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Introduction

Phonology

The same as French, but with three additional retroflex consonants: /ʈ/, /ɖ/ and /ɳ/.

Orthography

Written like French.

Consonants

Vowels

Prosody

Stress

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

Articles

The indefinite article is "le/la" in free variation.

The definite article is "en".

Nouns

Croissant nouns have two cases: nominative and genitive. Nouns ending with consonants use this paradigm:

Singular Plural
Nominative - -o
Genitive -e -ɑ̃

For example,

riège (wood) Singular Plural
Nominative riège riègeau
Genitive riègé riègent

(Croissant final -ent is always pronounced.) Nouns ending with vowels use the same paradigm, but with an intrusive t:

Singular Plural
Nominative - -to
Genitive -te -tɑ̃

For example,

crus (grass) Singular Plural
Nominative crus crûteau
Genitive crûté crûtant

Verbs

Verbs don't inflect for number or person.

gauṇe 'to love' Indicative Subjunctive Progressive Perfect Perfect Progressive
Present gauṇe gauṇement gauṇois gauṇive gauṇevois
Past dégauṇe dégauṇement dégauṇois dégauṇive dégauṇevois
Future gauṇé gauṇaise gauṇoir gauṇivre dégauṇevoir

Non-finite forms

  • Infinitive: gauṇesse
  • Verbal noun: gauṇerre (genitive form: gauṇerez)

Pronouns

Unlike in English, there are no accusative forms of pronouns in Croissant.

Pronoun Nominative Genitive
I dans danné
you lin lunné
he / she fuis fuisé
we deman demé
you folks sonc sonché
they fuille fuillé
this jus jusé
these juseau jusant
that honne honné
those honneau honnant
that over there ṇeux ṇeusé
those over there ṇeuseau ṇeusant
who (interrogative) tris trisé
who (plural) trisau trisent
what treux treusé
what (plural) treusau treusent

Relative pronouns

avec = who; genitive form avez

chez = that; genitive form chez

Syntax

Croissant is an almost exact relex of English.

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

En Évon Jert à-t-en Ṇèle déṭaitive loix rattier, que tris de fuille dére étrapique, sont l'épulir déchart avandre, crêvette-au-lus eux le ḍemble. Fuille dénaître, et en loix avec dévent loir en épulir raisse-au-plas fuisé ḍemble, déré dantrette-au-dis prait étrapique car en chelle loix.

The North Wind and the Sun were arguing one day about which of them was stronger, when a traveler came along wrapped up in an overcoat. They agreed that the one who could make the traveler take his coat off would be considered stronger than the other one.

Then the North Wind blew as hard as he could, but the harder he blew, the tighter the traveler wrapped his coat around him; and at last the North Wind gave up trying.

Then the Sun began to shine hot , and right away the traveler took his coat off. And so the North Wind had to admit that the Sun was stronger than he was.

[to be translated]

Other resources