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Valthungian: Difference between revisions
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Most of the actual declensions of nouns are fairly standard – much more standardised, in fact, than Gothic – however, the various phonological rules governing the language create a great deal of variation (See [[#Phonology|Phonology]]). It is important to be familiar with the rules set forth in the Phonology section of this document in order to fully understand some of the otherwise unexpected variants that emerge. | Most of the actual declensions of nouns are fairly standard – much more standardised, in fact, than Gothic – however, the various phonological rules governing the language create a great deal of variation (See [[#Phonology|Phonology]]). It is important to be familiar with the rules set forth in the Phonology section of this document in order to fully understand some of the otherwise unexpected variants that emerge. | ||
===a-Stems (Masculine & Neuter)=== | ===[[Valthungian/a-Stem Nouns|a-Stems (Masculine & Neuter)]]=== | ||
This is by far the most common noun class, and technically includes the feminine ō-stems as well, though we describe those here separately. The masculine and neuter forms of all a-stems differ only in the nominative and accusative. | This is by far the most common noun class, and technically includes the feminine ō-stems as well, though we describe those here separately. The masculine and neuter forms of all a-stems differ only in the nominative and accusative. | ||
====a-Stems==== | ====a-Stems==== | ||
These nouns end in a consonant and are followed by a simple ending with no drama. | These nouns end in a consonant and are followed by a simple ending with no drama. | ||
There are some minor variations, more of which are detailed in [[Valthungian/a-Stem Nouns|Valthungian a-Stem Nouns]] | There are some minor variations, more of which are detailed in [[Valthungian/a-Stem Nouns|Valthungian a-Stem Nouns]]. | ||
{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.m.a|slēp|slēp|sleep}} | {{Template:Valthungian/n.st.m.a|slēp|slēp|sleep}} | ||
{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.n.a|kron|kron|grain}} | {{Template:Valthungian/n.st.n.a|kron|kron|grain}} | ||
====ja-Stems==== | ====ja-Stems==== | ||
The ja-stem nouns contain a short vowel followed by a single consonant which is followed by –j– which is in turn followed by the a-stem endings. At least that’s how it was two millennia ago, but now the –j– has vanished, the endings disappeared, the vowel (usually) subjected to umlaut, and the stem’s final consonant (usually) subjected to palatalisation. More details at [[Valthungian/ | The ja-stem nouns contain a short vowel followed by a single consonant which is followed by –j– which is in turn followed by the a-stem endings. At least that’s how it was two millennia ago, but now the –j– has vanished, the endings disappeared, the vowel (usually) subjected to umlaut, and the stem’s final consonant (usually) subjected to palatalisation. More details at [[Valthungian/a-Stem Nouns#ja-Stems|Valthungian a-Stem Nouns]]. | ||
{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.m.ja|tap|tep|carpet}} | {{Template:Valthungian/n.st.m.ja|tap|tep|carpet}} | ||
{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.n.ja|kaf|kef|coffee}} | {{Template:Valthungian/n.st.n.ja|kaf|kef|coffee}} | ||
====ija-Stems==== | ====ija-Stems==== | ||
The ija-stems are a variation of the ja-stems, but these follow stems with long vowels or multiple consonants or syllables before the ending. (This is the modern Valthungian reflex of something called [[w:Siever's Law#Sievers's_law_in_Germanic|Siever’s Law]].) The main difference between ja-stems and ija-stems in Modern Valthungian is that there is no palatalisation in the nominative and genitive singular, though there is still umlaut. (This same pattern occurs in the class 1 weak verbs.) More details at [[Valthungian/ | The ija-stems are a variation of the ja-stems, but these follow stems with long vowels or multiple consonants or syllables before the ending. (This is the modern Valthungian reflex of something called [[w:Siever's Law#Sievers's_law_in_Germanic|Siever’s Law]].) The main difference between ja-stems and ija-stems in Modern Valthungian is that there is no palatalisation in the nominative and genitive singular, though there is still umlaut. (This same pattern occurs in the class 1 weak verbs.) More details at [[Valthungian/a-Stem Nouns#ija-Stems|Valthungian a-Stem Nouns]]. | ||
{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.m.ija|mīr|mīr|observer}} | {{Template:Valthungian/n.st.m.ija|mīr|mīr|observer}} | ||
{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.n.ija|futl|fytl|full moon}} | {{Template:Valthungian/n.st.n.ija|futl|fytl|full moon}} | ||
====wa-Stems==== | ====wa-Stems==== | ||
The wa-stems nouns have –w– after the stem instead of –j–, and they tend to be a lot less dramatic than the j-stems because there is no palatalisation or umlaut or Siever’s Law to worry about. They are, however, plagued by another rule called [[w:Holtzmann's Law|Holtzmann’s Law]] – or an extension of it, anyway – which causes an unexpected –g– to pop up in a few of the declensions. | The wa-stems nouns have –w– after the stem instead of –j–, and they tend to be a lot less dramatic than the j-stems because there is no palatalisation or umlaut or Siever’s Law to worry about. They are, however, plagued by another rule called [[w:Holtzmann's Law|Holtzmann’s Law]] – or an extension of it, anyway – which causes an unexpected –g– to pop up in a few of the declensions. More details at [[Valthungian/a-Stem Nouns#wa-Stems|Valthungian a-Stem Nouns]]. | ||
{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.m.wa|skað|shadow}} | {{Template:Valthungian/n.st.m.wa|skað|shadow}} | ||
{{Template:Valthungian/n.st.n.wa|mil|flour}} | {{Template:Valthungian/n.st.n.wa|mil|flour}} | ||
====wja-Stems==== | ====wja-Stems==== | ||
The wja-stems combine all of the worst aspects of the w- and j-stems, but fortunately they’re a pretty small group. Read more about them here: [[Valthungian/ | The wja-stems combine all of the worst aspects of the w- and j-stems, but fortunately they’re a pretty small group. Read more about them here: [[Valthungian/a-Stem Nouns#wja-Stems|Valthungian a-Stem Nouns]]. | ||
===[[Valthungian/ō-Stem Nouns|ō-Stems (Feminine)]]=== | ===[[Valthungian/ō-Stem Nouns|ō-Stems (Feminine)]]=== | ||