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Vadi: Difference between revisions
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! Trigger | ! Trigger | ||
! Mutation Type | ! Mutation Type | ||
! | ! Raw Transcription | ||
! Final Realization | |||
! Comments | ! Comments | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Emphatic ''hen'' | ! Emphatic ''hen'' | ||
| Lenition | | Lenition | ||
| | | yu hena [Éro]; hen yu [Sorvin] <!-- hian [Sorvin's original, EP] "yu-yaokan"]; actual pronunciation: hin --> | ||
| During the Middle Period, Éro starts writing the ''yu'' character | | heɲ | ||
| During the Middle Period, Éro starts writing the ''yu'' character immediately before ''hena'' in his threat letters [EP] to Sorvin. Sorvin in turn starts writing the ''yu'' character after ''hen'', not the word preceding it. Eventually, Éro follows Sorvin's practice during the MP. | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Eye | ! Eye | ||
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The Šibbūru School believes these divergent forms belong to a distinct noun classes, whereas the Traditionalists believe Vadi had lost its gender or noun class system in its prehistory, and these differentiated forms are simply fossil remnants of that system. The Traditionalist view is problematic, though, because at least in the case of body parts, certain nouns select ''kaidon'' while others select ''kaira''. The exact meaning of these two particles is unclear; in some contexts they appear to mean "which", in others they appear to serve as a definite article, and yet in others their function is simply unknown. | The Šibbūru School believes these divergent forms belong to a distinct noun classes, whereas the Traditionalists believe Vadi had lost its gender or noun class system in its prehistory, and these differentiated forms are simply fossil remnants of that system. The Traditionalist view is problematic, though, because at least in the case of body parts, certain nouns select ''kaidon'' while others select ''kaira''. The exact meaning of these two particles is unclear; in some contexts they appear to mean "which", in others they appear to serve as a definite article, and yet in others their function is simply unknown. | ||
The selection of ''kaidon'' versus ''kaira'' appears to be influenced by the interaction of two factors: the animacy of the noun and whether the marked form of the noun is the singulative or the plural. ''Kaira'' | The selection of ''kaidon'' versus ''kaira'' appears to be influenced by the interaction of two factors: the animacy of the noun and whether the marked form of the noun is the singulative or the plural. ''Kaira'' tends to appear more often with animate nouns where the singulative is the marked form, e.g. ''kulúri/kulun'' "eye", or when the noun is inanimate and the marked form is the plural, e.g. ''uvaz/uváza'' "nose". ''Kaidon'' has a higher occurrence when the noun is inanimate and its marked number is singulative, or when the noun is animate and its marked number form is plural, e.g. ''gilay/gilaya''. Note that ''niat'', although it takes both singulative and plural marking, it selects explicitly for ''kaidon''. However, it is important to note that because of the small sample size, it is premature to conclude that the ''kaidon/kaira'' opposition definitively indicates a noun class distinction in this semantic category exists. | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg sortable" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg sortable" | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Hair | ! Hair | ||
| varláka (Schumann)<br/>vajlák ( | | varláka (Schumann)<br/>vajlák (Iyyaħmi) | ||
| varlat (Schumann)<br/>vajlat ( | | varlat (Schumann)<br/>vajlat (Iyyaħmi) | ||
| -- | | -- | ||
| kaidon | | kaidon | ||
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=====Other Nouns===== | =====Other Nouns===== | ||
Evidence that Vadi has a more elaborate gender system can be observed by the effects of mutations triggered by nominal and verbal inflections, according to the Šibbūru School, based on the co-occurrence of the ''gu'' and ''yu'' characters. Case suffixes may trigger lenition or fortition, depending on the target noun. The ''kaidon/kaira'' opposition with body part nouns, is not seen in the majority of non-body part nouns; instead they appear | Evidence that Vadi has a more elaborate gender system can be observed by the effects of mutations triggered by nominal and verbal inflections, according to the Šibbūru School, based on the co-occurrence of the ''gu'' and ''yu'' characters. Case suffixes may trigger lenition or fortition, depending on the target noun. The ''kaidon/kaira'' opposition with body part nouns, is not seen in the majority of non-body part nouns; instead they appear to be simple alternates for the other. A few exceptions exist, though, principally with liquids, and abstract nouns, both of which tend to favour ''kaidon''; these nouns are for the most part mass or collective nouns and thus have neither a singulative or plural form. Based on Dr. Iyyaħmi's analyses, ''kaidon'' triggers fortition, as the ''gu'' character appears either before or after the modifier in the Middle and early Late Period texts, especially in Sorvin's correspondence, before leveling off and disappearing from the middle of the Late Period texts onwards. | ||
Another smaller set of nouns where the ''kaidon/kaira'' opposition appears is primarily among nouns denoting farming implements: ''kaira'' is the form most often selected, regardless of whether the noun is singulative or non-singulative. ''Kaira'' triggers lenition of its head noun per the Šibbūru School, based on the ''yu'' character often found before the head noun; this character appears more often in Éro's correspondence than Sorvin's, although the frequency differentials of ''yu'' level off by the close of the Middle Period texts and like all documents in the Late Period, the character disappears altogether. | Another smaller set of nouns where the ''kaidon/kaira'' opposition appears is primarily among nouns denoting farming implements: ''kaira'' is the form most often selected, regardless of whether the noun is singulative or non-singulative. ''Kaira'' triggers lenition of its head noun per the Šibbūru School, based on the ''yu'' character often found before the head noun; this character appears more often in Éro's correspondence than Sorvin's, although the frequency differentials of ''yu'' level off by the close of the Middle Period texts and like all documents in the Late Period, the character disappears altogether. | ||
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! Schumann | ! Schumann | ||
! Iyyaħmi | ! Iyyaħmi | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Raw Transcription | ! Raw Transcription | ||
| colspan="2" |Julanāina gu kilāi ha gu kilebfa mana, ukan hen | |||
| colspan="2"| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Analyses | ||
| | | {{Gloss | ||
| | |phrase = Julanáina gu <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">kilái</span> ha gu kil<span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">éva</span> mana, ukan hen | ||
| IPA = /ha.'ta:ʔ/ | |||
| ji-úla-nai-na gu <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">kilái</span> ha gu kil-<span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">éva</span> mana ukan hen | | morphemes = ji-úla-nai-na gu <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">kilái</span> ha gu kil-<span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">éva</span> mana ukan hen | ||
| | | gloss = 1S.NOM-2S.ACC-FUT-GEN soon <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">heart</span> SGV still house-<span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">LOC</span> go.wreak.havok EMPH | ||
| | | translation = I will enter your house and still ruin you! | ||
}} | |||
| | | {{Gloss | ||
| | |phrase = Junyé:na <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">glay</span> hagl<span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">ev</span> man ukɑ̃ny | ||
| | | IPA = /ha.'ta:ʔ/ | ||
| morphemes = ji-úla-nai-na gu <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">klái</span> ha gu kil-<span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">éva</span> mana ukan hen | |||
| gloss = 1S.NOM-2S.ACC-FUT-GEN soon <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">heart</span> SGV still house-<span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">LOC</span> go.wreak.havok EMPH | |||
| translation = I will soon enter your house and still ruin you! | |||
}} | |||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Root | ! rowspan="2"|Root | ||
! colspan="2"|Interrogative <br/> Form | |||
! rowspan="2"|Meaning | |||
- | ! rowspan="2"|* Mutation Information | ||
! | |- | ||
! | ! Schumann | ||
! Iyyaħmi | |||
|- | |- | ||
! pa- | ! pa- | ||
<!-- | <!-- parin --> | ||
<!-- | style="text-align:center"| | <!-- | style="text-align:center"|thing --> | ||
| style="text-align:center"|parín | | style="text-align:center"|parín | ||
| style="text-align:center"|parín<br/>barín<br/>harin | |||
| style="text-align:center"|who | | style="text-align:center"|who | ||
| 1) basic <br/> 2)''gu''-fortition <br/> 3) ''yu''-lenition | |||
|- | |||
|- | |- | ||
! ki- | ! ki- | ||
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|} | |} | ||
Nouns formed from the same roots include '' | <nowiki>*</nowiki>Mutationist School | ||
Nouns formed from the same roots include ''<u>pa</u>van'' "person", ''<u>ki</u>ni'' "thing", ''<u>ai</u>'' "daytime", ''<u>ko</u>n'' "place", and ''<u>to</u>ji'' "source". | |||
Interrogatives appear at the end of the sentence and do not exhibit WH-movement. When the emphatic ''hen'' co-occurs, it cliticizes to the interrogative and triggers palatalization its final consonant: | Interrogatives appear at the end of the sentence and do not exhibit WH-movement. When the emphatic ''hen'' co-occurs, it cliticizes to the interrogative and triggers palatalization its final consonant: | ||