User:Praimhín/Rõktiap: Difference between revisions

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* ''lias'' (mound), ''liasi'' (mounds)
* ''lias'' (mound), ''liasi'' (mounds)
* ''ttões'' (beaver), ''ttõesi'' (beavers)
* ''ttões'' (beaver), ''ttõesi'' (beavers)
There are 17 cases in Rõktiap:
There are 18 cases in Rõktiap:
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Revision as of 15:26, 4 May 2016

Rõktiap is a classical language of Rulak, with a rich tradition of literature, science and philosophy.

Introduction

Phonology

Orthography

Rõktiap uses a syllabic alphabet called Rõktiapma Rõethar [r̝ɤktʰi̯ɒpmɒ r̝ɤɜthɒr̝̥], which resembles Hangul. The same script is used for a modern descendant called Zienruol, but not for Hʻõelmriusi, another modern descendant, which uses the Rietz alphabet.

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Velar Uvular Glottal
Stop voiceless aspirated p /pʰ/ t /tʰ/ k /kʰ/ ĸ /qʰ/ q /ʔ/
voiceless unaspirated pp /p/ tt /t/ kk /k/ ĸĸ /q/
voiced b /b/ d /d/ g /ɡ/ ɢ /ɢ/
Fricative voiceless s /s/ ʜ /χ/ h /h/
voiced z /z/ ȝ /ʁ/
Nasal m /m/ n /n/ ng /ŋ/
Lateral l /l/
Fricative trill r /r̝/

Nasals and liquids are devoiced in syllable codas. For example nool (wave) is pronounced [no:ɬ], and ᴋᴋurs (shoulders) is pronounced [qur̝̥s] or [qur̝̥ɕ].


Vowels

Front Back
Unrounded Rounded
High i /i/ u /u/
Mid e /e/ õ /ɤ/ o /o/
Low ä /æ/ a /ɒ/

Prosody

Stress

The first syllable of a multisyllabic word is pronounced at a slightly higher pitch, on a falling tone.

Intonation

Phonotactics

The syllable structure of Rõktiap is (C)(l/r)V(V)(C)(s).

Morphophonology

Morphology

Nouns

Nouns inflect for case and number. There are two numbers, the singular, which is unmarked, and the plural, which uses the suffix -i for nouns ending in s and -s otherwise. For example:

  • qiim (flower), qiims (flowers)
  • ᴋol (language), ᴋols (languages)
  • ʜeik (shark), ʜeiks (sharks)
  • lias (mound), liasi (mounds)
  • ttões (beaver), ttõesi (beavers)

There are 18 cases in Rõktiap:

Case Singular Plural
Nominative qiim qiims
Accusative qiimken qiimsken
Genitive qiimma qiimsma
Dative qiimtoo qiimstoo
Instrumental qiimtrun qiimstrun
Equative qiimttin qiimsttin
Adessive qiimnõs qiimsnõs
Ablative qiimnõn qiimsnõn
Illative qiimbo qiimsbo
Inessive qiimhos qiimshos
Elative qiimhon qiimshon
Sublative qiimzaat qiimszaat
Superessive qiimʜes qiimsʜes
Delative qiimʜen qiimsʜen
Translative qiimttel qiimsttel
Benefactive qiimro qiimsro
Causal qiimkõns qiimskõns
Terminative qiimᴋip qiimsᴋip

Verbs

There are only two verbs in Rõktiap: qua (to do) and tre (to be). These are extremely irregular, and tre is defective in that it doesn't have progressive forms:

Simple Progressive Perfect
Past ȝuum ȝuon ȝiums drun
Present qua quan ȝiums tre
Future uᴋor uᴋõn ȝiums nrup
Simple Perfect
Past drun triis drun
Present tre triis tre
Future nrup triis nrup

Rõktiap often relies on circumlocutions for many verbs that can't be translated directly from English or other Rulakian languages:

Dii·nõn kein·too ttos tre.
1SG.ABL 2SG.DAT love be.PRES
I love you.
Ttões·ma ʜõip·s·hos qiup qiim tre.
beaver.GEN eye.PL.INESS one flower be.PRES
The beaver sees a flower.
Buot·no·ma ɢaim·s·bo qiup säi ʜeik ȝuum.
brain.AGENT.GEN hand.PL.ILL one big shark do.PAST
The scholar caught a big shark.
Hʻeik ngiäl·ttel ȝuum, qeik buotno "Quõi"·ttin drun.
shark earth-TRANSL do.PAST, CONJ scholar "Wow".EQU be.PAST
The shark died, and the scholar said "Wow".

Syntax

Constituent order

Rõktiap is almost completely head-final, except for complementizer phrases, such as those using the word lo (whether, interrogative marker) and met (if), which are head-initial.

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Other resources