarm, fu'm ða liþakiw pø mišuras Šinηor | # ''Wini pið em pø šątt me mikkarm, fu'm ða liþakiw pø mišuras Šinηor he liðyašib šom.'' | ||
# '' | # ''He fu'm lø šúðiv yið: "Púlé, puþonu fuð ambínr he latteb lévuð em." He fu ambínil ða šamiš lomu'm til avónil, ke xemras til mawtt.'' | ||
# '' | # ''He fu'm yið: "Púlé, puþonu bnuð krír he mídøw bomi hi, yéð ruš u ląluð lø šmémas, he nąð nu ða ląsuð lø nawš nu duąšim! Oz nąs nu mul liðvasir ηøli þó law þebwas."'' | ||
# ''Wini Hašém fo u ða rest bu, | # ''Wini Hašém fo u ða rest bu, há yąf u ða lábitt pø kríras ke mídøwas a yu plenusil pø bnuð.'' | ||
# ''Ke Hašém fo u yið: "Šą a fu'm ða | # ''Ke Hašém fo u yið: "Šą a fu'm ða áþolø fuð kø xóð ηom ar bø dapir xóð núm, yiye mum mihšul mul lø mádovr a yąfu løzumim fuð!'' | ||
# ''"Púlé, puþonu rest | # ''"Púlé, puþonu rest laht he bawbiw núm em, oz yąðu'm mul lábin šuðiv."'' | ||
# '' | # ''He mi fu Hašém fo u ða vasir em ηøli þó law þebwas, he fu'm ða ládul bnuð kríras.'' | ||
# '' | # ''He me yánas fu ar kríras bø kaht šemas "Bovél" -- šom fo Hašém ða bawbiw núm þó law þebwas. Me šom fo Hašém ða vasir em ηøli þó law þebwas.'' | ||
|| | || | ||
#Vayehi khol-ha'arets safa ekhat udvarim akhadim. | #Vayehi khol-ha'arets safa ekhat udvarim akhadim. |