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Ciêng (nă rhọb Chiểng from *nàh ròpàh cècéŋàh) is a classical language of Verse:Méich Bhaonnáiqh.

Inspirations: Vietnamese, Old Irish, Tiberian Hebrew, Windermere

Phonology

b d g ɢ kħ q = /p t k q ʡ ʔ/;

aspirated stops p t c k kħ;

Spirants f θ x xħ ħ = /f θ x χ ħ/

m n ng; mh nh ngh = /m n ŋ; ṽ (lenis n) (lenis ŋ)/

x s h = /ɬ ʃ h/

b ƀ đ d y g ǥ għ = /v b(impl) d(impl) ð j ɣ (Eevo L) ayin/

r l rh /r l (flap)/

hm hn hng hr voiceless resonants

i ê e a o ô u = /i e ɛ a ɔ o u/; ă = shva na; ĕ = ultrashort e; iê uô

Ultrashort vowels cannot carry independent tones

tones: a á à ả ã ạ (mid~falling high low rising~dipping nga nang)

Mutations

1. Lenition: m n ng p t c k kħ s v l r -> mh ng ngh b d y g għ h 0 l rh
2. L-coloring: m n ng p t c k kħ s v l r -> m l ng ƀ đ ǥ ǥ għ x l l r
3. Aspiration: m n ng p t c k kħ s v l r -> hm hn hng ph th ch kh ħ s ph x hr

Proto-language

5 vowels: i e a o u; each mora had high and low tones

allowed syllables: CV, CVn, CVh, CVl (CVnC becomes CV(sokuon)C as in Hebrew)

Todo: Stress patterns for construct nouns and dependent verbs

Consonants: m n ŋ p t c k q 2 s w l r y /m n ŋ p t k q̟ q̠ ʔ ʃ w l r j/

Tone reflexes (' denotes stress): (these occur by moras with long vowels counting as 2 moras): 'á > á; 'à > à; 'á.á > ã; 'á.à > a; 'à.á > ả; 'à.à > ạ (This occurs before syncope)

umlaut like in OIr

Morphology

Nouns

Nouns fall into 3 genders (human, animate and inanimate) and inflect for number (sg, du, pl) and case (abs erg gen lat loc voc). Possessed forms have unpredictable stems and comes from proto-forms that had a different stress pattern than absolute forms. The appropriate 3rd person possessed forms are used like construct state forms in possessive constructions.

The locative is used with prepositions to indicate location and is the default prepositional case; when the lative is used the same prepositions indicate destination, and when the ergative is used they indicate "motion from".

article nă + various mutations (also relativizer)

Possessive prefixes

• sèmpèngàrán > sệpngă-N 'garment'
• hísèmpèngàrán > ispngăr-N 'my garment'
• ngusèmpèngàrán > ngùspngăr-N 'thy garment'
• àsèmpèngàrán > àspngăr-N (animate)
• ànsèmpèngàrán > àspngăr-N (inanimate)
• láhisèmpèngàrán > lispngăr-N 'our garment'
• númasèmpèngàrán > nospngăr-N 'your garment'
• àlsèmpèngàrán > àxpngăr-N '3pl's garment'

Adjectives

Adjectives agree with nouns, def adjectives take the def article (bc Hebrew)

Verbs

Old Irish-style independent-dependent verbal allomorphy, which includes tone changes

PCiêng lò.mát, ráh.làmát '3sg saves, 3sg does not save' --> lă:mád, ra:xảmhăd

productive redup

Inflection

Present tense forms of să·kumʰa '3sg remembers':

Person	Primitive Ciêng	Underlying form	Ciêng surface form
1SG	so.kúmpasat(í), .sòkúmpasat(í)	să·kommpṡẻ, ·sủgmbẻ	să·kumʰẻ, ·sủmmẻ
2SG	so·kúmpasaŋ(u), ·sòkúmpasaŋ(u)	să·kommpṡəŋ, ·sủgmbəŋ	să·kumʰụ, ·sủmmụ
3SG	so·kúmpasáse, ·sòkúmpasáse	să·kommpṡa, ·sủgmba	să·kumʰa, ·sủmma
1PL	so·kúmpasalehi, ·sòkúmpasalehi	să·kommpṡlə̣j, ·sủgmblə̣j	să·kumʰlị, ·sủmlị
2PL	so·kúmpasanuma, ·sòkúmpasanuma	să·kommpṡnăm, ·sủgmbnăm	să·kumʰnăm, ·sủmnăm
3PL	so·kúmpasaro, ·sòkúmpasaro	să·kommpṡər, ·sủgmbər	să·kumʰăr, ·sủmmăr

Syntax

VOS

question particle să-L