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Ciêng (nă rhọb Chiểng from *nàh ròpàh cècéŋàh) is a classical language of Verse:Méich Bhaonnáiqh.

Inspirations: Vietnamese, Old Irish, Tiberian Hebrew, Maltese (and Hmong?)

Phonology

p t c k kħ q = /p t k q ʡ ʔ/; ph th ch kh ħ = /f θ x χ ħ/

m n ng; mh nh ngh = /m n ŋ; ṽ (lenis n) (lenis ŋ)/

x s h = /ɬ ʃ h/

b ƀ đ d y g ǥ għ = /v b(impl) d(impl) ð j ɣ (Eevo L) ayin/

r l rh /r l (flap)/

hm hn hng hr voiceless resonants

i ê e a o ô u = /i e ɛ a ɔ o u/; ă = shva na; ĕ = ultrashort e; ie uo

Ultrashort vowels cannot carry independent tones

tones: a á à ả ã ạ (mid~falling high low rising~dipping nga nang)

Mutations

1. Lenition: m n ng p t c k kħ s v l r -> mh ng ngh b d y g għ h 0 l rh
2. L-coloring: m n ng p t c k kħ s v l r -> m l ng ƀ đ ǥ ǥ għ x l l r
3. Aspiration: m n ng p t c k kħ s v l r -> hm hn hng ph th ch kh ħ s ph x hr

Proto-language

5 vowels: i e a o u; each mora had high and low tones

allowed syllables: CV, CVn, CVh, CVl (CVnC becomes CV(sokuon)C as in Hebrew)

Todo: Stress patterns for construct nouns and dependent verbs

Consonants: m n ŋ p t c k q 2 s w l r y /m n ŋ p t k q̟ q̠ ʔ ʃ w l r j/

Tone reflexes (' denotes stress): (these occur by moras with long vowels counting as 2 moras): 'á > á; 'à > à; 'á.á > ã; 'á.à > a; 'à.á > ả; 'à.à > ạ (This occurs before syncope)

umlaut like in OIr

Morphology

Nouns

Nouns fall into 3 genders (human, animate and inanimate) and inflect for number (sg, du, pl) and case (abs erg gen lat loc voc). Possessed forms have unpredictable stems and comes from proto-forms that had a different stress pattern than absolute forms. The appropriate 3rd person possessed forms are used as construct state forms.

The locative is used with prepositions to indicate location and is the default prepositional case; when the lative is used the same prepositions indicate destination, and when the ergative is used they indicate "motion from".

article nă + various mutations (also relativizer)

Possessive prefixes

sèmpèngàrán > sệpngă-N 'garment' hísèmpèngàrán > ispăngăr-N 'my garment'

Adjectives

Adjectives agree with nouns, def adjectives take the def article (bc Hebrew)

Verbs

Old Irish-style independent-dependent verbal allomorphy, which includes tone changes

PCiêng lò.mát, ráh.làmát '3sg saves, 3sg does not save' --> lă:mád, ra:xảmhăd

productive redup

Inflection

• so.kúmpasat(í) 'I remember', rah.sòkúmpasat(í) 'I remember not'
  • să·kommpṡẻ, raH·sugmbẻ
    • să·gumpe, ra·sủmbe
• so.kúmpasaŋ(u) 'thou rememberest', rah.sòkúmpasaŋ(u) 'thou rememberest not'
  • să·kommpṡəŋ, raH·sugmbəŋ
    • să·gumpăng, ra·sủmbăng
• so(tonally weak).kúmpasa '3sg remembers', rah(tonally weak).sòkúmpa '3sg remembers not'
  • să·kommpṡa, ra·sugmba
    • să·gumpa, ra·sủmba
• so.kúmpalehi 'we remember', rah.sòkúmpalehi 'we remember not'
  • să·kommpṡələ̣j, raH·sugmbələ̣j
  • să·gumplị, ra·sủmblị
• so.kúmpanuŋ 'we remember', rah.sòkúmpanuŋ 'we remember not'
  • să·kommpṡănăng, raH·sugmbănăng
  • să·gumpnăng, ra·sủmnăng
• so.kúmpasaro 'we remember', rah.sòkúmpasamo 'we remember not'
  • să·kommpṡər, raH·sugmbər
    • să·gumpăr, ra·sủmbăr

A noun example:

Syntax

VOS

question particle să-L