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Valthungian: Difference between revisions
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Though the seven long vowels of the Non-Alphabetic Variants have individual names, they are not considered to be part of the standard alphabet or alphabetical order. Instead, each long vowel is considered alphabetically to be the equivalent of its doubled short counterpart. That is, | Though the seven long vowels of the Non-Alphabetic Variants have individual names, they are not considered to be part of the standard alphabet or alphabetical order. Instead, each long vowel is considered alphabetically to be the equivalent of its doubled short counterpart. That is, 〈ā〉 is equivalent to 〈aa〉, 〈ē〉 to 〈ee〉, 〈ī〉 to 〈ii〉, and so on. (The long vowels 〈ǣ〉 and 〈ǭ〉 are included in the standard alphabetical order, and do not have short forms, though they are written with macrons in their Romanized forms.) | ||
(NB: The Valthungian alphabet, while mainly latin- and cyrillic-based, contains several characters which are not readily representable using the standard Unicode characters. The forms presented in this wiki are a [[Valthungian#Romanization|Romanization]] of the letters shown in the table above.) | (NB: The Valthungian alphabet, while mainly latin- and cyrillic-based, contains several characters which are not readily representable using the standard Unicode characters. The forms presented in this wiki are a [[Valthungian#Romanization|Romanization]] of the letters shown in the table above.) | ||
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<small><sup>1</sup></small>Before | <small><sup>1</sup></small>Before 〈g〉 or 〈k〉.<br /> | ||
===[r]-Assimilation=== | ===[r]-Assimilation=== | ||
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===Voicing Alternation=== | ===Voicing Alternation=== | ||
This rule is inherited from Proto-Germanic. The rule is not persistent, but the variation in forms still affects the inflections of nouns, verbs, and adjectives in Valthungian. (A similar v/f alternation rule exists in English, for example in singular ''knife'' and plural ''knives'', or the noun ''strife'' and the verb ''strive''.) The Gothic version of this rule caused alternation between | This rule is inherited from Proto-Germanic. The rule is not persistent, but the variation in forms still affects the inflections of nouns, verbs, and adjectives in Valthungian. (A similar v/f alternation rule exists in English, for example in singular ''knife'' and plural ''knives'', or the noun ''strife'' and the verb ''strive''.) The Gothic version of this rule caused alternation between 〈f〉 or 〈þ〉, used only at the end of a word or before an unvoiced consonant, and 〈b〉 or 〈d〉, used elsewhere, e.g. ''giban'', ‘to give’, ''gaf'', ‘gave’. There are three main realizations of this rule in Valthungian: | ||
*v → f | *v → f | ||
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The implications of this rule for Valthungian are: | The implications of this rule for Valthungian are: | ||
* | *〈f〉 or 〈þ〉 occur before 〈s〉 in the nominative singular of masculine or some feminine strong nouns, e.g. ''þlǣfs'' ‘loaf of bread’, but genitive ''þlǣvis''. | ||
* | *〈f〉 or 〈þ〉 occur when word-final in the accusative of masculine or some feminine strong nouns, and the nominative and accusative of neuter strong nouns, e.g. ''blōþ'' ‘blood’, but genitive ''blōðis''. | ||
* | *〈f〉 occurs when word-final or before 〈t〉 in the preterit singular and the second person imperative singular of strong verbs, e.g. ''gaf'', ''gaft'', ‘gave’, but infinitive ''givna''. | ||
* | *〈þ〉 also occurs when word-final in the preterit singular and imperative, but is assimilated to 〈s〉 before 〈t〉 in the second person preterit (see Coronal Consonant Assimilation below), e.g. ''biǧin'' ‘to bid’ has the first- and third-person preterit ''baþ'' but second-person ''bast''. | ||
*The implications for | *The implications for 〈s〉 and 〈ž〉 can be a little trickier, because this split was not uniform in Gothic, and intervocalic /s/ was not later voiced (as it was in many other Germanic languages, leveling out this particular conundrum), so many words retain 〈s〉 throughout the paradigm. These are noted in the lexicon. | ||
Please note that because this rule is not persistent, there are several words which later developed an intervocalic | Please note that because this rule is not persistent, there are several words which later developed an intervocalic 〈f〉 or 〈þ〉 from earlier 〈h〉 which is ''not'' affected by this rule. | ||
===Palatalization=== | ===Palatalization=== | ||
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Palatalization is another historic rule that is no longer persistent in Valthungian, but has wide-ranging implications for inflections in Valthungian. There are actually several types of palatalization that occur in Valthungian, but they can all be boiled down into the following rules: | Palatalization is another historic rule that is no longer persistent in Valthungian, but has wide-ranging implications for inflections in Valthungian. There are actually several types of palatalization that occur in Valthungian, but they can all be boiled down into the following rules: | ||
*Masculine and feminine nouns whose roots end in | *Masculine and feminine nouns whose roots end in 〈d〉 or 〈g〉 become palatalized before 〈s〉 in the nominative singular of a-, i-, and u-stems (but not feminine ō-stems). E.g. Griutungi ''*dags'' ‘day’, ''*gards'' ‘yard’ become ''daǧ'', ''garǧ''. This type of palatalization only occurs when there was a /dz/ or /gz/ present in the language at some point historically (from Griutungi/Gothic /ds/ or /gs/). | ||
*A much more common form of palatalization, however, is that which occurs whenever the ending of a noun, verb, or adjective begins with | *A much more common form of palatalization, however, is that which occurs whenever the ending of a noun, verb, or adjective begins with 〈j〉, e.g. strong masculine ja-stem nouns or adjectives or class 1 weak verbs. In these cases, the following occurs: | ||
**d or g + j → ǧ | **d or g + j → ǧ | ||
**t or k + j → č | **t or k + j → č | ||
**s or h + j → š | **s or h + j → š | ||
**z + j → ž (Actually, all instances of | **z + j → ž (Actually, all instances of 〈z〉 eventually became 〈ž〉, but that’s not applicable to this section.) | ||
Palatalization of the latter type usually goes hand in hand with Umlaut, below. | Palatalization of the latter type usually goes hand in hand with Umlaut, below. | ||
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===[b]/[v] Alternation=== | ===[b]/[v] Alternation=== | ||
A less common alternation is that of | A less common alternation is that of 〈b〉 and 〈v〉. This occurs in the same environment as the second type of palatalization (above), but instead of a true palatalization, instead there is a shift of 〈v〉 to 〈b〉; or, more accurately, some paradigms without an original 〈j〉 are able to shift from 〈b〉 to 〈v〉 when intervocalic, but those with 〈j〉 are blocked from spirantizing. | ||
For example, the adjective ''drœ̄vis'' ‘muddy’ (from Gothic ''drōbeis'') has the dative singular form ''drœ̄bia'' (from ''drōbja''). | For example, the adjective ''drœ̄vis'' ‘muddy’ (from Gothic ''drōbeis'') has the dative singular form ''drœ̄bia'' (from ''drōbja''). | ||
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*a → e - ''s'''a'''tjan'' ‘to set’ → ''s'''e'''čin'' | *a → e - ''s'''a'''tjan'' ‘to set’ → ''s'''e'''čin'' | ||
*ā → ǣ - ''hl'''ah'''jan'' ‘to laugh’ → ''þl'''ǣ'''n'' | *ā → ǣ - ''hl'''ah'''jan'' ‘to laugh’ → ''þl'''ǣ'''n'' | ||
*ǭ (''Got''. | *ǭ (''Got''. 〈áu〉) → œ̄ - ''h'''au'''sjan'' ‘to hear’ → ''h'''œ̄'''šin'' | ||
*o (''Got''. | *o (''Got''. 〈aú〉) → œ - ''þ'''au'''rsjan'' ‘to thirst’ → ''þ'''œ'''ršin'' | ||
*ō → œu - ''hw'''ō'''tjan'' ‘to threaten’ → ''hw'''œu'''čin'' | *ō → œu - ''hw'''ō'''tjan'' ‘to threaten’ → ''hw'''œu'''čin'' | ||
*u → y - ''h'''u'''gjan'' ‘to think’ → ''h'''y'''ǧin'' | *u → y - ''h'''u'''gjan'' ‘to think’ → ''h'''y'''ǧin'' | ||
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===Coronal Consonant Assimilation=== | ===Coronal Consonant Assimilation=== | ||
This rule has a formidable name, but is actually common to all Germanic languages. This rule states that whenever a coronal consonant (namely, d, t, or þ) is directly followed by | This rule has a formidable name, but is actually common to all Germanic languages. This rule states that whenever a coronal consonant (namely, d, t, or þ) is directly followed by 〈t〉 or 〈st〉, the coronal consonant becomes s. This accounts for the English word ''best'', from earlier ''betst'', from *''batest''. This applies mainly to second person preterit strong verbs, e.g. ''ǧutna'' ‘to pour’ and ''biǧin'' ‘to bid’ have a second person preterit of ''gǭst'' ‘you poured’ and ''bast'' ‘you bade’, rather than the otherwise expected **''gǭtt'' and **''baþt''. | ||
===Syncope of Unstressed Non-High Middle Vowel=== | ===Syncope of Unstressed Non-High Middle Vowel=== | ||
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===Blocking of Metathetical Unpacking=== | ===Blocking of Metathetical Unpacking=== | ||
Another formidable name, but what this means is that at various times historically, sound changes caused unstressed /a/ to disappear before sonorants (/l/, /r/, /m/, or /n/), turning them into syllabics. This happened at least once before the Gothic era, giving rise to words like ''bagms'' and ''aþn'', and again before Valthungian, most notably collapsing the infinitive ''-an'' to ''-n''. Later on, syllabics were “unpacked;” that is, they regained the /a/ that had been lost, but it now appeared after the sonorant instead of before it. For example, ''brōþar'' ‘brother’ became ''brōðra'' via an intermediate */brōðr̩/. However, there are a few instances where this unpacking didn’t happen because the | Another formidable name, but what this means is that at various times historically, sound changes caused unstressed /a/ to disappear before sonorants (/l/, /r/, /m/, or /n/), turning them into syllabics. This happened at least once before the Gothic era, giving rise to words like ''bagms'' and ''aþn'', and again before Valthungian, most notably collapsing the infinitive ''-an'' to ''-n''. Later on, syllabics were “unpacked;” that is, they regained the /a/ that had been lost, but it now appeared after the sonorant instead of before it. For example, ''brōþar'' ‘brother’ became ''brōðra'' via an intermediate */brōðr̩/. However, there are a few instances where this unpacking didn’t happen because the 〈a〉 before the sonorant could not be deleted; if it were, the word would have been unpronounceable. This metathesis (which, in reality, is not really metathesis, but that’s what I’m calling it for now) is also blocked after any non-intervocalic voiced continuant; that is, V[v/ð]S shifts as expected (e.g. ''widan'' > ''wiðn̩'' > ''wiðna''), but VC[v/ð]S does not (e.g. ''haldan'' > ''halðan'', not **''halðna''). | ||
The practicality of this rule as it applies to modern Valthungian is that: | The practicality of this rule as it applies to modern Valthungian is that: | ||
*Dative plural a-stem nouns whose roots end in | *Dative plural a-stem nouns whose roots end in 〈–m〉 have the ending of 〈–am〉 rather than 〈–ma〉, e.g. ''worms'' ‘worm’ has the dative plural of ''wormam'' rather than **''wormma''. | ||
*Masculine accusative plural strong a-stem nouns ending in | *Masculine accusative plural strong a-stem nouns ending in 〈–n〉 have the ending of 〈–ans〉 rather than 〈–nas〉, e.g. ''ǭns'' ‘oven’ has the accusative plural of ''ǭnans'' rather than **''ǭnnas''. | ||
*Infinitives of strong verbs and weak class 3 verbs whose roots end with | *Infinitives of strong verbs and weak class 3 verbs whose roots end with 〈lð〉, 〈lv〉, 〈rð〉, or 〈rv〉 have 〈–an〉 instead of 〈–na〉, e.g. Gothic ''þaurban'' becomes ''þorvan'' rather than the otherwise expected **''þorvna''. | ||
*The third person plural indicative of strong verbs and weak class 3 verbs end in ''-anþ'' rather than **''naþ''. | *The third person plural indicative of strong verbs and weak class 3 verbs end in ''-anþ'' rather than **''naþ''. | ||
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Historically, this is a sound change that occurred in the transition from Proto-Germanic to Gothic and is no longer persistent, but it has specific reflexes that affect Valthungian paradigms. | Historically, this is a sound change that occurred in the transition from Proto-Germanic to Gothic and is no longer persistent, but it has specific reflexes that affect Valthungian paradigms. | ||
The change initially applies to "light"-syllable nouns with stems ending in | The change initially applies to "light"-syllable nouns with stems ending in 〈-s〉 or 〈-r〉 in the masculine and feminine classes that take a final 〈-z〉 in the nominative singular. E.g. PGmc. *''weraz'', *''drusiz'' → (Mora Loss: Short Unstressed Vowel Deletion) → *''werz'', *''drusz'' → (Final Obstruent Devoicing) → ''wers'', ''druss'' → (r/s-Assimilation) → Gothic ''waír'' /wer/, ''drus''. | ||
Later, beginning around the time of Middle Valthungian, this change was expanded analogously to other nouns and adjectives which had "heavy" syllables, and eventually the rule emerged that nouns and adjectives ending in | Later, beginning around the time of Middle Valthungian, this change was expanded analogously to other nouns and adjectives which had "heavy" syllables, and eventually the rule emerged that nouns and adjectives ending in 〈-r〉 and 〈-s〉 do not take an (additional) 〈-s〉 in the nominative singular, though they otherwise follow the paradigm of their particular stem. (E.g. ''bērs'' → ''bēr'' ‘boar’, ''stiur'' → ''sčur'' ‘steer’. One notable example of this phenomenon is the Germanic ''tersaz'' (''mentula'') which became ''tairs'' in Gothic, but was then reanalyzed as an exception to the original r-rule (instead of the s-rule that it actually is), and eventually it became ''ter'' in Valthungian. It remains, however, an unkind word.) | ||
===Affix Anaptyxix=== | ===Affix Anaptyxix=== | ||
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====Strong Verbs: Class VII (reduplication)==== | ====Strong Verbs: Class VII (reduplication)==== | ||
{{Template:Valthungian/v.st.7t|hǣ|hehǣ|hehǣ}} | {{Template:Valthungian/v.st.7t|hǣ|hehǣ|hehǣ}} | ||
<!--<small>Class VII strong verbs form the past by reduplication; that is, the first letter is repeated, followed by | <!--<small>Class VII strong verbs form the past by reduplication; that is, the first letter is repeated, followed by 〈e〉, then followed by the remainder of the verb and the usual strong endings.<br /> | ||
Verbs beginning with | Verbs beginning with 〈s〉 followed by a stop (i.e. 〈sp〉, 〈st〉, or 〈sk〉), the first two letters are repeated.<br /> | ||
When the stressed vowel is short, it must also be marked with an acute diacritic.</small>--> | When the stressed vowel is short, it must also be marked with an acute diacritic.</small>--> | ||
{{Template:Valthungian/v.st.7t|lē|lelō|lelœu}} | {{Template:Valthungian/v.st.7t|lē|lelō|lelœu}} | ||
<!--<small>Verbs with | <!--<small>Verbs with 〈ē〉 as the primary vowel may also show ablaut to 〈ō〉 in the past (and subsequently umlaut to 〈œ̄〉 in the past subjunctive).</small>--> | ||
===Weak Verbs=== | ===Weak Verbs=== | ||