User:Praimhín/Rõktiap: Difference between revisions
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===Orthography=== | ===Orthography=== | ||
Rõktiap uses a syllabic alphabet called ''Rõktiapma Rõethar'' [r̝ɤktʰi̯ɒpmɒ r̝ɤɜthɒr̝̥], which resembles Hangul. The same script is used for a modern descendant called Zienruol, but not for | Rõktiap uses a syllabic alphabet called ''Rõktiapma Rõethar'' [r̝ɤktʰi̯ɒpmɒ r̝ɤɜthɒr̝̥], which resembles Hangul. The same script is used for a modern descendant called Zienruol, but not for Hʻõelmriusi, another modern descendant, which uses the Rietz alphabet. | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|rowspan=3|Stop | |rowspan=3|Stop | ||
| voiceless aspirated || '''p''' /pʰ/ || '''t''' /tʰ/ || '''k''' /kʰ/ || ''' | | voiceless aspirated || '''p''' /pʰ/ || '''t''' /tʰ/ || '''k''' /kʰ/ || '''ĸ''' /qʰ/ || '''q''' /ʔ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| voiceless unaspirated || '''pp''' /p/ || '''tt''' /t/ || '''kk''' /k/ || ''' | | voiceless unaspirated || '''pp''' /p/ || '''tt''' /t/ || '''kk''' /k/ || '''ĸĸ''' /q/ || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| voiced || '''b''' /b/ || '''d''' /d/ || '''g''' /ɡ/ || '''ɢ''' /ɢ/ || | | voiced || '''b''' /b/ || '''d''' /d/ || '''g''' /ɡ/ || '''ɢ''' /ɢ/ || | ||
|- | |- | ||
|rowspan=2|Fricative | |rowspan=2|Fricative | ||
| voiceless || || '''s''' /s/ || || ''' | | voiceless || || '''s''' /s/ || || '''ʜ''' /χ/ || '''h''' /h/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| voiced || || '''z''' /z/ || || '''ȝ''' /ʁ/ || | | voiced || || '''z''' /z/ || || '''ȝ''' /ʁ/ || | ||
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|} | |} | ||
Nasals and liquids are devoiced in syllable codas. For example ''nool'' (wave) is pronounced [no:ɬ], and '' | Nasals and liquids are devoiced in syllable codas. For example ''nool'' (wave) is pronounced [no:ɬ], and ''ᴋᴋurs'' (shoulders) is pronounced [qur̝̥s] or [qur̝̥ɕ]. | ||
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Nouns inflect for case and number. There are two numbers, the singular, which is unmarked, and the plural, which uses the suffix -''i'' for nouns ending in ''s'' and -''s'' otherwise. For example: | Nouns inflect for case and number. There are two numbers, the singular, which is unmarked, and the plural, which uses the suffix -''i'' for nouns ending in ''s'' and -''s'' otherwise. For example: | ||
* ''qiim'' (flower), ''qiims'' (flowers) | * ''qiim'' (flower), ''qiims'' (flowers) | ||
* '' | * ''ᴋol'' (language), ''ᴋols'' (languages) | ||
* '' | * ''ʜeik'' (shark), ''ʜeiks'' (sharks) | ||
* ''lias'' (mound), ''liasi'' (mounds) | * ''lias'' (mound), ''liasi'' (mounds) | ||
* ''ttões'' (beaver), ''ttõesi'' (beavers) | * ''ttões'' (beaver), ''ttõesi'' (beavers) | ||
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| Sublative || qiimzaat || qiimszaat | | Sublative || qiimzaat || qiimszaat | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Superessive || | | Superessive || qiimʜes || qiimsʜes | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Delative || | | Delative || qiimʜen || qiimsʜen | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Translative || qiimttel || qiimsttel | | Translative || qiimttel || qiimsttel | ||
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| Causal || qiimkõns || qiimskõns | | Causal || qiimkõns || qiimskõns | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Terminative || | | Terminative || qiimᴋip || qiimsᴋip | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Pronouns=== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
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:''I love you.'' | :''I love you.'' | ||
:'''''Ttões·ma | :'''''Ttões·ma ʜõip·s·hos qiup qiim tre.''''' | ||
:beaver.GEN eye.PL.INESS one flower be.PRES | :beaver.GEN eye.PL.INESS one flower be.PRES | ||
:''The beaver sees a flower.'' | :''The beaver sees a flower.'' | ||
:'''''Buot·no·ma ɢaim·s·bo qiup säi | :'''''Buot·no·ma ɢaim·s·bo qiup säi ʜeik ȝuum.''''' | ||
:brain.AGENT.GEN hand.PL.ILL one big shark do.PAST | :brain.AGENT.GEN hand.PL.ILL one big shark do.PAST | ||
:''The scholar caught a big shark.'' | :''The scholar caught a big shark.'' | ||
:''''' | :'''''Hʻeik ngiäl·ttel ȝuum, qeik buotno "Quõi"·ttin drun.''''' | ||
:shark earth-TRANSL do.PAST, CONJ scholar "Wow".EQU be.PAST | :shark earth-TRANSL do.PAST, CONJ scholar "Wow".EQU be.PAST | ||
:''The shark died, and the scholar said "Wow".'' | :''The shark died, and the scholar said "Wow".'' | ||
Revision as of 06:22, 6 May 2016
Rõktiap is a classical language of Rulak, with a rich tradition of literature, science and philosophy.
Introduction
Phonology
Orthography
Rõktiap uses a syllabic alphabet called Rõktiapma Rõethar [r̝ɤktʰi̯ɒpmɒ r̝ɤɜthɒr̝̥], which resembles Hangul. The same script is used for a modern descendant called Zienruol, but not for Hʻõelmriusi, another modern descendant, which uses the Rietz alphabet.
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop | voiceless aspirated | p /pʰ/ | t /tʰ/ | k /kʰ/ | ĸ /qʰ/ | q /ʔ/ |
| voiceless unaspirated | pp /p/ | tt /t/ | kk /k/ | ĸĸ /q/ | ||
| voiced | b /b/ | d /d/ | g /ɡ/ | ɢ /ɢ/ | ||
| Fricative | voiceless | s /s/ | ʜ /χ/ | h /h/ | ||
| voiced | z /z/ | ȝ /ʁ/ | ||||
| Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | ng /ŋ/ | |||
| Lateral | l /l/ | |||||
| Fricative trill | r /r̝/ | |||||
Nasals and liquids are devoiced in syllable codas. For example nool (wave) is pronounced [no:ɬ], and ᴋᴋurs (shoulders) is pronounced [qur̝̥s] or [qur̝̥ɕ].
Vowels
| Front | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Unrounded | Rounded | ||
| High | i /i/ | u /u/ | |
| Mid | e /e/ | õ /ɤ/ | o /o/ |
| Low | ä /æ/ | a /ɒ/ | |
Prosody
Stress
The first syllable of a multisyllabic word is pronounced at a slightly higher pitch, on a falling tone.
Intonation
Phonotactics
The syllable structure of Rõktiap is (C)(l/r)V(V)(C)(s).
Morphophonology
Morphology
Nouns
Nouns inflect for case and number. There are two numbers, the singular, which is unmarked, and the plural, which uses the suffix -i for nouns ending in s and -s otherwise. For example:
- qiim (flower), qiims (flowers)
- ᴋol (language), ᴋols (languages)
- ʜeik (shark), ʜeiks (sharks)
- lias (mound), liasi (mounds)
- ttões (beaver), ttõesi (beavers)
There are 18 cases in Rõktiap:
| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | qiim | qiims |
| Accusative | qiimken | qiimsken |
| Genitive | qiimma | qiimsma |
| Dative | qiimtoo | qiimstoo |
| Instrumental | qiimtrun | qiimstrun |
| Equative | qiimttin | qiimsttin |
| Adessive | qiimnõs | qiimsnõs |
| Ablative | qiimnõn | qiimsnõn |
| Illative | qiimbo | qiimsbo |
| Inessive | qiimhos | qiimshos |
| Elative | qiimhon | qiimshon |
| Sublative | qiimzaat | qiimszaat |
| Superessive | qiimʜes | qiimsʜes |
| Delative | qiimʜen | qiimsʜen |
| Translative | qiimttel | qiimsttel |
| Benefactive | qiimro | qiimsro |
| Causal | qiimkõns | qiimskõns |
| Terminative | qiimᴋip | qiimsᴋip |
Pronouns
The first person and second person pronouns are dii and kein, which pluralize to diis and keins.
Here are the other pronouns:
| Pronoun | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Animate proximate | kir | kirs |
| Inanimate proximate | käl | käls |
| Obviative | za | zas |
| Animate interrogative | põi | põis |
| Inanimate interrogative | pel | pels |
| Animate relative | sum | sums |
| Inanimate relative | suul | suuls |
Verbs
There are only two verbs in Rõktiap: qua (to do) and tre (to be). These are extremely irregular, and tre is defective in that it doesn't have progressive forms:
| Simple | Progressive | Perfect | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Past | ȝuum | ȝuon | ȝiums drun |
| Present | qua | quan | ȝiums tre |
| Future | uᴋor | uᴋõn | ȝiums nrup |
| Simple | Perfect | |
|---|---|---|
| Past | drun | triis drun |
| Present | tre | triis tre |
| Future | nrup | triis nrup |
Rõktiap often relies on circumlocutions for many verbs that can't be translated directly from English or other Rulakian languages:
- Dii·nõn kein·too ttos tre.
- 1SG.ABL 2SG.DAT love be.PRES
- I love you.
- Ttões·ma ʜõip·s·hos qiup qiim tre.
- beaver.GEN eye.PL.INESS one flower be.PRES
- The beaver sees a flower.
- Buot·no·ma ɢaim·s·bo qiup säi ʜeik ȝuum.
- brain.AGENT.GEN hand.PL.ILL one big shark do.PAST
- The scholar caught a big shark.
- Hʻeik ngiäl·ttel ȝuum, qeik buotno "Quõi"·ttin drun.
- shark earth-TRANSL do.PAST, CONJ scholar "Wow".EQU be.PAST
- The shark died, and the scholar said "Wow".
Syntax
Constituent order
Rõktiap is almost completely head-final, except for complementizer phrases, such as those using the word lo (whether, interrogative marker) and met (if), which are head-initial.